Public insurance program impact on catastrophic health expenditure on acute myocardial infarction.

OBJECTIVE: ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) has an important economic burden that poised the urgent need to evaluate its catastrophic medical expense. This study evaluates the first 5 years of the national health initiative called Popular Insurance (PI) at the National Institute of Cardiology in Mexico. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective data analysis. METHODS: STEMI patients with (n=317) and without (n=260) PI were selected. Analysed variables included socio-economical context, management care, cost evaluation and three outcomes (mortality, hospital readmission and therapeutic adherence). Descriptive statistical analyses, Kaplan-Meier survival and Support Vector Machine models were used accordingly. RESULTS: Treatment costs were higher for PI-covered individuals (P=0.022) and only 1.89% of them remained in debt, in contrast to 16.15% of those without PI. Statistically significant differences were found in relation to days in hospital wards (P<0.001), imaging studies (P<0.001) and surgical materials (P=0.04). Survival analysis (P=0.44) and therapeutic adherence (P=0.38) showed no differences. Hospital readmission was predicted with an 81.97% accuracy. The most important predictive variables included were stent type, number of days at the coronary care unit and hospital wards. CONCLUSIONS: The PI has proven to be a successful program where no differences were found in terms of health care and survival, whereas it provides timely financial support for families facing catastrophic health challenging events.

Improving risk assessment for post-surgical low cardiac output syndrome in patients without severely reduced ejection fraction undergoing open aortic valve replacement. The role of global longitudinal strain and right ventricular free wall strain.

Low cardiac output syndrome (LCOS) after surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) is related to increased mortality and treatment related costs. We aimed to evaluate whether echocardiography-derived left ventricular global longitudinal strain (LV-GLS) relates to the occurrence of postoperative LCOS in patients undergoing SAVR. We prospectively enrolled 75 patients with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) >40%, NYHA Class

Apo(a) phenotyping and long-term prognosis for coronary artery disease.

OBJECTIVES: Identify whether the plasma concentration of Lp(a), apo(a) size or a greater affinity for fibrin predict the likelihood of cardiac death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, unstable angina, the need for additional revascularization, and stroke (MACCE). DESIGN AND METHODS: We analyzed the clinical prognosis of 68 patients with coronary artery disease included in a case-controlled study which evaluated Lp(a) concentration, apo(a) size, and Lp(a) fibrin-binding. Cohort was conducted over a median of 8 years. We used Kaplan-Meier survival tables to evaluate cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events in the follow-up period. RESULTS: Apo(a) isoforms of small size are predictors of MACCE. We find an association between Lp(a) concentration and apo(a) fibrin-binding with major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events, although without statistically significant results. CONCLUSIONS: Small-sized apo(a) isoforms are an independent risk factor for MACCE in patients with coronary artery disease in follow-up. Lp(a) plasma concentration and apo(a) fibrin-binding were associated, although not significant.

[Fast pathway for heart surgery]. / Vía rápida para cirugía cardiaca.

The increasing demographic and life expectancy rates, together with the vertiginous technological development during the last two decades, have raised the number of cardiac patients requiring surgical treatment. Therefore, several institutions have been forced to give priority to advanced or more serious cases and to postpone those that do not demand an urgent surgery. This analysis was made from June 15, 1999 to June 15, 2000 and demonstrates the results obtained from maintaining a fast track at the National Institute of Cardiology "Ignacio Chávez". This has favored the practice of surgeries in cases with noncomplex pathologies, null mortality, and low morbidity rates. The analysis also compares results from patients who had been subjected to surgery for the same type of pathologies but following the usual course of admittance and surgery scheduling, proving to be cost-efficient. It also demonstrates the high incidence of inter-auricular communication and the Von Willebrand disease that exist in our environment. Based on the results, we propose to maintain and increase this type of surgeries, addressing their limitations.

[Mechanical reperfusion in acute myocardial infarction]. / Reperfusión mecánica en el infarto agudo del miocardio.

Nowadays, it has been demonstrated that reperfusion therapy in acute myocardial infarction diminishes mortality and improves ventricular function. Primary percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (ACTPp) was described in 1983 by Hartzler as an alternative treatment in acute myocardial infarction. The results of this procedure were considered excellent. In 1996 the committee built up by the ACC/AHA published in the 1999 updated JACC's issue, a statement of the position that occupied at that moment primary angioplasty in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction. This committee pointed that this therapy showed to be an excellent alternative compared with the use of thrombolytic agents in acute myocardial infarction with ST elevation, patients who presented < 12 hs of the onset of symptoms according to the following conditions: 1. In less time, 2. Supported by trained staff, and 3. In an experience cath lab. This communication was introduced prior to the use of interventionist therapy with stents with or without the utilization of glycoproteins inhibitors. The analysis of results of different comparative studies of ACTPp with or without stents vs the use with or without II/IIIa glycoproteins inhibitors, was also included in this communication; among them it stands out the epistent which demonstrated less events as far as 6 months and was statistical significant in patients treated with Stent and abciximad. In conclusion we believe that ACTPp with Stent and glycoprotein inhibitors offers better results than those obtained from a combined therapy with thrombolytic agents and IIb/IIIa, however, we must recognise that there are limitations when performing angioplasty, as there is a lack of an efficient 24 hr. cath lab.

Comparative trial of stent-like balloon angioplasty versus coronary stenting for acute myocardial infarction.

Primary PTCA has been shown to be superior to any thrombolytic regimen and offers higher reperfusion rates and better coronary flow grades. Its limitations include recurrent ischemia (10%-15%), infarct-related artery reocclusion (5%-10%), angiographic restenosis (35%-50%), and need to perform repeat PTCA or CABG at 6-month follow-up (20%). Thus, the current role of coronary stenting for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is very promising. From December 1995 through January 1997, 335 patients underwent primary angioplasty during the first 12 hr from symptom onset at our institution. We performed a retrospective study comparing the in-hospital and 6-month follow-up outcome of 61 patients who underwent coronary stenting (stent group) against 61 patients with optimal (residual lesion stenosis < 30%) balloon-only primary angioplasty (stent-like group). Patients were routinely treated with aspirin, and ticlopidine was given only to the stent group. In-hospital major adverse cardiac events (MACE) rate was 11.5% without statistical differences between the groups. Cardiac death rate was similar in both groups (4.9 vs. 6.6%; P = 1.0) and only two (3.3%) patients from the stent group and none from the PTCA group had nonfatal myocardial reinfarction. At 6-month follow-up, the rate of recurrent angina was higher in the stent-like group (30.9 vs. 7.1%; P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that only stenting of the infarct-related artery was a borderline independent predictor for MACE (OR = 0; 95% CI = 0-1; P = 0.057). Primary stenting for AMI reduces the rate of recurrent angina or symptoms and MACE at 6-month follow-up.

Prognostic implications of right atrial ischemic dysfunction in patients with biventricular inferior infarction: transesophageal echocardiographic analysis.

In order to determine the effect of right atrial dysfunction on clinical outcome, six patients with inferior myocardial infarction with extension to right ventricle and right atrium involving only obstructions of the right coronary artery were examined with transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) at the time of the event. Five of the patients were reexamined 15 to 55 months later. Two patients underwent thrombolysis and maintained ratios of right-to-left ventricular diameters of less than 1, as well as normal convexity of the interatrial septum. One patient had spontaneous reperfusion of the right coronary artery, reduction in right ventricular diameter, and normalization of interatrial septum. Another patient underwent delayed angioplasty and manifested a diminished wall movement score (WMS) in the follow-up echocardiogram. One patient died during his first hospitalization with significant right ventricular dilatation, inverted convexity of the interatrial septum, and right atrial thrombosis. The last patient died during follow-up with right ventricular dilatation, increased WMS, right atrial akinesis, and inverted interatrial convexity. Serial TEE examination of patients with infarction of the left ventricular inferior wall is a safe technique for determining the degree of the extension of the ischemic process to the right chambers.

[The benefit of a coronary stent in the reduction of major cardiac complications in acute coronary syndromes]. / Beneficio del stent coronario en la reducción de complicaciones cardiacas mayores en síndromes coronarios agudos.

To assess the incidence of in-hospital major adverse cardiac events (MACE), we analyzed 694 procedures in 613 consecutive patients during one year period. Patient population included 550 (79.2%) patients with unstable angina, 43 (6.2%) with stable angina and 101 (14.5%) with acute myocardial infarction. Elective percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) was performed in 593 (85.4%) patients, rescue PTCA in 7 (1%), and primary PTCA in 94 (13.5%). Angiographic lesion morphology was as follows: type A 30%; type B 58%; type C 12%. We compared patient population who received stent with PTCA-balloon only. Technical success was 95% and clinical success was achieved in 80% of the cases. Overall mortality was 1% in the stent group and 3% in the conventional PTCA. The incidence of MACE was 4% and 15.1% in the stent and angioplasty balloon groups respectively. We found a dramatic impact on reduction of the incidence of acute complications in the groups with stenting for unstable angina (p = 0.0001) and acute myocardial infarction (p = 0.0001). The major clinical advantage of stenting over balloon angioplasty was a lower need for repeated procedures.

[Translumbar coronary angiography and aortography in a patient with Takayasu's arteritis]. / Arteriografía coronaria y aortografía por vía translumbar en una paciente con arteritis de takayasu.

Since its introduction by Dos Santos in 1929, arterial angiography by translumbar percutaneous approach has suffered some transformations. Nowadays it has been replaced by other percutaneous approaches and it is indicated only when these routes of access have failed due to aortoiliac or subclavian arteries obstruction. This report presents a patient with Takayasu's Arteritis with severe peripheral arterial obstruction and unstable angina, who underwent coronary arteriography and aortography by translumbar approach. A review of this technique is made.

Percutaneous mitral commissurotomy.

Rheumatic fever is the most common cause of acquired heart disease in children and young adults worldwide, mainly in developing countries, and is the reason that a large number of patients with mitral stenosis will require some modality of treatment during their life span. The early therapeutic approach for this condition was solely surgical, but since the early 1960s, several balloon catheter interventional techniques have emerged as alternatives to surgical treatment. In 1976 Inoue described a novel single-balloon device designed specifically for percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy (PMC), and in 1982 the first clinical application of Inoue's technique was successfully accomplished. Ever since several clinical trials established PMC as an effective and safe procedure for severe mitral stenosis in more than 30,000 patients worldwide, percutaneous balloon techniques have been considered the method of choice in selected patients (functional class >II, mitral valve area <1.5 cm2, and Wilkins' score <8) for several reasons. PMC is a nonsurgical method with results similar to those of surgical intervention, but without the unnecessary risks and complications of general anesthesia and extracorporeal circulation pump. Both PMC and surgical commissurotomy yield comparable acute and long-term results and similar restenosis rates. Moreover, PMC is the strategy of choice in symptomatic pregnant women with mitral stenosis, as well as in some cases with restenosis after a previous PMC. Patient selection and procedural technique are reviewed in detail.

Pericardium-covered stent for septal myocardial ablation in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy.

This report describes a patient with severe hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy in New York Heart Association functional class III. Complete reduction of left ventricular outflow tract gradient was achieved by the selective occlusion of three target septal arteries with a pericardium-covered stent. The patient's in-hospital course was uneventful and has improved to functional class I.

Transjugular liver biopsy in 52 patients with an automated Trucut-type needle.

A three-year prospective study was conducted to assess the efficacy and safety of transjugular liver biopsy with a Trucut-type needle employing an automated device. Fifty-two consecutive patients (39 women and 13 men), ages 46.3+/-14.6 years, in whom percutaneous liver biopsy was contraindicated were included in the study. An 18-gauge transjugular hepatic needle with a 20-mm throw length, a cutting cannula at the distal end, and an automated trigger device on the proximal end was used. All procedures were performed under fluoroscopic control, and the following variables were assessed: (1) number of passes, (2) size and average number of the obtained fragments, (3) number of portal triads, and (4) adequacy of the specimen for histologic diagnosis. The procedure was successful in 49/52 patients, and all samples obtained were satisfactory for histologic analysis even when cirrhosis or bridging fibrosis were present. Mean biopsy specimen length was 1.7+/-0.88 cm; mean number of passes was 2.42+/-1.01, the mean number of biopsy fragments and portal triads per attempt were 2.5+/-1.01 and 6.24+/-3.18, respectively. No major complications were observed. Transjugular hepatic biopsy with this new cutting system is an effective and safe procedure in patients with contraindication for percutaneous liver biopsy.

[Comparative analysis of reperfusion time in primary angioplasty vs thrombolysis. Success vs time]. / Análisis del tiempo de reperfusión entre angioplastía primaria y trombolisis: éxito vs tiempo.

UNLABELLED: We studied 398 patients with diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction who arrived within the first six hours of symptom onset that were treated with thrombolysis or primary angioplasty, they were divided in two groups: Group 1 (n = 198), those treated with 1.5 million U of streptokinase over 60 min and Group 2 (n = 200), those treated with primary angioplasty. In Group 1 the "pain-door" time was 3.7 +/- 1.7 hs vs 3.8 +/- 2.4 hs in group 2 (p = NS). The "door-needle" time was 48 +/- 12 min. compared with the "door-balloon" time of 84 +/- 30 min (p < 0.001). In Group 1, 154 (77.6%) of the patients had clinical of reperfusion after thrombolysis, 58 of them underwent coronary angiography and had an infarct related artery (IRA) patency rate of 45.3%. In Group 2 the IRA patency rate was 85.5% (p < 0.005). CONCLUSION: Thrombolysis was achieved in a lesser period of time but our findings showed that primary angioplasty was more effective obtaining a TIMI 3 flow.

[The no-reflow phenomenon: its incidence and clinical characteristics in a series of cases]. / Fenómeno de no-reflujo: incidencia y características clínicas en una serie de casos.

The no-reflow phenomenon refers to the inability to reperfuse myocardial tissue despite removal of an occlusion of a coronary artery. No reflow is a complication that may occur after revascularization of patients. This study examined the incidence and, clinical characteristics of no-reflow in a patient population treated with conventional percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty at the Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez". We reviewed 204 elective angioplasties and 62 direct angioplasties; 14 patients were included (4 from the first group and 10 from the second group). No-reflow were more frequently in men, the mean age was 56 years and diabetes and smoking were the risk factors more frequently reported. No-reflow was found in left anterior descending coronary artery in 7 patients, the time of reperfusion, in direct angioplasty, was 10.6 hours (mean) and the strategy most frequently used to reestablish normal anterograde flow was intracoronary verapamil. The overall incidence of no-reflow for the two modalities was 5.2% (16.12% for direct angioplasty and 1.9% for elective angioplasty). The current study shows that the no-reflow phenomenon is not uncommon after angioplasty; no-reflow appears higher than the previous reports for both modalities of treatment.

[Percutaneous closure of an interatrial communication with the Amplatzer device. The first case in Mexico]. / Cierre percutáneo de comunicación interatrial con el dispositivo Amplatzer. Primer caso en México.

The Amplatzer septal occluder is a new device intended for the percutaneous closure of secundum atrial septal defects that has distinctive characteristics and important advantages over other available devices. We present the first successful closure of an atrial septal defect with this device in Mexico in a 19 year old man with a 16 mm secundum type septal defect.

Treatment of severe mitral stenosis with percutaneous balloon valvotomy in pregnant patients.

BACKGROUND: Pregnancy can cause life-threatening complications in women with mitral stenosis. Frequently, there is an urgent need to increase the mitral valve area mechanically. In selected cases, percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy (PMBV) has emerged as a safe and effective alternative to surgical commissurotomy. HYPOTHESIS: The study evaluates the effects of PMBV by the Inoue technique in nine pregnant patients with severe symptomatic mitral stenosis. METHODS: The patients were in New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class II to IV and had echocardiographic scores of < or = 8. The mean gestational age was 24.8 +/- 6.1 weeks. The patient's pelvic and abdominal regions were covered with a lead apron to protect the fetus from radiation. A stepwise dilatation technique was used. Fluoroscopy time was kept to 10 to 15 min. RESULTS: One patient developed severe mitral regurgitation requiring emergency valve replacement. The remaining eight patients showed marked immediate symptomatic and hemodynamic improvement. After dilatation, the transmitral pressure gradient decreased from 20.8 +/- 6.5 to 7.3 +/- 1.4 mmHg (p = 0.001) and the calculated mitral valve area increased from 0.9 +/- 0.1 to 1.8 +/- 0.4 (p < 0.001). All patients had uneventful term deliveries of normal babies. On follow-up they were in NYHA functional class I. CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous mitral balloon valvotomy is a safe and effective procedure for selected pregnant patients with severe mitral stenosis. The procedure is well tolerated by the fetus. Severe mitral regurgitation requiring immediate surgery may occur occasionally. The possible harmful effects to the fetus from its exposure to radiation during PMBV are unknown.

[Coronary stent in acute myocardial infarction]. / Stent coronario en el infarto agudo del miocardio.

UNLABELLED: From December 1995 to March 1997 fifty patients with acute myocardial infarction, had 57 stents implanted. Mean time since the beginning of symptoms to the procedure was 3.7 +/- 2.9 hours. Twenty-four stents were implanted "de novo", 17 for "sub-optimal" results, 5 for threatened closure and eleven for complex dissection. The arteries treated with stent were left anterior descending in 42%, right coronary in 42%, circumflex in 10%, vein grafts in 4%, intermedial branch in 1% and marginal obtuse branch in 1%. Stent used in most of the cases was AVE in 67% followed by Palmaz-Schatz, Wiktor, Crown, Gianturco-Roubin and Wallstent. Before procedure, coronary flow was TIMI 0 in 66% TIMI 1 in 10% and TIMI 2 in 24%. After procedure, TIMI 3 coronary flow was achieved in 92% of the arteries and other four had "no-reflow" phenomenon. Mean stenosis before procedure was 96% +/- 3.1 and after stenting was 1.76% +/- 2.6 with a stent/artery diameter rate of 1.01. Technical success was 100% and clinical success was achieved in 96% of the cases. Two cases were not successfully due to acute thrombotic closure in one patient and in another one because of cardiogenic shock after two days of a technical successful implantation of stent in LAD artery. There were not recurrent ischemic events (CABG, re-infarction or new coronary angioplasty procedure). Other two patients died for non-cardiac events (acute pancreatitis in one and by septic shock in other). At the time of discharge 96% of patients were treated with aspirin and ticlopidine. Major hematoma was evident in only one case. At a mean follow-up time of 5.6 months +/- 4.2 in 45 patients showed that 73% were in functional class I and none of them had re-infarction, death or needed a new revascularization. CONCLUSION: Stent implantation in acute myocardial infarction is feasible and safe procedure with a low rate of ischemic recurrent events.

[Late thrombolysis and electrical stability in acute myocardial infarction. Role of the collateral flow]. / Trombolisis tardía y estabilidad eléctrica en el infarto agudo del miocardio: importancia del flujo colateral.

We evaluated 249 patients (pts) with first acute myocardial infarction: 1. Pts without thrombolysis, n = 119, 2. Pts treated with thrombolysis within 6 hours following MI, n = 80 and 3. Pts treated with thrombolysis between 6-12 hours after MI. Arrhythmic events were evaluated during follow up. All underwent heart rate variability studies and coronary angiogram where anterograde flow (TIMI) and collateral flow (Rentrop scale 0-2 = poor collateral flow and 3 = good collateral flow) were determined. Pts in group 2 and 3 showed a better anterograde and collateral flow than group 1 (p < 0.001). A lower spectral power in the high frequency band and a higher ratio low/high frequency band were observed in group 1 (p < 0.05). Conjunctive consolidation analysis showed more malignant arrhythmias in TIMI 0-2 with poor collateral flow than TIMI 0-2 with good collateral flow (17/138-12.3% vs 0/14-0%). Kaplan Meier analysis was able to demonstrate more cardiac sudden death events in TIMI 0-2 with poor collateral flow than TIMI 0-2 with good collateral flow or TIMI 3 (x2 = 7.22, p = 0.028), independently of thrombolytic treatment.