Microbiological profile, preclinical pharmacokinetics and efficacy of CRS0393, a novel antimycobacterial agent targeting MmpL3.

The benzothiazole amide CRS0393 demonstrated excellent in vitro activity against nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), including M. abscessus isolates from cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ≤0.03-0.5 µg/mL. The essential transport protein MmpL3 was confirmed as the target via analysis of spontaneous resistant mutants and further biological profiling. In mouse pharmacokinetic studies, intratracheal instillation of a single dose of CRS0393 resulted in high concentrations of drug in epithelial lining fluid (ELF) and lung tissue, which remained above the M. abscessus MIC for at least 9 hours post-dose. This exposure resulted in a penetration ratio of 261 for ELF and 54 for lung tissue relative to plasma. CRS0393 showed good oral bioavailability, particularly when formulated in kolliphor oil, with a lung-to-plasma penetration ratio ranging from 0.5 to 4. CRS0393 demonstrated concentration-dependent reduction of intracellular M. abscessus in a THP-1 macrophage infection model. CRS0393 was well tolerated following intranasal administration (8 mg/kg) or oral dosing (25 mg/kg) once daily for 28 days in dexamethasone-treated C3HeB/FeJ mice. Efficacy against M. abscessus strain 103 was achieved via the intranasal route, while oral dosing will need further optimization. CRS0393 holds promise for development as a novel agent with broad antimycobacterial activity.

Potency of the novel PolC DNA polymerase inhibitor CRS0540 in a disseminated Listeria monocytogenes intracellular hollow-fibre model.

BACKGROUND: Listeriosis is an orphan disease, which is nevertheless fatal in immunocompromised people. CRS0540 is a novel PolC DNA polymerase inhibitor that has demonstrated good in vitro and in vivo activity against Listeria monocytogenes. METHODS: Rodent-to-human allometry projection-based human population pharmacokinetics of CRS0540 were used for all studies. CRS0540 pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics studies in an intracellular hollow-fibre system model of disseminated listeriosis (HFS-Lister) examined the effect of eight treatment doses, administered daily over 7 days, in duplicate units. Total bacterial burden versus AUC/MIC exposures on each day were modelled using the inhibitory sigmoid Emax model, while CRS0540-resistant bacterial burden was modelled using a quadratic function. Ten thousand-subject Monte Carlo simulations were used to predict an optimal clinical dose for treatment. RESULTS: The mean CRS0540 intracellular/extracellular AUC0-24 ratio was 34.07 (standard error: 15.70) as measured in the HFS-Lister. CRS0540 demonstrated exposure-dependent bactericidal activity in the HFS-Lister, with the highest exposure killing approximately 5.0 log10 cfu/mL. The free drug AUC0-24/MIC associated with 80% of maximal kill (EC80) was 36.4. Resistance emergence versus AUC/MIC was described by a quadratic function, with resistance amplification at an AUC/MIC of 54.8 and resistance suppression at an AUC/MIC of 119. Monte Carlo simulations demonstrated that for the EC80 target, IV CRS0540 doses of 100 mg/kg achieved PTAs of >90% at MICs up to 1.0 mg/L. CONCLUSIONS: CRS0540 is a promising orphan drug candidate for listeriosis. Future PK/PD studies comparing it with penicillin, the standard of care, could lead to this drug as a new treatment in immunocompromised patients.

ABO blood type, smoking status, other risk factors and prognosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

The aim of this observational study was to test whether ABO blood type was a prognostic factor for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients and whether other risk factors could influence pancreatic cancer patients' survival. This study included 610 patients who were diagnosed as pancreatic cancer and had undergone radical surgery. Patients' characteristics included age, gender, tumor stage, tumor grade, adenosquamous carcinoma (ASC) status, preoperative serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) levels, preoperative serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels, ABO blood type, smoking status, and drinking status were analyzed in this study. Cox proportional hazards regression model and Kaplan-Meier method were used to evaluate the role of prognostic factors. For pancreatic cancer patients undergoing radical surgery, the overall survival was worse for ASC patients than PDAC patients (Log-rank = 11.315, P < .001). Compared with ASC patients (Log-rank < 0.001, P = .996), PDAC patients can benefit from chemotherapy (Log-rank = 17.665, P < .001). For PDAC patients, O blood type had better overall survival than non-O blood type (Log-rank = 4.153, P = .042). Moreover, the group with higher serum levels of CA19-9 had poor prognosis compared to another group with low serum CA19-9 (Log-rank = 4.122, P = .042). Higher CEA levels indicated poor prognosis (Log-rank = 13.618, P < .001). In conclusion, ASC status was associated with overall survival of pancreatic cancer patients and cannot benefit from postoperative chemotherapy. Non-O blood type was a prognostic factor for PDAC patients.

Regulation of human trophoblast syncytialization by histone demethylase LSD1.

A successful pregnancy is critically dependent upon proper placental development and function. During human placentation, villous cytotrophoblast (CTB) progenitors differentiate to form syncytiotrophoblasts (SynTBs), which provide the exchange surface between the mother and fetus and secrete hormones to ensure proper progression of pregnancy. However, epigenetic mechanisms that regulate SynTB differentiation from CTB progenitors are incompletely understood. Here, we show that lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1; also known as KDM1A), a histone demethylase, is essential to this process. LSD1 is expressed both in CTB progenitors and differentiated SynTBs in first-trimester placental villi; accordingly, expression in SynTBs is maintained throughout gestation. Impairment of LSD1 function in trophoblast progenitors inhibits induction of endogenous retrovirally encoded genes SYNCYTIN1/endogenous retrovirus group W member 1, envelope (ERVW1) and SYNCYTIN2/endogenous retrovirus group FRD member 1, envelope (ERVFRD1), encoding fusogenic proteins critical to human trophoblast syncytialization. Loss of LSD1 also impairs induction of chorionic gonadotropin α (CGA) and chorionic gonadotropin ß (CGB) genes, which encode α and ß subunits of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), a hormone essential to modulate maternal physiology during pregnancy. Mechanistic analyses at the endogenous ERVW1, CGA, and CGB loci revealed a regulatory axis in which LSD1 induces demethylation of repressive histone H3 lysine 9 dimethylation (H3K9Me2) and interacts with transcription factor GATA2 to promote RNA polymerase II (RNA-POL-II) recruitment and activate gene transcription. Our study reveals a novel LSD1-GATA2 axis, which regulates human trophoblast syncytialization.

Expression, Regulation, and Function of the Calmodulin Accessory Protein PCP4/PEP-19 in Myometrium.

OBJECTIVE: Calmodulin (CaM) plays a key role in the orchestration of Ca2+ signaling events, and its regulation is considered an important component of cellular homeostasis. The control of uterine smooth muscle function is largely dependent on the regulation of Ca2+ and CaM signaling. The objective of this study was to investigate the expression, function, and regulation of CaM regulatory proteins in myometrium during pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN: Myometrium was obtained from nonpregnant women and 4 groups of pregnant women at the time their primary cesarean delivery: (i) preterm not in labor, (ii) preterm in labor with clinical and/or histological diagnosis of chorioamnionitis, (3) term not in labor; and (4) term in labor. The effect of perinatal inflammation on pcp4/pep-19 expression was evaluated in a mouse model of Ureaplasma parvum-induced chorioamnionitis. Human myometrial cells stably expressing wild-type and mutant forms of PCP4/PEP-19 were used in the evaluation of agonist-induced intracellular Ca2+ mobilization. RESULTS: Compared to other CaM regulatory proteins, PCP4/PEP-19 transcripts were more abundant in human myometrium. The expression of PCP4/PEP-19 was lowest in myometrium of women with preterm pregnancy and chorioamnionitis. In the mouse uterus, pcp4/pep-19 expression was lower in late compared to mid-gestation and decreased in mice injected intra-amniotic with Ureaplasma parvum. In myometrial smooth muscle cells, tumor necrosis factor alpha and progesterone decreased and PCP4/PEP-19 promoter activity increased. Finally, the overexpression of PCP4/PEP-19 reduced agonist-induced intracellular Ca2+ levels in myometrial cells. CONCLUSION: The decreased expression of PCP4/PEP-19 in myometrium contributes to a loss of quiescence in response to infection-induced inflammation at preterm pregnancy.

High levels of serum glypican-1 indicate poor prognosis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

Carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) fails to demonstrate the predictive value for early detection pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Glypican-1 (GPC1+) exosomes may serve as a noninvasive diagnostic tool to detect early stages of PDAC. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the serum GPC1 levels and determine whether serum GPC1 serves as a novel biomarker for PDAC patients. Blood samples were collected from 156 patients with PDAC, 199 non-cancer controls, and 240 patients with other cancers. Serological levels of GPC1 were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Finally, a 5-year follow-up was monitored to evaluate the correlation between serum GPC1 levels and overall survival in 156 patients with PDAC. The results suggested that levels of serum GPC1 and CA19-9 were higher in PDAC patients than that of controls (P < 0.05). Serum GPC1 levels in PDAC were different from those in gallbladder carcinoma (P < 0.001), colorectal carcinoma (P < 0.001), gastric carcinoma (P < 0.001), and prostate cancer (P < 0.001), but not hepatocellular carcinoma (P = 0.395) and cholangiocarcinoma (P = 0.724). Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis showed that serum CA19-9 was significantly better than serum GPC1 in distinguishing PDAC patients from the controls (AUC, 95% CI: 0.908, 0.868-0.947 vs 0.795, 0.749-0.841, respectively). The serum GPC1 cannot be used as a serum diagnostic biomarker for PDAC patients. The level of serum GPC1 decreased 2 days after surgery (P = 0.001), which were not different from serum GPC1 levels in healthy control (P = 0.381). The overall survival rate was shorter in patients with high levels of serum GPC1 compared to those with low levels of serum GPC1 (log-rank = 5.16, P = 0.023). Taken together, the results indicate that high levels of serum GPC1 predict poor prognosis in PDAC patients. Serum GPC1 may be a prognosis factor for PDAC patients.

Regulation of human placental drug transporters in HCV infection and their influence on direct acting antiviral medications.

INTRODUCTION: The objectives of this study were to determine how HCV infection affects placental drug transporters, and to determine the role of drug transporters on the cellular accumulation of direct-acting antiviral drugs in human trophoblasts. METHODS: Eighty-four ABC and SLC transporter genes were first screened in normal and HCV infected pregnant women using PCR profiler array. The changes in expression were confirmed by qPCR and Western blot. The impact of selected drug transporters on the cellular accumulation of radiolabeled antiviral drugs sofosbuvir, entecavir, and tenofovir was measured in primary human trophoblasts (PHT) and BeWo b30 cells in the presence or absence of transporter-specific inhibitors. PHT were then treated with CL097, ssRNA40, and imquimod to determine the impact of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7/8 activation on drug transporter expression. RESULTS: The expression of the ABC efflux transporters ABCB1/P-gp and ABCG2/BCRP was increased in placenta of women with HCV, while the nucleoside transporters SLC29A1/ENT1 and SLC29A2/ENT2 remained unchanged. The accumulation of sofosbuvir and tenofovir was unaffected by inhibition of these transporters in trophoblast cells. Entecavir accumulation was decreased by the inhibition of ENT2. P-gp and BCRP inhibition enhanced entecavir accumulation in BeWo b30, but not PHT. Overall, there was little effect of TLR7/8 activation on these drug transporters, and the accumulation of entecavir in PHT. DISCUSSION: The data suggest that expression of placental drug transporters and selection of antiviral drug may impact fetal drug exposure in pregnancies complicated by HCV infections.

p53-dependent CD51 expression contributes to characteristics of cancer stem cells in prostate cancer.

Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), which is considered to contain cancer stem cells (CSCs), leads to a high relapse rate in patients with prostate cancer (PCa). However, the markers of prostate CSCs are controversial. Here we demonstrate that CD51, in part, correlates with the poor prognosis of PCa patients. Further, we find that CD51 is a functional molecule that is able to promote the malignancy of PCa through enhancing tumor initiation, metastatic potential, and chemoresistance. Moreover, we find that elevated CD51 expression in PCa specimens correlates with p53 loss of function. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that p53 acts via Sp1/3 to repress CD51 transcription, and CD51 is required for PCa stemness and metastasis properties, and is downregulated by p53. Taken together, these results indicate that CD51 is a novel functional marker for PCa, which may provide a therapeutic target for the efficiently restricting PCa progression.

MicroRNA-205 promotes cell invasion by repressing TCF21 in human ovarian cancer.

BACKGROUND: Ovarian cancer is the leading lethal, gynecological malignancy in the United States. No doubt, the continued morbidity and mortality of ovarian cancer reflects a poor understanding of invasive mechanisms. Recent studies reveal that ovarian cancers express aberrant microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs), some of which have oncogenic or tumor suppressor properties. Several studies suggested that miR-205 is involved in tumorigenesis. Presently, we investigate the molecular mechanisms and target of miR-205 in ovarian cancer. METHODS: Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot were performed to assess miR-205 and transcription factor 21 (TCF21) expression in ovarian cancer and normal ovary samples. The effect of miR-205 on TCF21 was determined by luciferase reporter assay and western blot. The effect of miR-205 and TCF21 on cell invasion was quantitated using transwell invasion assay. RESULT: miR-205 expression was increased in ovarian cancer and it promoted the invasive behavior of ovarian cancer cell lines (OVCAR-5, OVCAR-8 and SKOV-3). miR-205 directly targeted TCF21, which was significantly decreased in ovarian cancer tissue. miR-205 inhibited TCF21 expression and as a consequence blunted the inhibitory effect of TCF21 on cell invasion. Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) play an important role in cancer invasion and metastasis. TCF21 inhibited MMP-2 and MMP-10 and decreased ovarian cancer cell invasion. Co-transfection of TCF21 expression plasmid with miR-205 mimic diminished the inhibitory effect of TCF21 on MMP-2 and MMP-10 in ovarian cancer cells. CONCLUSION: miR-205 appears to have an important role in the spread of ovarian cancer by targeting TCF21. These findings offer a new mechanism of ovarian cancer tumorigenesis, which could be useful for the development of new therapeutic approaches to ovarian cancer treatment.

Autoantibodies against glucose-regulated protein 78 as serological biomarkers in metastatic and recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma.

PURPOSE: To identify Heptocellular carcinoma (HCC) associated antigens by proteomics, and validate whether autoantibodies against tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) could be used for diagnosis and conditional monitoring. RESULTS: The 78 kDa glucose regulated protein (GRP78) was selected as a candidate TAA. The titers of autoantibodies against 78 kDa glucose regulated protein (GRP78) from patients with HCC, liver cirrhosis (LC), and chronic hepatitis (CH) were significantly higher than that from normal controls (P<0.05, P<0.001, and P<0.01, respectively). The expression of autoantibodies against GRP78 was associated with clinical stage (P<0.01), portal vein invasion (P<0.05), and metastasis (P<0.05). The expression of anti-GRP78 antibodies was significantly higher 1 month after surgery in recurrent patients who had accepted hepatic resection 1 month after surgery compared to patients who had surgery before surgery or within 1 week after surgery (P<0.01 and P<0.001). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) showed higher expression of GRP78 in HCC compared to the non-HCC liver tissues (P <0.05). MATERIALS AND METHODS: HCC serum with high titer of autoantibodies against TAAs were screened and used for a proteome-based approach to identify HCC associated antigens. Indirect enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) was used to detect the corresponding autoantibodies against TAAs. CONCLUSION: GRP78 is an autoantigen that could stimulate autoimmune responses and serve as a potential marker for recurrent and metastatic progression in HCC.

HIF-KDM3A-MMP12 regulatory circuit ensures trophoblast plasticity and placental adaptations to hypoxia.

The hemochorial placenta develops from the coordinated multilineage differentiation of trophoblast stem (TS) cells. An invasive trophoblast cell lineage remodels uterine spiral arteries, facilitating nutrient flow, failure of which is associated with pathological conditions such as preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction, and preterm birth. Hypoxia plays an instructive role in influencing trophoblast cell differentiation and regulating placental organization. Key downstream hypoxia-activated events were delineated using rat TS cells and tested in vivo, using trophoblast-specific lentiviral gene delivery and genome editing. DNA microarray analyses performed on rat TS cells exposed to ambient or low oxygen and pregnant rats exposed to ambient or hypoxic conditions showed up-regulation of genes characteristic of an invasive/vascular remodeling/inflammatory phenotype. Among the shared up-regulated genes was matrix metallopeptidase 12 (MMP12). To explore the functional importance of MMP12 in trophoblast cell-directed spiral artery remodeling, we generated an Mmp12 mutant rat model using transcription activator-like nucleases-mediated genome editing. Homozygous mutant placentation sites showed decreased hypoxia-dependent endovascular trophoblast invasion and impaired trophoblast-directed spiral artery remodeling. A link was established between hypoxia/HIF and MMP12; however, evidence did not support Mmp12 as a direct target of HIF action. Lysine demethylase 3A (KDM3A) was identified as mediator of hypoxia/HIF regulation of Mmp12 Knockdown of KDM3A in rat TS cells inhibited the expression of a subset of the hypoxia-hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-dependent transcripts, including Mmp12, altered H3K9 methylation status, and decreased hypoxia-induced trophoblast cell invasion in vitro and in vivo. The hypoxia-HIF-KDM3A-MMP12 regulatory circuit is conserved and facilitates placental adaptations to environmental challenges.

OVO-like 1 regulates progenitor cell fate in human trophoblast development.

Epithelial barrier integrity is dependent on progenitor cells that either divide to replenish themselves or differentiate into a specialized epithelium. This paradigm exists in human placenta, where cytotrophoblast cells either propagate or undergo a unique differentiation program: fusion into an overlying syncytiotrophoblast. Syncytiotrophoblast is the primary barrier regulating the exchange of nutrients and gases between maternal and fetal blood and is the principal site for synthesizing hormones vital for human pregnancy. How trophoblast cells regulate their differentiation into a syncytium is not well understood. In this study, we show that the transcription factor OVO-like 1 (OVOL1), a homolog of Drosophila ovo, regulates the transition from progenitor to differentiated trophoblast cells. OVOL1 is expressed in human placenta and was robustly induced following stimulation of trophoblast differentiation. Disruption of OVOL1 abrogated cytotrophoblast fusion and inhibited the expression of a broad set of genes required for trophoblast cell fusion and hormonogenesis. OVOL1 was required to suppress genes that maintain cytotrophoblast cells in a progenitor state, including MYC, ID1, TP63, and ASCL2, and bound specifically to regions upstream of each of these genes. Our results reveal an important function of OVOL1 as a regulator of trophoblast progenitor cell fate during human trophoblast development.

Effect of prostaglandin E2 on multidrug resistance transporters in human placental cells.

Prostaglandin (PG) E2, a major product of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, acts as an immunomodulator at the maternal-fetal interface during pregnancy. It exerts biologic function through interaction with E-prostanoid (EP) receptors localized to the placenta. The activation of the COX-2/PGE2/EP signal pathway can alter the expression of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, multidrug resistance protein 1 [P-glycoprotein (Pgp); gene: ABCB1], and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP; gene: ABCG2), which function to extrude drugs and xenobiotics from cells. In the placenta, PGE2-mediated changes in ABC transporter expression could impact fetal drug exposure. Furthermore, understanding the signaling cascades involved could lead to strategies for the control of Pgp and BCRP expression levels. We sought to determine the impact of PGE2 signaling mechanisms on Pgp and BCRP in human placental cells. The treatment of placental cells with PGE2 up-regulated BCRP expression and resulted in decreased cellular accumulation of the fluorescent substrate Hoechst 33342. Inhibiting the EP1 and EP3 receptors with specific antagonists attenuated the increase in BCRP. EP receptor signaling results in activation of transcription factors, which can affect BCRP expression. Although PGE2 decreased nuclear factor κ-light chain-enhancer of activated B activation and increased activator protein 1, chemical inhibition of these inflammatory transcription factors did not blunt BCRP up-regulation by PGE2. Though PGE2 decreased Pgp mRNA, Pgp expression and function were not significantly altered. Overall, these findings suggest a possible role for PGE2 in the up-regulation of placental BCRP expression via EP1 and EP3 receptor signaling cascades.

Induction of xenobiotic receptors, transporters, and drug metabolizing enzymes by oxycodone.

Perturbations of the expression of transporters and drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) by opioids can be the locus of deleterious drug-drug interactions (DDIs). Many transporters and DMEs are regulated by xenobiotic receptors [XRs; e.g., pregnane X receptor (PXR), constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), and Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)]; however, there is a paucity of information regarding the influence of opioids on XRs. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of oxycodone administration (15 mg/kg intraperitoneally twice daily for 8 days) on liver expression of XRs, transporters, and DMEs in rats. Microarray, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting analyses were used to identify significantly regulated genes. Three XRs (e.g., PXR, CAR, and AhR), 27 transporters (e.g., ABCB1 and SLC22A8), and 19 DMEs (e.g., CYP2B2 and CYP3A1) were regulated (P < 0.05) with fold changes ranging from -46.3 to 17.1. Using MetaCore (computational platform), we identified a unique gene-network of transporters and DMEs assembled around PXR, CAR, and AhR. Therefore, a series of transactivation/translocation assays were conducted to determine whether the observed changes of transporters/DMEs are mediated by direct activation of PXR, CAR, or AhR by oxycodone or its major metabolites (noroxycodone and oxymorphone). Neither oxycodone nor its metabolites activated PXR, CAR, or AhR. Taken together, these findings identify a signature hepatic gene-network associated with repeated oxycodone administration in rats and demonstrate that oxycodone alters the expression of many transporters and DMEs (without direct activation of PXR, CAR, and AhR), which could lead to undesirable DDIs after coadministration of substrates of these transporters/DMEs with oxycodone.

Human effector/initiator gene sets that regulate myometrial contractility during term and preterm labor.

OBJECTIVE: Distinct processes govern transition from quiescence to activation during term (TL) and preterm labor (PTL). We sought gene sets that are responsible for TL and PTL, along with the effector genes that are necessary for labor independent of gestation and underlying trigger. STUDY DESIGN: Expression was analyzed in term and preterm with or without labor (n=6 subjects/group). Gene sets were generated with logic operations. RESULTS: Thirty-four genes were expressed similarly in PTL/TL but were absent from nonlabor samples (effector set); 49 genes were specific to PTL (preterm initiator set), and 174 genes were specific to TL (term initiator set). The gene ontogeny processes that comprise term initiator and effector sets were diverse, although inflammation was represented in 4 of the top 10; inflammation dominated the preterm initiator set. CONCLUSION: TL and PTL differ dramatically in initiator profiles. Although inflammation is part of the term initiator and the effector sets, it is an overwhelming part of PTL that is associated with intraamniotic inflammation.

Characterization of the transport, metabolism, and pharmacokinetics of the dopamine D3 receptor-selective fluorenyl- and 2-pyridylphenyl amides developed for treatment of psychostimulant abuse.

The recent discovery of novel high-affinity and selective dopamine D3 receptor (DA D3R) antagonists and partial agonists has provided tools with which to further elucidate the role DA D3R plays in substance abuse. The present study was conducted to evaluate the transport, metabolism, pharmacokinetics, and brain uptake of the DA D3R-selective fluorenyl amides, NGB 2904 [N-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butyl)-9H-fluorene-2-carboxamide] fumarate) and JJC 4-077 [N-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)-3-hydroxybutyl)-9H-fluorene-2-carboxamide hydrochloride], and the 2-pyridylphenyl amides, CJB 090 [N-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butyl)-4-(pyridine-2-yl)benzamide hydrochloride] and PG 01037 [N-(4-(4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)-trans-but-2-enyl)-4-(pyridine-2-yl)benzamide hydrochloride], all of which have been studied in animal models of psychostimulant abuse. Additional screening with a panel of human and rat Supersomes was performed for NGB 2904 and PG 01037. Drug-stimulated ATPase activation assays and bidirectional transport and efflux assays were used to test for substrate specificity of NGB 2904 and PG 01037 for human and rat efflux transporters. All compounds exhibited moderate elimination half-lives, ranging from 1.49 to 3.27 h, and large volumes of distribution (5.95-14.19 l/kg). The brain-to-plasma ratios ranged from 2.93 to 11.81 and were higher than those previously reported for cocaine. Brain exposure levels of NGB 2904 and PG 01037 were significantly reduced after intraperitoneal administration compared with intravenous administration. The metabolism of these compounds was mediated primarily by CYP3A subfamilies. PG 01037 was a P-glycoprotein-transported substrate. Higher doses of these compounds are often required for in vivo action, suggesting decreased bioavailability via extravascular administration that may be attributed to high drug efflux and hepatic metabolism. These studies provide important preclinical information for optimization of next-generation D3R selective agents for the treatment of drug addiction.

Toxicokinetic study of recombinant human heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (rhHB-EGF) in female Sprague Dawley rats.

PURPOSE: To determine the toxicity and pharmacokinetics of recombinant heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor in female Sprague Dawley rats following intra-bladder and intravenous administration. MATERIALS AND METHODS: rhHB-EGF was administered once daily for 6 or 27 days at doses of 3, 10, or 30 microg/kg. 125I-rhHB-EGF was administered on day 7 or 28 for pharmacokinetic analysis. Toxicity was assessed by general appearance and behavior, gross necropsy, blood chemistry and microscopic evaluation. RESULTS: Plasma AUCss of [125I] rhHB-EGF equivalents following IB administration for 7 days were 4.28+/-2.29, 7.75+/-2.70, and 7.11+/-1.42 ng ml(-1) h(-1) at doses of 3, 10, and 30 microg/kg, respectively. Following IV administration, the AUCss on day 7 increased from 27.0+/-2.66 to 124+/-5.09 and 385.11+/-7.57 ng ml(-1) h(-1) with increasing the dose from 3 to 10 and 30 microg/kg. Similar AUCss data was obtained after 28 day administration. No toxicity was evident upon gross examination. Histologic examination revealed subacute inflammation and lymphocytic infiltration of the urinary bladder in animals from all groups dosed by the IB route. CONCLUSIONS: Plasma and bladder concentrations of recombinant human [125I] rhHB-EGF equivalents were significantly lower following the IB route than following IV administration. Histologic tissue examination indicated no toxicity attributable to rhHB-EGF.

Identification of interactive gene networks: a novel approach in gene array profiling of myometrial events during guinea pig pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: The transition from myometrial quiescence to activation is poorly understood, and the analysis of array data is limited by the available data mining tools. We applied functional analysis and logical operations along regulatory gene networks to identify molecular processes and pathways underlying quiescence and activation. STUDY DESIGN: We analyzed some 18,400 transcripts and variants in guinea pig myometrium at stages corresponding to quiescence and activation, and compared them to the nonpregnant (control) counterpart using a functional mapping tool, MetaCore (GeneGo, St Joseph, MI) to identify novel gene networks composed of biological pathways during mid (MP) and late (LP) pregnancy. RESULTS: Genes altered during quiescence and or activation were identified following gene specific comparisons with myometrium from nonpregnant animals, and then linked to curated pathways and formulated networks. The MP and LP networks were subtracted from each other to identify unique genomic events during those periods. For example, changes 2-fold or greater in genes mediating protein biosynthesis, programmed cell death, microtubule polymerization, and microtubule based movement were noted during the transition to LP. CONCLUSION: We describe a novel approach combining microarrays and genetic data to identify networks associated with normal myometrial events. The resulting insights help identify potential biomarkers and permit future targeted investigations of these pathways or networks to confirm or refute their importance.

The effects of isokinetic contraction velocity on concentric and eccentric strength of the biceps brachii.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the influence of contraction velocity on the eccentric (ECC) and concentric (CON) torque production of the biceps brachii. After performing warm-up procedures, each male subject (n = 11) completed 3 sets of 5 maximal bilateral CON and ECC isokinetic contractions of the biceps at speeds of 90, 180, and 300 degrees x s(-1) on a Biodex System 3 dynamometer. The men received a 3-minute rest between sets and the order of exercises was randomized. Peak torque (Nm) values were obtained for CON and ECC contractions at each speed. Peak torque scores (ECC vs. CON) were compared using a t-test at each speed. A repeated measures analysis of variance was used to determine differences between speeds. ECC peak torque scores were greater than CON peak torque scores at each given speed: 90 degrees x s(-1), p = 0.0001; 180 degrees x s(-1), p = 0.0001; and 300 degrees x s(-1), p = 0.0001. No differences were found between the ECC peak torque scores (p = 0.62) at any of the speeds. Differences were found among the CON scores (p = 0.004). Post hoc analysis revealed differences between 90 degrees x s(-1) (114.61 +/- 23) and 300 degrees x s(-1) (94.17 +/- 18). These data suggest that ECC contractions of the biceps brachii were somewhat resistant to a force decrement as the result of an increase in velocity, whereas CON muscular actions of the biceps brachii were unable to maintain force as velocity increased.

Pregnancy and estradiol modulate myometrial G-protein pathways in the guinea pig.

OBJECTIVE: Coupled to hundreds of receptors, G-proteins modulate signal transduction pathways and are important hormonal targets. The first objective was to determine the effect of pregnancy and estradiol on myometrial guanosine triphosphatase activity. The second objective was to begin dissecting the molecular mechanism(s) underlying alterations in guanosine triphosphatase activity. STUDY DESIGN: Myometrial tissue was obtained from pregnant, nonpregnant, and ovariectomized untreated and estradiol-treated guinea pigs. Myometrial membranes were prepared by homogenization and differential centrifugation. Basal high-affinity specific guanosine triphosphatase activity was quantitated by enzymatic assay and expressed in rhomol 32Pi per milligram protein per minute. Guanosine triphosphatase activity was stimulated using oxytocin, isoproterenol, and prostaglandin F2alpha. Specific G-protein subunits were quantitated using Western blots. G-protein associated gene expression was semiquantitated using HGU133A gene array chips from Affymetrix. RESULTS: Basal myometrial guanosine triphosphatase activity was increased in pregnant compared with nonpregnant animals. Estradiol increased basal myometrial guanosine triphosphatase activity, compared with untreated controls. The effect of estradiol on stimulated activity was agonist dependent. Both Galphas and Galphai isoform 1 protein levels were increased in myometrium from late pregnant compared with nonpregnant animals. By late gestation, the messenger ribonucleic acid levels of those genes were unaltered, compared with the nonpregnant animal. In general, the impact of pregnancy on G-protein family member gene messenger ribonucleic acid expression was modest. Only the small guanosine triphosphatase Rap1b demonstrated altered expression more than 2-fold during either myometrial quiescence (midpregnancy) or activation (term pregnancy) (up 3-fold during quiescence). Genomic network analyses revealed that the expression of another small guanosine triphosphatase, Rab7, was exclusively up-regulated (80%) during quiescence. During late pregnancy, network analysis showed that only G-protein beta was exclusively altered (up-regulated). Estradiol mimicked the pregnancy effect on both transcription and translation of G-protein family members for some but not all potentially relevant genes. CONCLUSION: The increase in functional myometrial guanosine triphosphatase activity during pregnancy may reflect increased synthesis of 1 or more small guanosine triphosphatase.