Bacterial diversity in high Andean grassland soils disturbed with Lepidium meyenii crops evaluated by metagenomics

Abstract Soil quality is usually determined by its physical-chemical characteristics without taking into account the bacterial communities that play a fundamental role in the chemical decomposition of plant nutrients. In this context, the objective of the study was to evaluate bacterial diversity in high Andean grassland soils disturbed with Lepidium meyenii cultivation under different gradients of use (first, second and third use) and crop development (pre-sowing, hypocotyl development and post-harvest). The sampling was carried out in the Bombón plateau in the central Andes of Peru, during the rainy and low water seasons, by the systematic method based on a specific pattern assigned in a geometric rectangular shape at a depth of 0 - 20 cm. The characterization of the bacterial communities was carried out through the metagenomic sequencing of the 16S rRNA. 376 families of bacteria were reported, of which it was determined that there was a significant change in bacterial composition and distribution in relation to use pressure. There were no major changes due to the development of Lepidium meyenii. The families most sensitive to use pressure and soil poverty indicators were Verrucomicrobiaceae, Acidobacteraceae and Aakkermansiaceae.

Resumo A qualidade do solo é normalmente determinada pelas suas características físico-químicas sem ter em conta as comunidades bacterianas que desempenham um papel fundamental na decomposição química dos nutrientes das plantas. Neste contexto, o objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a diversidade bacteriana em solos de prados andinos elevados perturbados pelo cultivo de Lepidium meyenii sob diferentes gradientes de utilização (primeira, segunda e terceira utilizações) e desenvolvimento das culturas (pré-semeadura, desenvolvimento do hipocótilo e pós-colheita). A amostragem foi realizada no planalto de Bombón, nos Andes centrais do Peru, durante as estações das chuvas e das águas baixas, pelo método sistemático baseado num padrão específico atribuído em forma geométrica retangular a uma profundidade de 0 - 20 cm. A caracterização das comunidades bacterianas foi realizada através da sequenciação metagenômica do rRNA 16S. Foram relatadas 376 famílias de bactérias, das quais se verificou uma alteração significativa na composição e distribuição bacteriana em relação à pressão de utilização. Não se registaram grandes alterações devido ao desenvolvimento do Lepidium meyenii. As famílias mais sensíveis à utilização de indicadores de pressão e pobreza do solo foram as Verrucomicrobiaceae, Acidobacteraceae e Aakkermansiaceae.

Bacterial diversity in high Andean grassland soils disturbed with Lepidium meyenii crops evaluated by metagenomics / Diversidade bacteriana em solos de prados andinos elevados perturbados por culturas de Lepidium meyenii avaliadas por metagenômica

Soil quality is usually determined by its physical-chemical characteristics without taking into account the bacterial communities that play a fundamental role in the chemical decomposition of plant nutrients. In this context, the objective of the study was to evaluate bacterial diversity in high Andean grassland soils disturbed with Lepidium meyenii cultivation under different gradients of use (first, second and third use) and crop development (pre-sowing, hypocotyl development and post-harvest). The sampling was carried out in the Bombón plateau in the central Andes of Peru, during the rainy and low water seasons, by the systematic method based on a specific pattern assigned in a geometric rectangular shape at a depth of 0 - 20 cm. The characterization of the bacterial communities was carried out through the metagenomic sequencing of the 16S rRNA. 376 families of bacteria were reported, of which it was determined that there was a significant change in bacterial composition and distribution in relation to use pressure. There were no major changes due to the development of Lepidium meyenii. The families most sensitive to use pressure and soil poverty indicators were Verrucomicrobiaceae, Acidobacteraceae and Aakkermansiaceae.

A qualidade do solo é normalmente determinada pelas suas características físico-químicas sem ter em conta as comunidades bacterianas que desempenham um papel fundamental na decomposição química dos nutrientes das plantas. Neste contexto, o objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a diversidade bacteriana em solos de prados andinos elevados perturbados pelo cultivo de Lepidium meyenii sob diferentes gradientes de utilização (primeira, segunda e terceira utilizações) e desenvolvimento das culturas (pré-semeadura, desenvolvimento do hipocótilo e pós colheita). A amostragem foi realizada no planalto de Bombón, nos Andes centrais do Peru, durante as estações das chuvas e das águas baixas, pelo método sistemático baseado num padrão específico atribuído em forma geométrica retangular a uma profundidade de 0 - 20 cm. A caracterização das comunidades bacterianas foi realizada através da sequenciação metagenômica do rRNA 16S. Foram relatadas 376 famílias de bactérias, das quais se verificou uma alteração significativa na composição e distribuição bacteriana em relação à pressão de utilização. Não se registaram grandes alterações devido ao desenvolvimento do Lepidium meyenii. As famílias mais sensíveis à utilização de indicadores de pressão e pobreza do solo foram as Verrucomicrobiaceae, Acidobacteraceae e Aakkermansiaceae.

Bacterial diversity in high Andean grassland soils disturbed with Lepidium meyenii crops evaluated by metagenomics / Diversidade bacteriana em solos de prados andinos elevados perturbados por culturas de Lepidium meyenii avaliadas por metagenômica

Soil quality is usually determined by its physical-chemical characteristics without taking into account the bacterial communities that play a fundamental role in the chemical decomposition of plant nutrients. In this context, the objective of the study was to evaluate bacterial diversity in high Andean grassland soils disturbed with Lepidium meyenii cultivation under different gradients of use (first, second and third use) and crop development (pre-sowing, hypocotyl development and post-harvest). The sampling was carried out in the Bombón plateau in the central Andes of Peru, during the rainy and low water seasons, by the systematic method based on a specific pattern assigned in a geometric rectangular shape at a depth of 0 - 20 cm. The characterization of the bacterial communities was carried out through the metagenomic sequencing of the 16S rRNA. 376 families of bacteria were reported, of which it was determined that there was a significant change in bacterial composition and distribution in relation to use pressure. There were no major changes due to the development of Lepidium meyenii. The families most sensitive to use pressure and soil poverty indicators were Verrucomicrobiaceae, Acidobacteraceae and Aakkermansiaceae.

A qualidade do solo é normalmente determinada pelas suas características físico-químicas sem ter em conta as comunidades bacterianas que desempenham um papel fundamental na decomposição química dos nutrientes das plantas. Neste contexto, o objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a diversidade bacteriana em solos de prados andinos elevados perturbados pelo cultivo de Lepidium meyenii sob diferentes gradientes de utilização (primeira, segunda e terceira utilizações) e desenvolvimento das culturas (pré-semeadura, desenvolvimento do hipocótilo e póscolheita). A amostragem foi realizada no planalto de Bombón, nos Andes centrais do Peru, durante as estações das chuvas e das águas baixas, pelo método sistemático baseado num padrão específico atribuído em forma geométrica retangular a uma profundidade de 0 - 20 cm. A caracterização das comunidades bacterianas foi realizada através da sequenciação metagenômica do rRNA 16S. Foram relatadas 376 famílias de bactérias, das quais se verificou uma alteração significativa na composição e distribuição bacteriana em relação à pressão de utilização. Não se registaram grandes alterações devido ao desenvolvimento do Lepidium meyenii. As famílias mais sensíveis à utilização de indicadores de pressão e pobreza do solo foram as Verrucomicrobiaceae, Acidobacteraceae e Aakkermansiaceae.

Planetary boundaries and Veterinary Services.

National Veterinary Services (NVS) play a crucial role in animal health, production and welfare. They are also intimately involved with safeguarding global health security and the health of the planet. Climate change is just one of the nine planetary boundaries (PBs), i.e. Earth system processes, that can be used to monitor the vital signs of our living planet. In this paper, the authors identify the positive and negative impacts of humaninduced management of aquatic and terrestrial animals in relation to these PBs. In the context of NVS, the authors provide an overview of the real and potential impacts of NVS policies on Earth systems and offer suggestions as to how new sustainability paradigms may assist with reviewing and revising NVS mandates and facilitating stakeholder engagement. Opportunities are proposed for the World Organisation for Animal Health to contribute to the global debate on the role of aquatic and terrestrial animal agriculture and wildlife in sustainable development. In addition, the paper suggests that a wider debate is required in relation to recent significant increases in domestic animal populations and PBs. Intersectoral and interdisciplinary collaboration are required to achieve the transformation of the framework in which NVS operate. While such transformations cannot be driven by the veterinary profession alone, veterinarians have proven very effective operators in the One Health arena. By building on these intersectoral linkages, it will be possible for our profession and NVS to actively contribute to the crucial discussions and transformations required to pull Earth system metrics back within safe boundaries.

Les Services vétérinaires nationaux jouent un rôle crucial dans les domaines de la santé animale, de la production animale et du bien-être des animaux. Mais ils sont aussi fortement engagés dans la protection de la sécurité sanitaire mondiale et de la santé de la planète. Le changement climatique est l'une des neuf frontières planétaires existantes, c'est-à-dire les neuf processus du système terrestre qui peuvent nous aider à surveiller les signes vitaux de notre planète vivante. Les auteurs font le point sur les impacts positifs et négatifs de la gestion par l'homme des animaux aquatiques et terrestres dans la perspective de ces frontières planétaires. S'agissant des Services vétérinaires nationaux, les auteurs donnent un aperçu de l'impact réel des politiques des Services vétérinaires sur les systèmes terrestres ainsi que des possibilités en la matière et font quelques propositions pour que les mandats de ces Services soient repensés et modifiés et la participation des parties prenantes facilitée à la lumière des nouveaux paradigmes de durabilité. Ils évoquent plusieurs occasions au cours desquelles l'Organisation mondiale de la santé animale (OIE) pourrait contribuer aux discussions à l'échelle mondiale sur le rôle des animaux terrestres et aquatiques, tant d'élevage que sauvages, dans le développement durable. En outre, les auteurs estiment qu'un débat plus général est nécessaire concernant l'augmentation récente et significative des populations d'animaux domestiques et les frontières planétaires. Une collaboration intersectorielle et interdisciplinaire sera nécessaire pour transformer le cadre dans lequel interviennent les Services vétérinaires nationaux. Certes, une transformation de cette nature ne peut être menée par la profession vétérinaire seule, mais les vétérinaires ont déjà fait preuve de l'efficacité de leurs capacités opérationnelles dans l'arène Une seule santé. En s'appuyant sur ces liens intersectoriels, la profession vétérinaire et les Services vétérinaires nationaux seront à même de contribuer activement aux discussions cruciales ainsi qu'aux transformations indispensables pour ramener les variables mesurables de la Terre à l'intérieur de frontières sûres.

La función de los Servicios Veterinarios nacionales, además de ser crucial para la sanidad, la producción y el bienestar animales, guarda estrecha relación con la salvaguarda de la seguridad sanitaria mundial y la salud del planeta. El cambio climático es solo uno de los nueve límites planetarios, esto es, procesos del sistema terrestre, que cabe utilizar para seguir de cerca los signos vitales del ser vivo que es nuestro planeta. Los autores exponen los efectos tanto positivos como negativos que en relación con estos límites planetarios trae consigo la gestión antrópica de animales acuáticos y terrestres. Por lo que respecta a los Servicios Veterinarios nacionales, los autores presentan a grandes líneas las repercusiones que las políticas de estos Servicios Veterinarios tienen o pueden tener en los sistemas terrestres y proponen fórmulas para que los nuevos paradigmas de la sostenibilidad ayuden a examinar y revisar el mandato de los Servicios Veterinarios nacionales y a facilitar la participación de los demás interlocutores. También señalan las oportunidades que tiene ante sí la Organización Mundial de Sanidad Animal para contribuir a las deliberaciones mundiales sobre la función de la producción de animales acuáticos y terrestres y de la gestión de la fauna silvestre con vistas al desarrollo sostenible. Los autores, además, consideran necesario un debate más amplio en relación con el reciente y considerable crecimiento de las poblaciones de animales domésticos y los límites planetarios. Para lograr una transformación de las coordenadas en las que operan los Servicios Veterinarios de los países se requiere una colaboración tanto intersectorial como interdisciplinar. Aunque estos cambios no pueden venir únicamente de la mano de la profesión veterinaria, la labor de los veterinarios en el ruedo de Una sola salud ha demostrado que son agentes muy eficaces. Profundizando en estos vínculos intersectoriales, será posible que nuestra profesión y los Servicios Veterinarios nacionales contribuyan activamente a las cruciales deliberaciones y transformaciones que se necesitan para que el valor de los parámetros del sistema terrestre vuelva a situarse dentro de los márgenes de seguridad.

Bacterial diversity in high Andean grassland soils disturbed with Lepidium meyenii crops evaluated by metagenomics.

Soil quality is usually determined by its physical-chemical characteristics without taking into account the bacterial communities that play a fundamental role in the chemical decomposition of plant nutrients. In this context, the objective of the study was to evaluate bacterial diversity in high Andean grassland soils disturbed with Lepidium meyenii cultivation under different gradients of use (first, second and third use) and crop development (pre-sowing, hypocotyl development and post-harvest). The sampling was carried out in the Bombón plateau in the central Andes of Peru, during the rainy and low water seasons, by the systematic method based on a specific pattern assigned in a geometric rectangular shape at a depth of 0 - 20 cm. The characterization of the bacterial communities was carried out through the metagenomic sequencing of the 16S rRNA. 376 families of bacteria were reported, of which it was determined that there was a significant change in bacterial composition and distribution in relation to use pressure. There were no major changes due to the development of Lepidium meyenii. The families most sensitive to use pressure and soil poverty indicators were Verrucomicrobiaceae, Acidobacteraceae and Aakkermansiaceae.

Emergence of behavioural avoidance strategies of malaria vectors in areas of high LLIN coverage in Tanzania.

Despite significant reductions in malaria transmission across Africa since 2000, progress is stalling. This has been attributed to the development of insecticide resistance and behavioural adaptations in malaria vectors. Whilst insecticide resistance has been widely investigated, there is poorer understanding of the emergence, dynamics and impact of mosquito behavioural adaptations. We conducted a longitudinal investigation of malaria vector host choice over 3 years and resting behaviour over 4 years following a mass long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) distribution in Tanzania. By pairing observations of mosquito ecology with environmental monitoring, we quantified longitudinal shifts in host-choice and resting behaviour that are consistent with adaptation to evade LLINs. The density of An. funestus s.l., declined significantly through time. In tandem, An. arabiensis and An. funestus s.l. exhibited an increased rate of outdoor relative to indoor resting; with An. arabiensis reducing the proportion of blood meals taken from humans in favour of cattle. By accounting for environmental variation, this study detected clear evidence of intra-specific shifts in mosquito behaviour that could be obscured in shorter-term or temporally-coarse surveys. This highlights the importance of mosquito behavioural adaptations to vector control, and the value of longer-term behavioural studies.

Polineuropatía desmielinizante inflamatoria crónica: revisión a propósito de un caso / Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy: review, case and report

Resumen La polineuropatía desmielinizante inflamatoria crónica (CIDP por sus siglas en inglés) corresponde a un espectro de diferentes fenotipos clínicos caracterizados por lesiones de naturaleza autoinmune, inflamatoria y desmielinizante, que afectan primariamente nervios periféricos y raíces nerviosas. Generalmente, los pacientes con CIDP presentan un curso crónico de discapacidad neurológica, pero hasta un tercio de los casos puede exhibir un curso remitente-recidivante. El fenotipo clásico involucra compromiso simétrico de la fuerza muscular y la sensibilidad proximal y distal, asociado a arreflexia generalizada. El diagnóstico requiere la demostración de la desmielinización de nervios mediante electromiografía o biopsia de nervios. Debido a la afectación de personas relativamente jóvenes, laboralmente activos, y a la gran discapacidad neurológica que puede generar, el tratamiento debiera ser iniciado precozmente. Los pilares de la terapia en su fase inicial son los corticoides intravenosos en altas dosis, inmunoglobulina intravenosa y la plasmaféresis, mientras que la terapia de mantención se basa, principalmente, en el uso de corticoides orales a bajas dosis. Este artículo presenta el caso de un paciente evaluado en nuestro hospital y diagnosticado con CIDP, y expone una revisión bibliográfica actualizada de la enfermedad.

Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP) can be defined as a spectrum of different clinical phenotypes which are characterized by autoimmune, inflammatory and demyelinating injuries, primarily affecting the peripheral nerves and nerve roots. Most patients with CIDP have a chronic course of neurological disability, but about a third of cases exhibit a relapsing-remitting course. Classic phenotype of CIDP involves symmetric compromise of proximal and distal muscle strength and sensitivity, associated with generalized areflexia. For an accurate diagnosis, demonstration of nerve demyelination by electromyography or nerve biopsy is required. Due to the affectation of relatively young, labor-active people and the high risk for neurological disability by the disease, treatment should be initiated early. The predominant lines of therapy, in its initial phase, are high-dose intravenous corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin and plasmapheresis, while the maintenance therapy is mainly based on low-dose oral corticosteroids. This article presents a case report of a patient evaluated in our hospital and diagnosed with CIDP and exposes an updated literature review about this disease.

INCLUSIÓN DE HARINAS DE FOLLAJES ARBÓREOS Y ARBUSTIVOS TROPICALES (Morus alba, Erythrina poeppigiana, Tithonia diversifolia E Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) EN LA ALIMENTACIÓN DE CUYES (Cavia porcellus Linnaeus) / LEAF MEALS AND TROPICAL SHRUBBY FOLIAGE (Morus alba, Erythrina poeppigiana, Tithonia diversifolia AND Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) IN FEEDING GUINEA PIGS (Cavia porcellus Linnaeus)

La investigación se ejecutó en la Finca Experimental "La María" propiedad de la Universidad Técnica Estatal de Quevedo (UTEQ) localizada en el km 7¹/2 de la vía Quevedo-Mocache; Provincia de Los Ríos cuya ubicación geográfica de 1º 6' 23" de latitud sur y 79º 29' 12" de longitud oeste y a una altura de 73 m.s.n.m. El objetivo principal fue evaluar el comportamiento productivo de cuyes con la inclusión del 20% de harinas derivadas de follajes arbustivos y arbóreos tropicales. Se utilizaron 40 cuyes macho de 30 días de edad. Se empleó un diseño completamente al azar con cinco tratamientos, cuatro réplicas y la unidad experimental estuvo conformado por dos cuyes. Para determinar las diferencias entre medias de tratamientos se aplicó la prueba de Tukey (P≤0.05). Se evaluaron cinco dietas-tratamientos: (T0) dieta 100% balanceado, (T1) 80% dieta y 20% harina de Morus alba, (T2) 80% dieta y 20% harina de Erythrina poeppigiana, (T3) 80% dieta y 20% harina de Tithonia diversifolia, (T4) 80% dieta y 20% harina de Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. Las variables bajo estudio fueron: consumo de alimento de balanceado en materia seca (CABMS, g), ganancia de peso (GP, g), índice de conversión alimenticia (ICA) y rendimiento en canal (RC, %). La rentabilidad de los tratamientos se determinó a través de la relación beneficio-costo (R b/c). Los mayores (P<0.01) CABMS, GP-ICA y RC-Rentabilidad, la registraron los tratamientos: T0 (48.34 g MS animal-1 d-1), T1 (8.80 g animal-1 d-1 y 5.04) y el T3 (77.67% y 26.20%), respectivamente.

The research was carried out at the Experimental farm "La María" property of the State Technical University of Quevedo located at km 7¹/2 in road Quevedo-Mocache; Los Ríos province, with a geographical location of 1° 6' 23" south latitude and 79º 29' 12" west longitude, at 73 meters altitude. The aim was to evaluate the productive effect of leaf meal and tropical shrubs with inclusion 20%. Were used 40 male guinea pigs of 30 days age and a completely randomized design with five treatments and four repetitions, two male guinea pigs was used to study. A 56-days experiment was conducted, and was applied the Tukey test (P≤0.05) to determine differences. Five treatments in diets were evaluated: (T0) 100% balanced diet; (T1) 80% and 20% leaf meal Morus alba flour (T2); 80% diet and 20% Erythrina poeppigiana flour; (T3) 80% diet and 20% Tithonia diversifolia flour; (T4) 80% diet and 20% Hibiscus rosa-sinensis flour. The following variables were used: Balanced feed consumption in dry matter (CABMS, g), weight obtained (GP, g), alimentary conversion index (ICA), performance distribution channel (RC, %). The profitability of the treatments was determined using the benefit-cost ratio (R b/c) ratio. The higher (P<0.01) CABMS, GP-ICA, RC- yield, assigned treatments: T0 (48.34 g DM animal-1 d-1), T1 (8.80 g animal-1 d-1 and 5.04) and T3 (77.67 % and 26.20%), respectively.

Evaluation of effectiveness of Er,Cr:YSGG laser for root canal disinfection: theoretical simulation of temperature elevations in root dentin.

Erbium, chromium: yttrium, scandium, gallium, garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) lasers are currently being investigated for disinfecting the root canal system. Prior to using laser therapy, it is important to understand the temperature distribution and to assess thermal damage to the surrounding tissue. In this study, a theoretical simulation using the Pennes bioheat equation is conducted to evaluate how heat spreads from the canal surface using an Er,Cr:YSGG laser. Results of the investigation show that some of the proposed treatment protocols for killing bacteria in the deep dentin are ineffective, even for long heating durations. Based on the simulation, an alternative treatment protocol is identified that has improved effectiveness and is less likely to introduce collateral damage to the surrounding tissue. The alternative protocol uses 350 mW laser power with repeating laser tip movement to achieve bacterial disinfection in the deep dentin (800 microm lateral from the canal surface), while avoiding thermal damage to the surrounding tissue (T<47 degrees C). The alternative treatment protocol has the potential to not only achieve bacterial disinfection of deep dentin but also shorten the treatment time, thereby minimizing potential patient discomfort during laser procedures.

Determinacion de inmunoglobulinas y complemento en toxemia gravidica. / Determination of immunoglobulins and complement in toxaemia of pregnancy

La toxemia gravidica ocurre como complicacion del embarazo, se inicia en la 26 semana de gestacion, se caracteriza por edema, hipertension arterial y proteinuria, la causa se desconoce, desde hace 70 anos se sospecha que sea inmunologica. Los cambios inmunologicos que se han encontrado son los siguientes: disminucion de IgG, disminucion de celulas T, presencia de complejos inmunes IgG, IgM y complemento en el glomerulo y anticuerpos trofoblasticos en suero. En el presente trabajo se estudiaron 30 pacientes: 15 con toxemia gravidica y 15 con embarazo normal, en estas no se encontro variacion de la IgG, IgA, IgM y la fraccion C3 del complemento la C4 se encontro baja en el 57%. En las pacientes con toxemia gravidica no se encontro variacion de IgM e IgA, en cambio se encontro una baja de IgG en el 70% y C3 y C4 se encontro disminuida en un 70%

Adult medicine inpatient experience: a comparison of family practice and internal medicine residency services.

The charts of 1,272 hospitalized adult medicine patients were reviewed to compare the amount of inpatient management experienced by family practice and internal medicine resident services during a 12-month period. In a random sample of 251 patients, the diagnostic categories, age and sex distribution, race, length of hospitalization, and numbers of patients managed by both services were reviewed and analyzed. Family practice residents with an autonomous inpatient medicine service were found to have an adult inpatient experience similar to that of internal medicine residents in the same multispecialty teaching hospital.