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1.
Nat Commun ; 15(1): 5442, 2024 Jun 27.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38937436

RESUMEN

Although patients benefit from immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) therapy in a broad variety of tumors, resistance may arise from immune suppressive tumor microenvironments (TME), which is particularly true of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Since oncolytic viruses (OV) can generate a highly immune-infiltrated, inflammatory TME, OVs could potentially restore ICI responsiveness via recruitment, priming, and activation of anti-tumor T cells. Here we find that on the contrary, an oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus, expressing interferon-ß (VSV-IFNß), antagonizes the effect of anti-PD-L1 therapy in a partially anti-PD-L1-responsive model of HCC. Cytometry by Time of Flight shows that VSV-IFNß expands dominant anti-viral effector CD8 T cells with concomitant relative disappearance of anti-tumor T cell populations, which are the target of anti-PD-L1. However, by expressing a range of HCC tumor antigens within VSV, combination OV and anti-PD-L1 therapeutic benefit could be restored. Our data provide a cautionary message for the use of highly immunogenic viruses as tumor-specific immune-therapeutics by showing that dominant anti-viral T cell responses can inhibit sub-dominant anti-tumor T cell responses. However, through encoding tumor antigens within the virus, oncolytic virotherapy can generate anti-tumor T cell populations upon which immune checkpoint blockade can effectively work.


Asunto(s)
Antígenos de Neoplasias , Antígeno B7-H1 , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos , Carcinoma Hepatocelular , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Viroterapia Oncolítica , Virus Oncolíticos , Microambiente Tumoral , Virus Oncolíticos/genética , Virus Oncolíticos/inmunología , Animales , Viroterapia Oncolítica/métodos , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/terapia , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/inmunología , Microambiente Tumoral/inmunología , Ratones , Antígeno B7-H1/metabolismo , Antígeno B7-H1/genética , Antígeno B7-H1/inmunología , Humanos , Neoplasias Hepáticas/terapia , Neoplasias Hepáticas/inmunología , Antígenos de Neoplasias/inmunología , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/inmunología , Línea Celular Tumoral , Interferón beta/metabolismo , Interferón beta/inmunología , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Inhibidores de Puntos de Control Inmunológico/uso terapéutico , Inhibidores de Puntos de Control Inmunológico/farmacología , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Femenino , Vesiculovirus/inmunología , Vesiculovirus/genética
2.
Diabetes ; 73(8): 1244-1254, 2024 Aug 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38776417

RESUMEN

During diabetes progression, ß-cell dysfunction due to loss of potassium channels sensitive to ATP, known as KATP channels, occurs, contributing to hyperglycemia. The aim of this study was to investigate if KATP channel expression or activity in the nervous system was altered in a high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mouse model of diet-induced obesity. Expression of two KATP channel subunits, Kcnj11 (Kir6.2) and Abcc8 (SUR1), were decreased in the peripheral and central nervous system of mice fed HFD, which was significantly correlated with mechanical paw-withdrawal thresholds. HFD mice had decreased antinociception to systemic morphine compared with control diet (CON) mice, which was expected because KATP channels are downstream targets of opioid receptors. Mechanical hypersensitivity in HFD mice was exacerbated after systemic treatment with glyburide or nateglinide, KATP channel antagonists clinically used to control blood glucose levels. Upregulation of SUR1 and Kir6.2, through an adenovirus delivered intrathecally, increased morphine antinociception in HFD mice. These data present a potential link between KATP channel function and neuropathy during early stages of diabetes. There is a need for increased knowledge of how diabetes affects structural and molecular changes in the nervous system, including ion channels, to lead to the progression of chronic pain and sensory issues.


Asunto(s)
Dieta Alta en Grasa , Canales KATP , Obesidad , Canales de Potasio de Rectificación Interna , Receptores de Sulfonilureas , Animales , Obesidad/metabolismo , Dieta Alta en Grasa/efectos adversos , Ratones , Canales KATP/metabolismo , Canales KATP/genética , Canales de Potasio de Rectificación Interna/metabolismo , Canales de Potasio de Rectificación Interna/genética , Masculino , Receptores de Sulfonilureas/metabolismo , Receptores de Sulfonilureas/genética , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Morfina/farmacología , Analgésicos Opioides/farmacología , Gliburida/farmacología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad
3.
Res Sq ; 2023 Nov 20.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38045348

RESUMEN

Although immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) has produced profound survival benefits in a broad variety of tumors, a proportion of patients do not respond. Treatment failure is in part due to immune suppressive tumor microenvironments (TME), which is particularly true of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Since oncolytic viruses (OV) can generate a highly immune-infiltrated, inflammatory TME, we developed a vesicular stomatitis virus expressing interferon-ß (VSV-IFNß) as a viro-immunotherapy against HCC. Since HCC standard of care atezolizumab/bevacizumab incorporates ICI, we tested the hypothesis that pro-inflammatory VSV-IFNß would recruit, prime, and activate anti-tumor T cells, whose activity anti-PD-L1 ICI would potentiate. However, in a partially anti-PD-L1-responsive model of HCC, addition of VSV-IFNß abolished anti-PD-L1 therapy. Cytometry by Time of Flight showed that VSV-IFNß expanded dominant anti-viral effector CD8 T cells with concomitant, relative disappearance of anti-tumor T cell populations which are the target of anti-PD-L1. However, by expressing a range of HCC tumor antigens within VSV, the potent anti-viral response became amalgamated with an anti-tumor T cell response generating highly significant cures compared to anti-PD-L1 ICI alone. Our data provide a cautionary message for the use of highly immunogenic viruses as tumor-specific immune-therapeutics by showing that dominant anti-viral T cell responses can inhibit sub-dominant anti-tumor T cell responses. However, by chimerizing anti-viral and anti-tumor T cell responses through encoding tumor antigens within the virus, oncolytic virotherapy can be purposed for very effective immune driven tumor clearance and can generate anti-tumor T cell populations upon which immune checkpoint blockade can effectively work.

4.
Front Immunol ; 14: 1279387, 2023.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38022659

RESUMEN

Introduction: Metastatic uveal melanoma (MUM) has a poor prognosis and treatment options are limited. These patients do not typically experience durable responses to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Oncolytic viruses (OV) represent a novel approach to immunotherapy for patients with MUM. Methods: We developed an OV with a Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV) vector modified to express interferon-beta (IFN-ß) and Tyrosinase Related Protein 1 (TYRP1) (VSV-IFNß-TYRP1), and conducted a Phase 1 clinical trial with a 3 + 3 design in patients with MUM. VSV-IFNß-TYRP1 was injected into a liver metastasis, then administered on the same day as a single intravenous (IV) infusion. The primary objective was safety. Efficacy was a secondary objective. Results: 12 patients with previously treated MUM were enrolled. Median follow up was 19.1 months. 4 dose levels (DLs) were evaluated. One patient at DL4 experienced dose limiting toxicities (DLTs), including decreased platelet count (grade 3), increased aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and cytokine release syndrome (CRS). 4 patients had stable disease (SD) and 8 patients had progressive disease (PD). Interferon gamma (IFNγ) ELIspot data showed that more patients developed a T cell response to virus encoded TYRP1 at higher DLs, and a subset of patients also had a response to other melanoma antigens, including gp100, suggesting epitope spreading. 3 of the patients who responded to additional melanoma antigens were next treated with ICIs, and 2 of these patients experienced durable responses. Discussion: Our study found that VSV-IFNß -TYRP1 can be safely administered via intratumoral (IT) and IV routes in a previously treated population of patients with MUM. Although there were no clear objective radiographic responses to VSV-IFNß-TYRP1, dose-dependent immunogenicity to TYRP1 and other melanoma antigens was seen.


Asunto(s)
Viroterapia Oncolítica , Virus Oncolíticos , Estomatitis Vesicular , Animales , Humanos , Interferón beta/metabolismo , Antígenos Específicos del Melanoma , Monofenol Monooxigenasa/metabolismo , Viroterapia Oncolítica/efectos adversos , Virus Oncolíticos/genética , Linfocitos T/metabolismo , Virus de la Estomatitis Vesicular Indiana
5.
bioRxiv ; 2023 Sep 06.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37732180

RESUMEN

During diabetes, ß-cell dysfunction due to loss of potassium channels sensitive to ATP, known as KATP channels occurs progressively over time contributing to hyperglycemia. KATP channels are additionally present in the central and peripheral nervous systems and are downstream targets of opioid receptor signaling. The aim of this study is to investigate if KATP channel expression or activity in the nervous system changes in diabetic mice and if morphine antinociception changes in mice fed a high fat diet (HFD) for 16 weeks compared to controls. Mechanical thresholds were also monitored before and after administration of glyburide or nateglinide, KATP channel antagonists, for four weeks. HFD mice have decreased antinociception to systemic morphine, which is exacerbated after systemic treatment with glyburide or nateglinide. HFD mice also have lower rotarod scores, decreased mobility in an open field test, and lower burrowing behavior compared to their control diet counterparts, which is unaffected by KATP channel antagonist delivery. Expression of KATP channel subunits, Kcnj11 (Kir6.2) and Abcc8 (SUR1), were decreased in the peripheral and central nervous system in HFD mice, which is significantly correlated with baseline paw withdrawal thresholds. Upregulation of SUR1 through an adenovirus delivered intrathecally increased morphine antinociception in HFD mice, whereas Kir6.2 upregulation improved morphine antinociception only marginally. Perspective: This article presents the potential link between KATP channel function and neuropathy during diabetes. There is a need for increased knowledge in how diabetes affects structural and molecular changes in the nervous system to lead to the progression of chronic pain and sensory issues.

6.
Mol Ther Oncolytics ; 29: 129-142, 2023 Jun 15.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37313455

RESUMEN

In multiple models of oncolytic virotherapy, it is common to see an early anti-tumor response followed by recurrence. We have previously shown that frontline treatment with oncolytic VSV-IFN-ß induces APOBEC proteins, promoting the selection of specific mutations that allow tumor escape. Of these mutations in B16 melanoma escape (ESC) cells, a C-T point mutation in the cold shock domain-containing E1 (CSDE1) gene was present at the highest frequency, which could be used to ambush ESC cells by vaccination with the mutant CSDE1 expressed within the virus. Here, we show that the evolution of viral ESC tumor cells harboring the escape-promoting CSDE1C-T mutation can also be exploited by a virological ambush. By sequential delivery of two oncolytic VSVs in vivo, tumors which would otherwise escape VSV-IFN-ß oncolytic virotherapy could be cured. This also facilitated the priming of anti-tumor T cell responses, which could be further exploited using immune checkpoint blockade with the CD200 activation receptor ligand (CD200AR-L) peptide. Our findings here are significant in that they offer the possibility to develop oncolytic viruses as highly specific, escape-targeting viro-immunotherapeutic agents to be used in conjunction with recurrence of tumors following multiple different types of frontline cancer therapies.

7.
Sci Transl Med ; 14(640): eabn2231, 2022 04 13.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35417192

RESUMEN

Oncolytic viruses (OVs) encoding a variety of transgenes have been evaluated as therapeutic tools to increase the efficacy of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells in the solid tumor microenvironment (TME). Here, using systemically delivered OVs and CAR T cells in immunocompetent mouse models, we have defined a mechanism by which OVs can potentiate CAR T cell efficacy against solid tumor models of melanoma and glioma. We show that stimulation of the native T cell receptor (TCR) with viral or virally encoded epitopes gives rise to enhanced proliferation, CAR-directed antitumor function, and distinct memory phenotypes. In vivo expansion of dual-specific (DS) CAR T cells was leveraged by in vitro preloading with oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) or reovirus, allowing for a further in vivo expansion and reactivation of T cells by homologous boosting. This treatment led to prolonged survival of mice with subcutaneous melanoma and intracranial glioma tumors. Human CD19 CAR T cells could also be expanded in vitro with TCR reactivity against viral or virally encoded antigens and was associated with greater CAR-directed cytokine production. Our data highlight the utility of combining OV and CAR T cell therapy and show that stimulation of the native TCR can be exploited to enhance CAR T cell activity and efficacy in mice.


Asunto(s)
Glioma , Melanoma , Viroterapia Oncolítica , Virus Oncolíticos , Receptores Quiméricos de Antígenos , Animales , Glioma/terapia , Inmunoterapia Adoptiva , Melanoma/terapia , Ratones , Virus Oncolíticos/fisiología , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T , Linfocitos T , Microambiente Tumoral , Ensayos Antitumor por Modelo de Xenoinjerto
8.
Mol Pain ; 17: 17448069211003375, 2021.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33745380

RESUMEN

Research presented here sought to determine if opioid induced tolerance is linked to activity changes within the PI3Kγ-AKT-cGMP-JNK intracellular signaling pathway in spinal cord or peripheral nervous systems. Morphine or saline injections were given subcutaneously twice a day for five days (15 mg/kg) to male C57Bl/6 mice. A separate cohort of mice received spinal nerve ligation (SNL) one week prior to the start of morphine tolerance. Afterwards, spinal cord, dorsal root ganglia, and sciatic nerves were isolated for quantifying total and phosphorylated- JNK levels, cGMP, and gene expression analysis of Pik3cg, Akt1, Pten, and nNos1. This pathway was downregulated in the spinal cord with increased expression in the sciatic nerve of morphine tolerant and morphine tolerant mice after SNL. We also observed a significant increase in phosphorylated- JNK levels in the sciatic nerve of morphine tolerant mice with SNL. Pharmacological inhibition of PI3K or JNK, using thalidomide, quercetin, or SP600125, attenuated the development of morphine tolerance in mice with SNL as measured by thermal paw withdrawal. Overall, the PI3K/AKT intracellular signaling pathway is a potential target for reducing the development of morphine tolerance in the peripheral nervous system. Continued research into this pathway will contribute to the development of new analgesic drug therapies.


Asunto(s)
Tolerancia a Medicamentos/fisiología , Morfina/farmacología , Neuralgia/metabolismo , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinasas/metabolismo , Analgésicos/farmacología , Animales , GMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Proteínas Quinasas JNK Activadas por Mitógenos/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt/metabolismo , Nervios Espinales/metabolismo
9.
Front Neurosci ; 13: 1122, 2019.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31695594

RESUMEN

ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels are found in the nervous system and are downstream targets of opioid receptors. KATP channel activity can effect morphine efficacy and may beneficial for relieving chronic pain in the peripheral and central nervous system. Unfortunately, the KATP channels exists as a heterooctomers, and the exact subtypes responsible for the contribution to chronic pain and opioid signaling in either dorsal root ganglia (DRG) or the spinal cord are yet unknown. Chronic opioid exposure (15 mg/kg morphine, s.c., twice daily) over 5 days produces significant downregulation of Kir6.2 and SUR1 in the spinal cord and DRG of mice. In vitro studies also conclude potassium flux after KATP channel agonist stimulation is decreased in neuroblastoma cells treated with morphine for several days. Mice lacking the KATP channel SUR1 subunit have reduced opioid efficacy in mechanical paw withdrawal behavioral responses compared to wild-type and heterozygous littermates (5 and 15 mg/kg, s.c., morphine). Using either short hairpin RNA (shRNA) or SUR1 cre-lox strategies, downregulation of SUR1 subtype KATP channels in the spinal cord and DRG of mice potentiated the development of morphine tolerance and withdrawal. Opioid tolerance was attenuated with intraplantar injection of SUR1 agonists, such as diazoxide and NN-414 (100 µM, 10 µL) compared to vehicle treated animals. These studies are an important first step in determining the role of KATP channel subunits in antinociception, opioid signaling, and the development of opioid tolerance, and shed light on the potential translational ability of KATP channel targeting pharmaceuticals and their possible future clinical utilization. These data suggest that increasing neuronal KATP channel activity in the peripheral nervous system may be a viable option to alleviate opioid tolerance and withdrawal.

10.
J Org Chem ; 84(15): 9734-9743, 2019 08 02.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31295401

RESUMEN

The α-oxidized thioimidates are useful bidentate ligands and are important motifs in pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and fungicides. Despite their broad utility, a direct route for their synthesis has been elusive. Herein, we describe a one-step synthesis of N,N-dicarbamoyl 2-iminothioimidates from easily accessible thioacetylenes and commercially available azodicarboxylates (20 examples, ≤99% yield). Additionally, the mechanism of the transformation was extensively explored by variable-temperature NMR, in situ IR, and quantum mechanical simulations. These experiments suggest that the reaction commences with a highly asynchronous [2 + 2] cycloaddition, which leads to a four-membered diazacyclobutene intermediate with a barrier consistent with the observed reaction rate. This intermediate was then isolated for subsequent kinetic measurements, which yielded an experimental barrier within 1 kcal/mol of the calculated barrier for a subsequent 4π electrocyclic ring opening leading to the observed iminothioimidate products. This method represents the first direct route to α-oxidized thioimidates from readily accessible starting materials.


Asunto(s)
Alquinos/química , Compuestos Azo/química , Ácidos Dicarboxílicos/química , Iminas/síntesis química , Compuestos de Sulfhidrilo/síntesis química , Sulfuros/química , Reacción de Cicloadición , Iminas/química , Estructura Molecular , Estereoisomerismo , Compuestos de Sulfhidrilo/química
11.
Org Lett ; 20(24): 8009-8013, 2018 12 21.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30525696

RESUMEN

A formal [2 + 2] cycloaddition of 4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione (PTAD) with electron-rich alkynyl sulfides and selenides is described. These investigations provide a convenient method to access diazacyclobutenes in good yield while tolerating a relatively broad substrate scope of thio-acetylenes. This method provides ready access to a unique and hitherto rarely accessible class of heterocycles. A combination of dynamic NMR, X-ray crystallography, and computation sheds light on the potential aromaticity of the scaffold.

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