RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Bronchoscopic lung volume reduction (BLVR) with one-way endobronchial valves (EBV) has better outcomes when the target lobe has poor collateral ventilation, resulting in complete lobe atelectasis. High-inspired oxygen fraction (FIO2) promotes atelectasis through faster gas absorption after airway occlusion, but its application during BLVR with EBV has been poorly understood. We aimed to investigate the real-time effects of FIO2 on regional lung volumes and regional ventilation/perfusion by electrical impedance tomography (EIT) during BLVR with EBV. METHODS: Six piglets were submitted to left lower lobe occlusion by a balloon-catheter and EBV valves with FIO2 0.5 and 1.0. Regional end-expiratory lung impedances (EELI) and regional ventilation/perfusion were monitored. Local pocket pressure measurements were obtained (balloon occlusion method). One animal underwent simultaneous acquisitions of computed tomography (CT) and EIT. Regions-of-interest (ROIs) were right and left hemithoraces. RESULTS: Following balloon occlusion, a steep decrease in left ROI-EELI with FIO2 1.0 occurred, 3-fold greater than with 0.5 (p < 0.001). Higher FIO2 also enhanced the final volume reduction (ROI-EELI) achieved by each valve (p < 0.01). CT analysis confirmed the denser atelectasis and greater volume reduction achieved by higher FIO2 (1.0) during balloon occlusion or during valve placement. CT and pocket pressure data agreed well with EIT findings, indicating greater strain redistribution with higher FIO2. CONCLUSIONS: EIT demonstrated in real-time a faster and more complete volume reduction in the occluded lung regions under high FIO2 (1.0), as compared to 0.5. Immediate changes in the ventilation and perfusion of ipsilateral non-target lung regions were also detected, providing better estimates of the full impact of each valve in place. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Not applicable.
Asunto(s)
Broncoscopía , Impedancia Eléctrica , Animales , Porcinos , Broncoscopía/métodos , Neumonectomía/métodos , Pulmón/diagnóstico por imagen , Pulmón/fisiopatología , Pulmón/cirugía , Pulmón/fisiología , Tomografía/métodos , Atelectasia Pulmonar/diagnóstico por imagen , Atelectasia Pulmonar/fisiopatología , Mediciones del Volumen Pulmonar/métodos , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the respiratory systems of male and female rats maintained in individually ventilated cages (IVCs) from birth until adulthood. METHODS: Female Wistar rats were housed in individually ventilated cages or conventional cages (CCs) and mated with male Wistar rats. After birth and weaning, the male offspring were separated from the females and kept in cages of the same type until 12 weeks of age. RESULTS: The level of food consumption was lower in male offspring (IVC=171.7±9; CC=193.1±20) than in female offspring (IVC=100.6±7; CC=123.4±0.4), whereas the water intake was higher in female offspring (IVC=149.8±11; CC=99.2±0) than in male offspring (IVC=302.5±25; CC=249.7±22) at 11 weeks of age when housed in IVCs. The cage temperature was higher in individually ventilated cages than in conventional cages for both male (IVCs=25.9±0.5; CCs=22.95±0.3) and female (IVCs=26.2±0.3; CCs=23.1±0.3) offspring. The respiratory resistance (IVC=68.8±2.8; CC=50.6±3.0) and elastance (IVC=42.0±3.9; CC=32.4±2.0) at 300 µm/kg were higher in the female offspring housed in ventilated cages. The ciliary beat values were lower in both the male (IVCs=13.4±0.2; CC=15±0.4) and female (IVC=13.5±0.4; CC=15.9±0.6) offspring housed in individually ventilated cages than in those housed in conventional cages. The total cell (IVC=117.5±9.7; CC=285.0±22.8), neutrophil (IVC=13.1±4.8; CC=75.6±4.1) and macrophage (IVC=95.2±11.8; CC=170.0±18.8) counts in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were lower in the female offspring housed in individually ventilated cages than in those housed in conventional cages. CONCLUSIONS: The environmental conditions that exist in individually ventilated cages should be considered when interpreting the results of studies involving laboratory animals. In this study, we observed gender dimorphism in both the water consumption and respiratory mechanics of rats kept in ventilated cages.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Masculino , Femenino , Vivienda para Animales/normas , Modelos Animales , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Respiratorios , Ventilación , Factores de Edad , Bienestar del Animal , Presión Sanguínea/fisiología , Líquido del Lavado Bronquioalveolar , Ingestión de Alimentos/fisiología , Planificación Ambiental , Frecuencia Cardíaca/fisiología , Ratas Wistar , Pruebas de Función Respiratoria , Factores Sexuales , Temperatura , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
Testes do degrau são testes representativos das atividades físicas diárias que podem classificar diferentes graus de capacidade física de indivíduos saudáveis e não saudáveis avaliando as causas que limitam o esforço e a tolerância ao exercício. Apesar de serem amplamente empregados na prática clínica, atualmente existem diversos testes com variações na aplicação, padrões e tamanhos de degrau o que contribui para maior dificuldade de avaliação e interpretação do examinador. Assim, o objetivo do estudo foi produzir um degrau com sistema de software integrado para facilitar a avaliação e interpretação dos dados obtidos durante o teste do degrau incremental cadenciado externamente. Este estudo exploratório desenvolveu um protótipo de degrau, com a função de auxiliar os fisioterapeutas no monitoramento do teste em tempo real, enviando os resultados para um programa de computador. Os resultados poderão ser armazenados e tratados pelo programa a fim de que os eventos de erro sejam reconhecidos com mais facilidade. O degrau foi construído com Placa de madeira MDF; Tubo de borracha; Placa de alumínio; Fiação de cobre com revestimento isolante; Parafusos; Cantoneiras; Porca borboleta e revestimento de borracha. Além disso, para a comunicação com o computador, será preciso à confecção do circuito integrado, conectado a um microcontrolador, e também um cabo serial USB. O desenvolvimento de um instrumento único e padronizado, com a capacidade de identificar os erros e acompanhar o andamento do teste, pode ser um primeiro passo para um consenso e uniformização do teste. Palavras-chave: Avaliação. Teste de degrau. Fisioterapia.
Step tests are tests representing the daily physical activities that can classify different degrees of physical capacity of healthy and non-healthy individuals evaluating the causes that limit stress and exercise tolerance. Despite being widely employed in clinical practice, currently there are several variations in the implementation, testing standards, and step sizes which contribute to greater difficulty in assessment and interpretation of the examiner. Thus, the objective of this study was to produce a step with an integrated software system to facilitate the evaluation and interpretation of the data obtained during the test from the incremental step clocked externally. This exploratory study has developed a prototype step to assist physiotherapists in monitoring real-time test, sending the results to a computer program. The results may be stored and processed by the program in order that the events are reconhecid error. The step was built with an MDF wooden board; Rubber tube; Aluminum plate; Copper wiring with insulation coating; Screws; Angles; Wing nuts and rubber flooring. In addition, for communication with the computer, the integrated circuit needs to be manufactured and connected to a microcontroller, as well as a USB serial cable. The development of a single, standardized instrument, with the ability to identify errors and track the progress of the test, can be a first step towards a consensus and standardization of the test.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Prueba de Esfuerzo , Especialidad de Fisioterapia , Ejercicio FísicoRESUMEN
OBJETIVO: Comparar dois métodos de calibração da pletismografia respiratória por indutância (PRI) em três posturas diferentes. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 28 indivíduos saudáveis (18 mulheres e 10 homens), com média de idade de 25,4 ± 3,9 anos. Todos os indivíduos foram submetidos a isovolume maneuver calibration (ISOCAL, calibração por manobra de isovolume) e qualitative diagnostic calibration (QDC, calibração diagnóstica qualitativa) em ortostatismo, sedestação e decúbito dorsal. Foi utilizada ANOVA e a disposição gráfica de Bland-Altman para a avaliação da concordância dos métodos de calibração. RESULTADOS: Os valores da constante de proporcionalidade (K) foram significativamente distintos entre ISOCAL e QDC nas três posturas avaliadas: 1,6 ± 0,5 vs. 2,0 ± 1,2, em decúbito dorsal; 2,5 ± 0,8 vs. 0,6 ± 0,3, em sedestação; e 2,0 ± 0,8 vs. 0,6 ± 0,3, em ortostatismo (p < 0,05 para todos). CONCLUSÕES: Nossos resultados sugerem que QDC não é um método acurado para a calibração da PRI. Os valores de K obtidos por ISOCAL mostram que a PRI deve ser calibrada para cada postura avaliada.
OBJECTIVE: To compare two methods of respiratory inductive plethysmography (RIP) calibration in three different positions. METHODS: We evaluated 28 healthy subjects (18 women and 10 men), with a mean age of 25.4 ± 3.9 years. For all of the subjects, isovolume maneuver calibration (ISOCAL) and qualitative diagnostic calibration (QDC) were used in the orthostatic, sitting, and supine positions. In order to evaluate the concordance between the two calibration methods, we used ANOVA and Bland-Altman plots. RESULTS: The values of the constant of proportionality (K) were significantly different between ISOCAL and QDC in the three positions evaluated: 1.6 ± 0.5 vs. 2.0 ± 1.2, in the supine position, 2.5 ± 0.8 vs. 0.6 ± 0.3 in the sitting position, and 2.0 ± 0.8 vs. 0.6 ± 0.3 in the orthostatic position (p < 0.05 for all). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that QDC is an inaccurate method for the calibration of RIP. The K values obtained with ISOCAL reveal that RIP should be calibrated for each position evaluated.
Asunto(s)
Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto Joven , Pletismografía/métodos , Respiración , Pruebas de Función Respiratoria/métodos , Calibración , Postura/fisiología , Volumen de Ventilación PulmonarRESUMEN
OBJETIVO: Apresentar um modelo experimental de administração de prostaglandina I2 (PGI2) por via inalatória vs. parenteral e avaliar o desempenho funcional dos pulmões em um sistema de perfusão pulmonar ex vivo. MÉTODOS: Quarenta ratos Wistar foram anestesiados, ventilados, submetidos a laparotomia com ressecção do esterno e anticoagulados. O tronco da artéria pulmonar foi canulado. Todos os animais foram submetidos a ventilação mecânica. Os animais foram randomizados em quatro grupos (10 ratos/grupo): salina nebulizada (SN); salina parenteral (SP); PGI2 nebulizada (PGI2N); e PGI2 parenteral (PGI2P). A dose de PGI2 nos grupos PGI2N e PGI2P foi de 20 e 10 µg/kg, respectivamente. Os blocos cardiopulmonares foram submetidos in situ a perfusão anterógrada com solução de baixo potássio e dextrana a 4ºC via artéria pulmonar, extraídos em bloco e armazenados a 4ºC por 6 h. Os blocos foram ventilados e perfundidos em um sistema ex vivo por 50 min, sendo obtidas medidas de mecânica ventilatória, hemodinâmica e trocas gasosas. RESULTADOS: Houve redução da pressão arterial pulmonar média após a nebulização em todos os grupos (p < 0,001), sem diferença entre os grupos. Na perfusão ex vivo, a mecânica ventilatória não diferiu entre os grupos. Houve redução da capacidade relativa de oxigenação ao longo da perfusão nos grupos SN e SP (p = 0,04), e houve aumento significativo da pressão arterial pulmonar no grupo SN. CONCLUSÕES: O modelo experimental de administração de PGI2 na extração pulmonar é exequível e confiável. Na reperfusão, os resultados de hemodinâmica e de trocas gasosas demonstraram tendência a um melhor desempenho com o uso de PGI2 do que com solução salina.
OBJECTIVE:To present a model of prostaglandin I2 (PGI2) administration (inhaled vs. parenteral) and to assess the functional performance of the lungs in an ex vivo lung perfusion system. METHODS: Forty Wistar rats were anesthetized and placed on mechanical ventilation followed by median sterno-laparotomy and anticoagulation. The main pulmonary artery was cannulated. All animals were maintained on mechanical ventilation and were randomized into four groups (10 rats/group): inhaled saline (IS); parenteral saline (PS); inhaled PGI2 (IPGI2); and parenteral PGI2 (PPGI2). The dose of PGI2 used in the IPGI2 and PPGI2 groups was 20 and 10 µg/kg, respectively. The heart-lung blocks were submitted to antegrade perfusion with a low potassium and dextran solution via the pulmonary artery, followed by en bloc extraction and storage at 4ºC for 6 h. The heart-lung blocks were then ventilated and perfused in an ex vivo lung perfusion system for 50 min. Respiratory mechanics, hemodynamics, and gas exchange were assessed. RESULTS: Mean pulmonary artery pressure following nebulization decreased in all groups (p < 0.001), with no significant differences among the groups. During the ex vivo perfusion, respiratory mechanics did not differ among the groups, although relative oxygenation capacity decreased significantly in the IS and PS groups (p = 0.04), whereas mean pulmonary artery pressure increased significantly in the IS group. CONCLUSIONS: The experimental model of inhaled PGI2 administration during lung extraction is feasible and reliable. During reperfusion, hemodynamics and gas exchange trended toward better performance with the use of PGI2 than that with the use of saline.