How heated vegetable oil age? Effect of the container of heating on ageing.

This study compares the ageing process of heated oil with unheated oil and assesses the effect of container used in heating on ageing. Four types of oils were heated on glass, copper and iron. The samples were allowed to age for 1 year. Unheated oils generally produce peroxide faster (for unheated maximum increase in 6-month is 2907 % from 1.351 to 40.627 but for heated maximum increase is 6574 % from 1.91 to 127.476). But they develop secondary oxidation products slowly (for unheated maximum increase in 6-month is 884 % from 1.553 to 15.29 but for heated maximum increase is 191 % from 6.42 to 18.72). For most oil heating in copper produce more p-anisidine value during ageing. The acid value of only unheated oils decreases between 6 months to 1 year. For the 1st six-month rate of increase in saponification value in unheated oil is much higher. The DPPH inhibition activity also changes differently.

Critical review on uranium and arsenic content and their chemical mobilization in groundwater: A case study of the Malwa region Punjab, India.

The presence of pollutants like uranium and arsenic in the groundwater can have a terrible impact on people's health (both radiologically and toxicologically) and their economic conditions. Their infiltration into groundwater can occur through geochemical reactions, natural mineral deposits, mining and ore processing. Governments and scientists are working to address these issues, and significant progress has been achieved, but it's challenging to deal with and mitigate without adequately understanding the different chemical processes and the mobilization mechanism of these hazardous chemicals. Most of the articles and reviews have focused on the particular form of contaminants and specific sources of pollution, such as fertilizers. However, no literature report exists explaining why particular forms appear and the possible basis of their chemical origins. Hence, in this review, we tried to answer the various questions by devising a hypothetical model and chemical schematic flowcharts for the chemical mobilization of arsenic and uranium in groundwater. An effort has been made to explain how chemical seepage and excessive groundwater use resulted in the change in aquifers' chemistry, as evidenced by their physicochemical parameters and heavy metal analysis. Many technological advancements have taken place to mitigate these issues. Still, in low-middle-income countries, especially in the Malwa region of Punjab, also known as Punjab's cancer belt, paying a high amount for installing and maintaining these technologies is an unviable option. In addition to working to improve people's access to sanitary facilities and clean water to drink, the policy-level intervention would focus on increasing community awareness and continued research on developing better and more economical technologies. Our designed model/chemical flowcharts will help policymakers and researchers better understand the problems and alleviate their effects. Moreover, these models can be utilized in other parts of the globe where similar questions exist. This article emphasises the value of understanding the intricate issue of groundwater management through a multidisciplinary and interdepartmental approach.

Patients in a private hospital in India leave the emergency department against medical advice for financial reasons.

BACKGROUND: Some reports indicate financial concerns as a factor affecting ED patients leaving the acute care setting against medical advice (AMA). In India, no person is supposed to be denied urgent care because of inability to pay. Since a large proportion of the Indian health care system is financed by out-of-pocket expenses, we investigate the role of financial constraints for ED patients at a private hospital in India in leaving AMA. METHODS: A prospective ED-based cross-sectional survey of patients leaving AMA was conducted at a private hospital in India from 1 October 2010 to 31 December 2010. Descriptive statistics and the chi-square test were used to identify associations between financial factors and the decision to leave the hospital AMA. RESULTS: Overall, 55 (3.84%) ED patients left AMA, of which 46 (84%) reported leaving because of financial restrictions. Thirty-nine (71%) respondents indicated the medical bill would represent more that 25% of their annual income. Females (19/19) were more likely to leave AMA for financial reasons compared to males (27/36, p = 0.017). Among females who signed out AMA, the decision was never made by the female herself. CONCLUSION: The number of people leaving the ED AMA in a private Indian hospital is relatively high, with most leaving for financial reasons. In most cases, women did not decide to leave the ED AMA for themselves, whereas males did. This survey suggests that steps are needed to ensure that the inability to pay does not prevent emergent care from being provided.

Synthesis, structure, magnetic properties and biological activity of supramolecular copper(II) and nickel(II) complexes with a Schiff base ligand derived from vitamin B6.

Three new complexes of Cu(II) and Ni(II), [Cu(II)(H(2)pydmedpt)](2+)·2Cl(-) (1), [Ni(II)(H(2)pydmedpt)](2+)·2Cl(-) (2) and [Ni(II)(pydmedpt)(OH)](-)·K(+) (3) of the Schiff base ligand [H(2)pydmedpt](2+)·2Cl(-) were synthesized by the in situ reaction of pyridoxal (pyd), a vitamer of vitamin B(6), N,N-bis[3-aminopropyl]methylamine (medpt) and copper(II) acetate or nickel(II) acetate, respectively. The molecular structures of 1 and 2 were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. The structure of 3 in the solid state was inferred by elemental analysis, diffuse reflectance spectrum, variable temperature magnetic moment studies and DFT calculations. The binding of the Schiff base ligand to the metal centers involves two phenolato oxygens, two imine nitrogens and one amine nitrogen. The coordination geometry around Cu in 1 is distorted square pyramidal and that around the Ni atom in 2 is intermediate between square-pyramidal and trigonal-bipyramidal. In the crystals the compounds form supramolecular one dimensional chain structures stabilized by hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking interactions. Variable temperature magnetic moment data of 2 indicate the presence of a momomeric high spin Ni(II) centre in the complex. The solid state diffuse reflectance spectrum, conductance and elemental analysis suggest that 3 is a Ni(II) complex with a tetragonally distorted octahedral field, the sixth position being occupied by the oxygen atom of a hydroxyl group. The variable temperature magnetic moment of 3 indicates the presence of a ferromagnetic dinuclear species (29.2%) along with the major monomeric species, the intra-dimer exchange term J value being 14.3 cm(-1). The competitive binding of 1 and 2 with DNA was studied in the concentration range 40 to 400 µM, the apparent binding constants being K = 2.9 × 10(3) and 6.7 × 10(3) M(-1), respectively. Human Serum Albumin (HSA) binding studies were carried out at concentrations of 800-1000 µM and 400-500 µM for the complexes and HSA, respectively, in PBS buffer at pH 7.4. Complex 1 binds to HSA, while no binding is observed in case of 2, instead, the complex hydrolyses under the experimental conditions used and the resulting Ni(2+) ions bind with HSA.

Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, insulin-enhancment, and competitive DNA binding activity of a new Zn(II) complex with a vitamin B6 derivative--a new fluorescence probe for Zn(II).

This paper describes the activity of a Schiff base ligand, derived from pyridoxal, as a promising fluorescence probe for biologically important Zn(II) ion sensing. This is the first report of a vitamin based ligand as a fluorescent probe for sensing Zn(II) ions. The Schiff base H(2)pydmedpt, derived from the condensation of pyridoxal (pyd) and N,N-bis[3-aminopropyl]methylamine (medpt), exhibits around a 325-fold increase in fluorescence quantum yield due to zinc triggered fluorescence switching. The response is specific for Zn(II) ions, and remains unaffected by the presence of alkali and alkaline earth metals but is suppressed to varying degrees by transition metal ions. The corresponding Zn(II)-complex, [Zn(pydmedpt], is isolated. The DFT optimized structure of the complex is compatible with elemental analysis, mass spectrometry, FT-IR, electronic and NMR spectra. The isolated complex, having pK(a) values of ∼5.3 and ∼5, is a moderate intercalator for DNA with an apparent binding constant of 2.3 × 10(6) M(-1). The complex also shows insulin-enhancing activity at par with other reported complexes, with an IC(50) value of 0.65 with respect to ZnSO(4).

Oxidovanadium(IV) Schiff base complex derived from vitamin B6: synthesis, characterization, and insulin enhancing properties.

A new Schiff base, [H(4)pydmedpt](2+)·2Cl(-), derived from one of the forms of vitamin B(6) has been synthesized by condensation of pyridoxal hydrochloride with N,N-bis[3-aminopropyl]-methylamine (medpt) and characterized by analytical and spectroscopic methods. The molecular structure is calculated by density functional theory (DFT) procedures, and the donor properties of each individual donor atom are evaluated by calculation of the Fukui function. One pot reaction of pyridoxal and medpt with vanadyl acetylacetonate yields the brown complex [V(IV)O(H(2)pydmedpt)](2+)·2Cl(-)1, which upon recrystallization from water crystallizes as [V(IV)O(pydmedpt)]·5H(2)O 2. The compounds are characterized by analytical and spectroscopic methods, 2 being also characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. It displays a slightly distorted octahedral geometry around the vanadium atom involving the coordination of N(amine), two N(imine), and O(phenolato) donors of the ligand. One of the phenolato oxygen donors is positioned trans to the terminal O-oxido atom with relatively short V-O(phenolate) {2.041(3) Å} and long V-O(oxido) {1.625(4) Å} bond distances when compared to other known compounds. The two different pK(a) values (6.0 and 7.9) obtained for 1 are due to protonation of the pyridine ring nitrogen atoms having different basic characters, this being also substantiated by theoretical calculation of the proton affinity of the O- and N- atoms of the molecule. The spin Hamiltonian parameters are obtained from the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra, but the A(z) value (ca. 155 × 10(-4) cm(-1)) is lower than expected by applying the additivity rule for the present set of equatorial donor atoms (ca. 162-163 × 10(-4) cm(-1)), this being attributed to the strong trans V-O(phenolate) bond. The UV-vis transitions and EPR spectral parameters are calculated by DFT procedures, and both the calculated electronic transitions and the hyperfine coupling constants agree well with those experimentally observed. The inhibitory effect of 1 on FFA release and % glucose uptake determined with isolated rat adipocyte cells gave IC(50) and EC(50) values lower than for V(IV)OSO(4) and of the same order of magnitude of other reported insulin enhancing vanadium compounds.