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AIMS: In October 2023, the Tennessee Department of Health identified an outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157:H7 infections among elementary school students who attended school field trips to the same farm animal exhibit. Our aim was to determine STEC source and prevent additional illnesses by initiating epidemiologic, laboratory and environmental investigations. METHODS AND RESULTS: We identified cases using laboratory-based surveillance and by surveying caregivers of children who attended the exhibit. Probable cases were defined as illness with abdominal cramps or diarrhoea after attendance; confirmed cases were laboratory-confirmed STEC infection in an attendee or household contact. A site visit was conducted, and event organizers were interviewed. Human stool, animal faeces and environmental samples were tested for STEC O157:H7 by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), culture and whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Approximately 2300 elementary school students attended the animal exhibit during 2 days. Field trip activities included contact with different farm animal species, drinking pasteurized milk outside animal enclosures and eating lunch in a separate building onsite. We received survey responses from 399 caregivers for 443 (19%) animal exhibit attendees. We identified 9 confirmed and 55 probable cases with illness onset dates during 26 September to 12 October. Seven children aged 1-7 years were hospitalized. Four children aged 1-6 years experienced haemolytic uraemic syndrome; none died. Laboratory testing identified STEC O157:H7 by culture from eight human stool samples with 0-1 allele difference by WGS. Three environmental samples had Shiga toxin (stx 2) genes detected by PCR, but no STEC isolates were recovered by culture. CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest reported STEC O157:H7 outbreak associated with an animal exhibit in Tennessee. We identified opportunities for educating school staff, event organizers and families about zoonotic disease risks associated with animal contact and published prevention measures.
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Diabetes is a complex chronic condition that affects the body's ability to produce or use insulin effectively, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. It is associated with various complications and comorbidities, significantly impacting both individuals and the health care system. Effective management involves a combination of lifestyle adjustments, medication adherence, monitoring, education, and support. The expanding use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has been transformative in diabetes care, providing valuable real-time data and insights for better management. To understand the opportunity for health plans to support improved patient outcomes with CGM, AMCP sponsored a multifaceted approach to identify best practices consisting of expert interviews, a national payer survey, an expert panel workshop with clinical experts and managed care stakeholders, and a national webcast to communicate the program findings. This article summarizes current evidence for CGM to support managed care and payer professionals in making collaborative, evidence-based decisions to optimize outcomes among patients with diabetes. In addition, this review also presents the findings of a national payer survey and describes expert-supported health plan best practices around coverage and access to CGM.
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Monitoreo Continuo de Glucosa , Diabetes Mellitus , Humanos , Glucemia , Automonitorización de la Glucosa Sanguínea , Diabetes Mellitus/tratamiento farmacológico , Toma de DecisionesRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The Tennessee Department of Health (TDH) investigated a hepatitis A virus (HAV) outbreak to identify risk factors for infection and make prevention recommendations. DESIGN: Case series. SETTING: Community hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Healthcare workers (HCWs) or patients with laboratory-confirmed acute HAV infection during October 1, 2018-January 10, 2019. METHODS: HCWs with suspected or confirmed hepatitis A infections were interviewed to assess their exposures and activities. Patient medical records and hospital administrative records were reviewed to identify common exposures. We conducted a site investigation to assess knowledge of infection control practices among HCWs. Serum specimens from ill persons were tested for HAV RNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and genotyped. RESULTS: We identified 6 HCWs and 2 patients with laboratory-confirmed HAV infection. All cases likely resulted from exposure to a homeless patient with a history of recreational substance use and undiagnosed HAV infection. Breaches in hand hygiene and use of standard precautions were identified. HAV RNA was detected in 7 serum specimens and all belonged to an identical strain of HAV genotype 1b. CONCLUSIONS: A hepatitis A outbreak among hospital patients and HCWs resulted from exposure to a single patient with undiagnosed HAV infection. Breakdowns in infection control practices contributed to the outbreak. The likelihood of nosocomial transmission can be reduced with proper hand hygiene, standard precautions, and routine disinfection. During community outbreaks, medical providers can better prevent ongoing transmission by including hepatitis A in the differential diagnosis among patients with a history of recreational substance use and homelessness.
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Infección Hospitalaria , Hepatitis A , Infección Hospitalaria/diagnóstico , Infección Hospitalaria/epidemiología , Brotes de Enfermedades , Personal de Salud , Hepatitis A/diagnóstico , Hepatitis A/epidemiología , Hospitales Comunitarios , HumanosRESUMEN
Sleepiness, the biological drive to sleep, is an important construct for the organizational sciences. This physiological phenomenon has received very little attention in the organizational science literature in spite of the fact that it influences a wide variety of workplace behaviors. In this article, we develop a framework through which sleepiness can be fruitfully studied. We describe (a) what sleepiness is and how it can be differentiated conceptually from related concepts such as fatigue, (b) the physiological basis of sleepiness, (c) cognitive and affective mechanisms that transmit the effects of sleepiness, and (d) the behavioral manifestations of sleepiness in the workplace. We also describe (e) job demand characteristics that are antecedents of sleepiness and (f) individual differences that moderate the aforementioned relationships. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved).
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Trastornos de Somnolencia Excesiva/fisiopatología , Trastornos de Somnolencia Excesiva/psicología , Análisis y Desempeño de Tareas , Trabajo/fisiología , Trabajo/psicología , Afecto/fisiología , Humanos , Vigilia/fisiología , Lugar de Trabajo/psicologíaRESUMEN
STUDY OBJECTIVES: To assess moderators, such as stressor chronicity, and mediators, including stress response in the form of cognitive intrusion and coping behavior, of the prospective association between naturalistic stress and incident insomnia. DESIGN: Longitudinal. SETTING: Epidemiological. PARTICIPANTS: A community-based sample of good sleepers (n = 2,892) with no lifetime history of insomnia. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Participants reported the number of stressful events they had encountered at baseline, as well as the perceived severity and chronicity of each event. Similarly, volitional stress responses such as coping, as well as more involuntary responses such as cognitive intrusion were assayed for each stressor. Follow-up assessment 1 y hence revealed an insomnia incidence rate of 9.1%. Stress exposure was a significant predictor of insomnia onset, such that the odds of developing insomnia increased by 19% for every additional stressor. Chronicity significantly moderated this relationship, such that the likelihood of developing insomnia as a result of stress exposure increased as a function of chronicity. Cognitive intrusion significantly mediated the association between stress exposure and insomnia. Finally, three specific coping behaviors also acted as mediators: behavioral disengagement, distraction, and substance use. CONCLUSIONS: Most studies characterize the relationship between stress exposure and insomnia as a simple dose-response phenomenon. However, our data suggest that certain stressor characteristics significantly moderate this association. Stress response in the form of cognitive intrusion and specific maladaptive coping behaviors mediate the effects of stress exposure. These findings highlight the need for a multidimensional approach to stress assessment in future research and clinical practice. CITATION: Pillai V, Roth T, Mullins HM, Drake CL. Moderators and mediators of the relationship between stress and insomnia: stressor chronicity, cognitive intrusion, and coping.