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1.
Mar Pollut Bull ; 208: 116964, 2024 Nov.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39342912

RESUMEN

Large quantities of plastic enter the oceans each year providing extensive attachment surfaces for marine microbes yet understanding their interactions and colonization of plastic debris remains limited. We investigated microbial colonization of various plastic types (polyethylene, polystyrene, polyethylene-terephthalate, and nylon) in ex-situ incubation experiments. Plastic films, both UV-pretreated and untreated, were exposed to seawater from a coastal and an offshore location in the North Sea. 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing was employed to assess microbial community structures after 5, 10, 30, and 45 days of incubation. Our findings show the significant influence of time, seawater origin and plastic type on microbial community succession. We also identified several genera associated with hydrocarbon or plastic degradation potential as well as genera selecting for specific plastics such as Ketobacter and Microbacterium. Our results highlight potential role of microorganisms in plastic biodegradation and support the idea that microbial colonizers on marine plastics debris seemingly select distinct substrate types.


Asunto(s)
Biodegradación Ambiental , Plásticos , Agua de Mar , Mar del Norte , Agua de Mar/microbiología , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Bacterias , ARN Ribosómico 16S , Microbiota
2.
Sci Total Environ ; 928: 172288, 2024 Jun 10.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38599394

RESUMEN

Plastic pollution of the ocean is a top environmental concern. Biodegradable plastics present a potential "solution" in combating the accumulation of plastic pollution, and their production is currently increasing. While these polymers will contribute to the future plastic marine debris budget, very little is known still about the behavior of biodegradable plastics in different natural environments. In this study, we molecularly profiled entire microbial communities on laboratory confirmed biodegradable polybutylene sebacate-co-terephthalate (PBSeT) and polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) films, and non-biodegradable conventional low-density polyethylene (LDPE) films that were incubated in situ in three different coastal environments in the Mediterranean Sea. Samples from a pelagic, benthic, and eulittoral habitat were taken at five timepoints during an incubation period of 22 months. We assessed the presence of potential biodegrading bacterial and fungal taxa and contrasted them against previously published in situ disintegration data of these polymers. Scanning electron microscopy imaging complemented our molecular data. Putative plastic degraders occurred in all environments, but there was no obvious "core" of shared plastic-specific microbes. While communities varied between polymers, the habitat predominantly selected for the underlying communities. Observed disintegration patterns did not necessarily match community patterns of putative plastic degraders.


Asunto(s)
Plásticos Biodegradables , Biodegradación Ambiental , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Mar Mediterráneo , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Bacterias/clasificación , Agua de Mar/microbiología , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Microbiota , Plásticos/análisis , Hongos
3.
ISME Commun ; 3(1): 68, 2023 Jul 10.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37423910

RESUMEN

Ocean plastic pollution is a severe environmental problem but most of the plastic that has been released to the ocean since the 1950s is unaccounted for. Although fungal degradation of marine plastics has been suggested as a potential sink mechanism, unambiguous proof of plastic degradation by marine fungi, or other microbes, is scarce. Here we applied stable isotope tracing assays with 13C-labeled polyethylene to measure biodegradation rates and to trace the incorporation of plastic-derived carbon into individual cells of the yeast Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, which we isolated from the marine environment. 13C accumulation in the CO2 pool during 5-day incubation experiments with R. mucilaginosa and UV-irradiated 13C-labeled polyethylene as a sole energy and carbon source translated to degradation rates of 3.8% yr-1 of the initially added substrate. Furthermore, nanoSIMS measurements revealed substantial incorporation of polyethylene-derived carbon into fungal biomass. Our results demonstrate the potential of R. mucilaginosa to mineralize and assimilate carbon from plastics and suggest that fungal plastic degradation may be an important sink for polyethylene litter in the marine environment.

4.
ISME J ; 17(5): 693-702, 2023 05.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36806832

RESUMEN

We investigated microbial methane oxidation in the water column of two connected but hydrodynamically contrasting basins of Lake Lugano, Switzerland. Both basins accumulate large amounts of methane in the water column below their chemoclines, but methane oxidation efficiently prevents methane from reaching surface waters. Here we show that in the meromictic North Basin water column, a substantial fraction of methane was eliminated through anaerobic methane oxidation (AOM) coupled to nitrite reduction by Candidatus Methylomirabilis. Incubations with 14CH4 and concentrated biomass from this basin showed enhanced AOM rates with nitrate (+62%) and nitrite (+43%). In the more dynamic South Basin, however, aerobic methanotrophs prevailed, Ca. Methylomirabilis was absent in the anoxic water column, and no evidence was found for nitrite-dependent AOM. Here, the duration of seasonal stratification and anoxia seems to be too short, relative to the slow growth rate of Ca. Methylomirabilis, to allow for the establishment of anaerobic methanotrophs, in spite of favorable hydrochemical conditions. Using 16 S rRNA gene sequence data covering nearly ten years of community dynamics, we show that Ca. Methylomirabilis was a permanent element of the pelagic methane filter in the North Basin, which proliferated during periods of stable water column conditions and became the dominant methanotroph in the system. Conversely, more dynamic water column conditions led to a decline of Ca. Methylomirabilis and induced blooms of the faster-growing aerobic methanotrophs Methylobacter and Crenothrix. Our data highlight that physical (mixing) processes and ecosystem stability are key drivers controlling the community composition of aerobic and anaerobic methanotrophs.


Asunto(s)
Ecosistema , Nitritos , Anaerobiosis , Metano , Lagos , Bacterias/genética , Oxidación-Reducción
5.
Mar Pollut Bull ; 187: 114544, 2023 Feb.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36640499

RESUMEN

Ocean plastic pollution is a problem of increasing magnitude; yet, the amount of plastic at the sea surface is much lower than expected. Solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation can induce photodegradation, but its importance in determining the longevity of floating plastic remains unconstrained. Here, we measured photodegradation rates of different plastic types slightly larger than microplastics (virgin polymers and floating plastic debris) under simulated marine conditions. UV irradiation caused all plastic types to leach dissolved organic carbon, and to a lesser degree carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, and other hydrocarbon gases. The release of photodegradation products translates to degradation rates of 1.7-2.3 % yr-1 of the tested plastic particles normalized to conditions as found in the subtropical surface ocean. Modelling the accumulation of floating plastic debris, our results show that solar UV radiation could already have degraded 7 to 22 % of all floating plastic that has ever been released to the sea.


Asunto(s)
Plásticos , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Fotólisis , Microplásticos , Polímeros , Contaminación Ambiental , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis
6.
Mar Pollut Bull ; 186: 114369, 2023 Jan.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36462423

RESUMEN

Methods that unambiguously prove microbial plastic degradation and allow for quantification of degradation rates are necessary to constrain the influence of microbial degradation on the marine plastic budget. We developed an assay based on stable isotope tracer techniques to determine microbial plastic mineralization rates in liquid medium on a lab scale. For the experiments, 13C-labeled polyethylene (13C-PE) particles (irradiated with UV-light to mimic exposure of floating plastic to sunlight) were incubated in liquid medium with Rhodococcus ruber as a model organism for proof of principle. The transfer of 13C from 13C-PE into the gaseous and dissolved CO2 pools translated to microbially mediated mineralization rates of up to 1.2 % yr-1 of the added PE. After incubation, we also found highly 13C-enriched membrane fatty acids of R. ruber including compounds involved in cellular stress responses. We demonstrated that isotope tracer techniques are a valuable tool to detect and quantify microbial plastic degradation.


Asunto(s)
Polietileno , Rhodococcus , Polietileno/metabolismo , Plásticos/metabolismo , Rhodococcus/metabolismo , Isótopos , Biodegradación Ambiental
7.
Sci Rep ; 12(1): 13465, 2022 08 11.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35953623

RESUMEN

At present, the distribution of plastic debris in the ocean water column remains largely unknown. Such information, however, is required to assess the exposure of marine organisms to plastic pollution as well as to calculate the ocean plastic mass balance. Here, we provide water column profiles (0-300 m water depth) of plastic (0.05-5 cm in size) concentration and key planktonic species from the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. The amount of plastic decreases rapidly in the upper few meters, from ~ 1 item/m3 (~ 1000 µg/m3) at the sea surface to values of ~ 0.001-0.01 items/m3 (~ 0.1-10 µg/m3) at 300 m depth. Ratios of plastic to plankton varied between ~ 10-5 and 1 plastic particles per individual with highest ratios typically found in the surface waters. We further observed that pelagic ratios were generally higher in the water column below the subtropical gyre compared to those in more coastal ecosystems. Lastly, we show plastic to (non-gelatinous) plankton ratios could be as high as ~ 102-107 plastic particles per individual when considering reported concentrations of small microplastics < 100 µm. Plastic pollution in our oceans may therefore soon exceed estimated safe concentrations for many pelagic species.


Asunto(s)
Plásticos , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Organismos Acuáticos , Océano Atlántico , Ecosistema , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Plancton , Agua , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis
8.
Mar Pollut Bull ; 182: 113949, 2022 Sep.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35932724

RESUMEN

The long-term fate of plastics in the ocean and their interactions with marine microorganisms remain poorly understood. In particular, the role of sinking plastic particles as a transport vector for surface microbes towards the deep sea has not been investigated. Here, we present the first data on the composition of microbial communities on floating and suspended plastic particles recovered from the surface to the bathypelagic water column (0-2000 m water depth) of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. Microbial community composition of suspended plastic particles differed from that of plastic particles afloat at the sea surface. However, in both compartments, a diversity of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria was identified. These findings indicate that microbial community members initially present on floating plastics are quickly replaced by microorganisms acquired from deeper water layers, thus suggesting a limited efficiency of sinking plastic particles to vertically transport microorganisms in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre.


Asunto(s)
Microbiota , Plásticos , Bacterias , Océano Pacífico , Agua de Mar/microbiología , Agua
9.
Sci Total Environ ; 846: 157371, 2022 Nov 10.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35863583

RESUMEN

Plastic pollution in the marine environment has been identified as a global problem; different polymer types and fragment sizes have been detected across all marine regions, from sea ice to the equator and the surface to the deep sea. However, quantification of marine plastics debris in the size range of nanoplastics (<1 µm) and ultrafine microplastics (<10 µm) is not constrained, because such minuscule particles are challenging to measure. In this work, we applied a novel analytical assay using Thermal Desorption - Proton Transfer Reaction - Mass Spectrometry (TD-PTR-MS), which is suitable to detect and identify plastics in the nanogram range. From two stations in the Wadden Sea (the Netherlands), we measured nanoplastics directly from seawater aliquots, and from filters with different mesh sizes. Our results show the presence of Polystyrene (PS) and Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) nanopalstics as well as ultrafine microplastics in the Wadden Sea water column. The mass concentration of PS nanoplastics was 4.2 µg/L on average, indicating a substantial contribution of nanoplastics to the Wadden Sea's total plastic budget.


Asunto(s)
Plásticos , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Microplásticos , Océanos y Mares , Poliestirenos , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis
10.
Front Microbiol ; 13: 864630, 2022.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35615497

RESUMEN

Freshwater lakes represent an important source of the potent greenhouse gas methane (CH4) to the atmosphere. Methane emissions are regulated to large parts by aerobic (MOx) and anaerobic (AOM) oxidation of methane, which are important CH4 sinks in lakes. In contrast to marine benthic environments, our knowledge about the modes of AOM and the related methanotrophic microorganisms in anoxic lake sediments is still rudimentary. Here, we demonstrate the occurrence of AOM in the anoxic sediments of Lake Sempach (Switzerland), with maximum in situ AOM rates observed within the surface sediment layers in presence of multiple groups of methanotrophic bacteria and various oxidants known to support AOM. However, substrate-amended incubations (with NO2 -, NO3 -, SO4 2-, Fe-, and Mn-oxides) revealed that none of the electron acceptors previously reported to support AOM enhanced methane turnover in Lake Sempach sediments under anoxic conditions. In contrast, the addition of oxygen to the anoxic sediments resulted in an approximately 10-fold increase in methane oxidation relative to the anoxic incubations. Phylogenetic and isotopic evidence indicate that both Type I and Type II aerobic methanotrophs were growing on methane under both oxic and anoxic conditions, although methane assimilation rates were an order of magnitude higher under oxic conditions. While the anaerobic electron acceptor responsible for AOM could not be identified, these findings expand our understanding of the metabolic versatility of canonically aerobic methanotrophs under anoxic conditions, with important implications for future investigations to identify methane oxidation processes. Bacterial AOM by facultative aerobic methane oxidizers might be of much larger environmental significance in reducing methane emissions than previously thought.

11.
Front Microbiol ; 12: 673553, 2021.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34220756

RESUMEN

Plastic particles in the ocean are typically covered with microbial biofilms, but it remains unclear whether distinct microbial communities colonize different polymer types. In this study, we analyzed microbial communities forming biofilms on floating microplastics in a bay of the island of Elba in the Mediterranean Sea. Raman spectroscopy revealed that the plastic particles mainly comprised polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS) of which polyethylene and polypropylene particles were typically brittle and featured cracks. Fluorescence in situ hybridization and imaging by high-resolution microscopy revealed dense microbial biofilms on the polymer surfaces. Amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene showed that the bacterial communities on all plastic types consisted mainly of the orders Flavobacteriales, Rhodobacterales, Cytophagales, Rickettsiales, Alteromonadales, Chitinophagales, and Oceanospirillales. We found significant differences in the biofilm community composition on PE compared with PP and PS (on OTU and order level), which shows that different microbial communities colonize specific polymer types. Furthermore, the sequencing data also revealed a higher relative abundance of archaeal sequences on PS in comparison with PE or PP. We furthermore found a high occurrence, up to 17% of all sequences, of different hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria on all investigated plastic types. However, their functioning in the plastic-associated biofilm and potential role in plastic degradation needs further assessment.

12.
Front Microbiol ; 12: 678057, 2021.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34054786

RESUMEN

Methane is the final product of the anaerobic decomposition of organic matter. The conversion of organic matter to methane (methanogenesis) as a mechanism for energy conservation is exclusively attributed to the archaeal domain. Methane is oxidized by methanotrophic microorganisms using oxygen or alternative terminal electron acceptors. Aerobic methanotrophic bacteria belong to the phyla Proteobacteria and Verrucomicrobia, while anaerobic methane oxidation is also mediated by more recently discovered anaerobic methanotrophs with representatives in both the bacteria and the archaea domains. The anaerobic oxidation of methane is coupled to the reduction of nitrate, nitrite, iron, manganese, sulfate, and organic electron acceptors (e.g., humic substances) as terminal electron acceptors. This review highlights the relevance of methanotrophy in natural and anthropogenically influenced ecosystems, emphasizing the environmental conditions, distribution, function, co-existence, interactions, and the availability of electron acceptors that likely play a key role in regulating their function. A systematic overview of key aspects of ecology, physiology, metabolism, and genomics is crucial to understand the contribution of methanotrophs in the mitigation of methane efflux to the atmosphere. We give significance to the processes under microaerophilic and anaerobic conditions for both aerobic and anaerobic methane oxidizers. In the context of anthropogenically influenced ecosystems, we emphasize the current and potential future applications of methanotrophs from two different angles, namely methane mitigation in wastewater treatment through the application of anaerobic methanotrophs, and the biotechnological applications of aerobic methanotrophs in resource recovery from methane waste streams. Finally, we identify knowledge gaps that may lead to opportunities to harness further the biotechnological benefits of methanotrophs in methane mitigation and for the production of valuable bioproducts enabling a bio-based and circular economy.

13.
Environ Sci Process Impacts ; 23(2): 198-212, 2021 Mar 04.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33475108

RESUMEN

The presence of plastics in the marine environment poses a threat to ocean life and has received much scientific and public attention in recent years. Plastics were introduced to the market in the 1950s and since then, global production figures and ocean plastic littering have increased exponentially. Of the 359 million tonnes (Mt) produced in 2018, an estimated 14.5 Mt has entered the ocean. In particular smaller plastic particles can be ingested by marine biota causing hazardous effects. Plastic marine debris (PMD) is exposed to physical, chemical and biological stressors. These cause macro and microplastic to break down into smaller fragments, including sub micrometre sized nanoplastic particles, which may account for an important but so far unevaluated fraction of the ocean plastic budget. Physicochemical and biological deterioration of PMD also leads to the release of more volatile compounds and the terminal oxidation of PMD, which most likely accounts for an important but also unevaluated fraction in the ocean plastic budget. This minireview provides an overview on (1) the quantity of plastic production and waste, pathways for plastics to enter the marine realm, the inventory of PMD and the negative effects of PMD to ocean life. (2) We discuss plastic degradation mechanisms in the ocean, expanding on the processes of photodegradation and biodegradation. (3) This review also highlights the emerging topic of nanoplastics in the sea and provides an overview on their specific physical and chemical properties, potential harm to ocean life, and nanoplastic detection techniques.


Asunto(s)
Plásticos , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Biodegradación Ambiental , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Microplásticos , Océanos y Mares , Residuos/análisis , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis
14.
Front Microbiol ; 11: 1932, 2020.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33071992

RESUMEN

Cold seeps are characterized by high biomass, which is supported by the microbial oxidation of the available methane by capable microorganisms. The carbon is subsequently transferred to higher trophic levels. South of Svalbard, five geological mounds shaped by the formation of methane gas hydrates, have been recently located. Methane gas seeping activity has been observed on four of them, and flares were primarily concentrated at their summits. At three of these mounds, and along a distance gradient from their summit to their outskirt, we investigated the eukaryotic and prokaryotic biodiversity linked to 16S and 18S rDNA. Here we show that local methane seepage and other environmental conditions did affect the microbial community structure and composition. We could not demonstrate a community gradient from the summit to the edge of the mounds. Instead, a similar community structure in any methane-rich sediments could be retrieved at any location on these mounds. The oxidation of methane was largely driven by anaerobic methanotrophic Archaea-1 (ANME-1) and the communities also hosted high relative abundances of sulfate reducing bacterial groups although none demonstrated a clear co-occurrence with the predominance of ANME-1. Additional common taxa were observed and their abundances were likely benefiting from the end products of methane oxidation. Among these were sulfide-oxidizing Campilobacterota, organic matter degraders, such as Bathyarchaeota, Woesearchaeota, or thermoplasmatales marine benthic group D, and heterotrophic ciliates and Cercozoa.

15.
Sci Rep ; 9(1): 17592, 2019 11 26.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31772218

RESUMEN

Several mud volcanoes are active in the Canadian Beaufort Sea. In this study, we investigated vertical variations in methanotrophic communities in sediments of the mud volcano MV420 (420 m water depth) by analyzing geochemical properties, microbial lipids, and nucleic acid signatures. Three push cores were collected with a remotely operated vehicle from visually discriminative habitats that were devoid of megafauna and/microbial mats (DM) to the naked eye, covered with bacterial mats (BM), or colonized by siboglinid tubeworms (ST). All MV420 sites showed the presence of aerobic methane oxidation (MOx)- and anaerobic methane oxidation (AOM)-related lipid biomarkers (4α-methyl sterols and sn-2-hydroxyarchaeol, respectively), which were distinctly different in comparison with a reference site at which these compounds were not detected. Lipid biomarker results were in close agreement with 16S rRNA analyses, which revealed the presence of MOx-related bacteria (Methylococcales) and AOM-related archaea (ANME-2 and ANME-3) at the MV420 sites. 4α-methyl sterols derived from Methylococcales predominated in the surface layer at the BM site, which showed a moderate methane flux (0.04 mmol cm-2 y-1), while their occurrence was limited at the DM (0.06 mmol cm-2 y-1) and ST (0.01 mmol cm-2 y-1) sites. On the other hand, 13C-depleted sn-2-hydroxyarchaeol potentially derived from ANME-2 and/or ANME-3 was abundant in down-core sediments at the ST site. Our study indicates that a niche diversification within this mud volcano system has shaped distinct methanotrophic communities due to availability of electron acceptors in association with varying degrees of methane flux and bioirrigation activity.

16.
Sci Rep ; 9(1): 9725, 2019 07 05.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31278352

RESUMEN

Sedimentary biofilms comprising microbial communities mediating the anaerobic oxidation of methane are rare. Here, we describe two biofilm communities discovered in sediment cores recovered from Arctic cold seep sites (gas hydrate pingos) in the north-western Barents Sea, characterized by steady methane fluxes. We found macroscopically visible biofilms in pockets in the sediment matrix at the depth of the sulphate-methane-transition zone. 16S rRNA gene surveys revealed that the microbial community in one of the two biofilms comprised exclusively of putative anaerobic methanotrophic archaea of which ANME-1 was the sole archaeal taxon. The bacterial community consisted of relatives of sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) belonging to uncultured Desulfobacteraceae clustering into SEEP-SRB1 (i.e. the typical SRB associated to ANME-1), and members of the atribacterial JS1 clade. Confocal laser scanning microscopy demonstrates that this biofilm is composed of multicellular strands and patches of ANME-1 that are loosely associated with SRB cells, but not tightly connected in aggregates. Our discovery of methanotrophic biofilms in sediment pockets closely associated with methane seeps constitutes a hitherto overlooked and potentially widespread sink for methane and sulphate in marine sediments.


Asunto(s)
Deltaproteobacteria/clasificación , Sedimentos Geológicos/microbiología , Metano/metabolismo , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Biopelículas , ADN Ribosómico/genética , Deltaproteobacteria/genética , Deltaproteobacteria/fisiología , Secuenciación de Nucleótidos de Alto Rendimiento , Microscopía Confocal , Filogenia , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN
17.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ; 115(43): 10926-10931, 2018 10 23.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30301807

RESUMEN

Terrestrial paleoclimate archives such as lake sediments are essential for our understanding of the continental climate system and for the modeling of future climate scenarios. However, quantitative proxies for the determination of paleotemperatures are sparse. The relative abundances of certain bacterial lipids, i.e., branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (brGDGTs), respond to changes in environmental temperature, and thus have great potential for climate reconstruction. Their application to lake deposits, however, is hampered by the lack of fundamental knowledge on the ecology of brGDGT-producing microbes in lakes. Here, we show that brGDGTs are synthesized by multiple groups of bacteria thriving under contrasting redox regimes in a deep meromictic Swiss lake (Lake Lugano). This niche partitioning is evidenced by highly distinct brGDGT inventories in oxic vs. anoxic water masses, and corresponding vertical patterns in bacterial 16S rRNA gene abundances, implying that sedimentary brGDGT records are affected by temperature-independent changes in the community composition of their microbial producers. Furthermore, the stable carbon isotope composition (δ13C) of brGDGTs in Lake Lugano and 34 other (peri-)Alpine lakes attests to the widespread heterotrophic incorporation of 13C-depleted, methane-derived biomass at the redox transition zone of mesotrophic to eutrophic lake systems. The brGDGTs produced under such hypoxic/methanotrophic conditions reflect near-bottom water temperatures, and are characterized by comparatively low δ13C values. Depending on climate zone and water depth, lake sediment archives predominated by deeper water/low-13C brGDGTs may provide more reliable records of climate variability than those where brGDGTs derive from terrestrial and/or aquatic sources with distinct temperature imprints.


Asunto(s)
Bacterias/metabolismo , Glicerol/metabolismo , Lagos/microbiología , Lípidos/química , Biomasa , Carbono/metabolismo , Isótopos de Carbono/metabolismo , Ecología , Sedimentos Geológicos/microbiología , Metano/metabolismo , Oxidación-Reducción , ARN Ribosómico 16S/metabolismo
18.
ISME J ; 12(6): 1414-1426, 2018 06.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29666446

RESUMEN

The Kryos Basin is a deep-sea hypersaline anoxic basin (DHAB) located in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea (34.98°N 22.04°E). It is filled with brine of re-dissolved Messinian evaporites and is nearly saturated with MgCl2-equivalents, which makes this habitat extremely challenging for life. The strong density difference between the anoxic brine and the overlying oxic Mediterranean seawater impedes mixing, giving rise to a narrow chemocline. Here, we investigate the microbial community structure and activities across the seawater-brine interface using a combined biogeochemical, next-generation sequencing, and lipid biomarker approach. Within the interface, we detected fatty acids that were distinctly 13C-enriched when compared to other fatty acids. These likely originated from sulfide-oxidizing bacteria that fix carbon via the reverse tricarboxylic acid cycle. In the lower part of the interface, we also measured elevated rates of methane oxidation, probably mediated by aerobic methanotrophs under micro-oxic conditions. Sulfate reduction rates increased across the interface and were highest within the brine, providing first evidence that sulfate reducers (likely Desulfovermiculus and Desulfobacula) thrive in the Kryos Basin at a water activity of only ~0.4 Aw. Our results demonstrate that a highly specialized microbial community in the Kryos Basin has adapted to the poly-extreme conditions of a DHAB with nearly saturated MgCl2 brine, extending the known environmental range where microbial life can persist.


Asunto(s)
Bacterias , Cloruro de Magnesio/química , Microbiota , Sales (Química)/química , Agua de Mar/microbiología , Microbiología del Agua , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Lípidos/química , Mar Mediterráneo , Oxígeno/química , Filogenia , ARN Ribosómico 16S/química , Sulfatos/química , Sulfuros/química
19.
Int J Syst Evol Microbiol ; 67(6): 1887-1893, 2017 Jun.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28646634

RESUMEN

Four novel Gram-stain-positive, endospore-forming bacteria of the order Clostridiales were isolated from subsurface sediments sampled during International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 347 to the Baltic Sea. One strain (59.4MT) grew as an obligate heterotroph by aerobic respiration and anaerobically by fermentation. Optimum growth was observed with 0.5 % NaCl at 25 °C and pH 7.0-7.3. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences of 59.4MT revealed Alkaliphilus transvaalensis (92.3 % identity), Candidatus Geosporobacter ferrireducens (92.2 %), Geosporobacter subterraneus (91.9 %) and Alkaliphilus peptidifermentans (91.7 %) to be the closest relatives. On the basis of the results of phenotypic and genotypic analyses, we propose that strain 59.4MT represents a novel species within a novel genus, Marinisporobacter balticus gen. nov., sp. nov., with the type strain 59.4MT (=DSM 102940T=JCM 31103T). Three other strains, 59.4F, 59.4BT and 63.6FT, were affiliated with the genus Desulfosporosinus and grew as strictly anaerobic sulfate reducers. These strains additionally used thiosulfate, elemental sulfur, sulfite and DMSO as electron acceptors and hydrogen as an electron donor. Strains 59.4F and 59.4BT had identical 16S rRNA gene sequences, which were most similar to those of Desulfosporosinus lacus (97.8 %), Desulfosporosinus hippei (97.3 %) and Desulfosporosinus orientis (97.3 %). Strain 63.6FT was closely related to D. lacus (97.7 %), Desulfosporosinus meridiei (96.6 %) and D. hippei (96.5 %). The similarity of 16S rRNA gene sequences of strains 59.4BT and 63.6FT was 96.6 %. We propose the new names Desulfosporosinus nitroreducens sp. nov., incorporating strain 59.4F (=DSM 101562=JCM 31104) and the type strain 59.4BT (=DSM 101608T=JCM 31105T), and Desulfosporosinus fructosivorans sp. nov., with the type strain 63.6FT (=DSM 101609T=JCM 31106T).


Asunto(s)
Sedimentos Geológicos/microbiología , Peptococcaceae/clasificación , Filogenia , Agua de Mar/microbiología , Técnicas de Tipificación Bacteriana , Composición de Base , ADN Bacteriano/genética , Oxidación-Reducción , Peptococcaceae/genética , Peptococcaceae/aislamiento & purificación , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Bacterias Reductoras del Azufre/clasificación
20.
Front Microbiol ; 8: 2614, 2017.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29354105

RESUMEN

Microbial communities in deep subsurface sediments are challenged by the decrease in amount and quality of organic substrates with depth. In sediments of the Baltic Sea, they might additionally have to cope with an increase in salinity from ions that have diffused downward from the overlying water during the last 9000 years. Here, we report the isolation and characterization of four novel bacteria of the Bacteroidetes from depths of 14-52 m below seafloor (mbsf) of Baltic Sea sediments sampled during International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 347. Based on physiological, chemotaxonomic and genotypic characterization, we propose that the four strains represent two new species within a new genus in the family Marinifilaceae, with the proposed names Labilibaculum manganireducens gen. nov., sp. nov. (type strain 59.10-2MT) and Labilibaculum filiforme sp. nov. (type strains 59.16BT) with additional strains of this species (59.10-1M and 60.6M). The draft genomes of the two type strains had sizes of 5.2 and 5.3 Mb and reflected the major physiological capabilities. The strains showed gliding motility, were psychrotolerant, neutrophilic and halotolerant. Growth by fermentation of mono- and disaccharides as well as pyruvate, lactate and glycerol was observed. During glucose fermentation, small amounts of electron equivalents were transferred to Fe(III) by all strains, while one of the strains also reduced Mn(IV). Thereby, the four strains broaden the phylogenetic range of prokaryotes known to reduce metals to the group of Bacteroidetes. Halotolerance and metal reduction might both be beneficial for survival in deep subsurface sediments of the Baltic Sea.

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