Non-Consensual Sex and Help-Seeking Behavior Among PrEP Users in Belgium: Findings from an Online Survey.

Non-consensual sex poses a threat not only to sexual health but also to mental and physical health in general. HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) users might be particularly vulnerable to non-consensual sex because of interplaying factors such as mental health disorders, a high number of sex partners, engagement in chemsex, and the widespread use of dating apps. The objectives of this study were to assess the occurrence of non-consensual sex, its associated factors, and related help-seeking behavior among PrEP users. We analyzed data from an online survey among PrEP users in Belgium (09/2020-02/2022). Almost one in five participants (34/187, 18.2%) reported having ever experienced non-consensual sex. The most reported form was having sex against one's will, followed by having been given drugs against one's will, and having had sex without a condom against one's will. The vast majority of those who had experienced non-consensual sex (29/34, 85.3%) did not seek help afterward, mostly due to a lack of perceived need (21/29, 72.4%). Reported barriers to seeking help were shame (6/29, 20.7%) and lack of awareness of help services (3/29, 10.3%). Having experienced non-consensual sex in the past five years was associated with younger age and suicidal ideation in a multivariable logistic regression model. We conclude that addressing barriers to non-consensual sex help services is crucial to maximize their use and minimize the consequences of non-consensual sex experiences. PrEP consultations also represent an opportunity to offer such help given PrEP users are already familiar with these PrEP services and engaged in care.

Do pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) users engaging in chemsex experience their participation as problematic and how can they best be supported? Findings from an online survey in Belgium.

BACKGROUND: Chemsex involves the use of psychoactive drugs in a sexual context and is a growing phenomenon among men who have sex with men (MSM) and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) users. Investigating how its negative consequences can be avoided is important. The objective of this study was to explore the perceived impact of chemsex, the willingness to reduce chemsex activities and associated risks and preferred interventions to do so among PrEP users. METHODS: We analysed data from an online survey among PrEP users in Belgium. Chemsex was assessed in two questionnaires distributed between September 2020 and January 2022. RESULTS: A total of 326 participants completed the baseline questionnaire, and 186 the follow-up questionnaire. About one in three participants (36.5%, 119/326) reported engaging in chemsex, and half of those (49.6%, 59/119) were willing to reduce chemsex-related risks. The most preferred strategies for reducing risks were online support via an app (37.3%, 22/59) and face-to-face counselling with a health care professional (30.5%, 18/59). Among those reporting recent chemsex in the follow-up questionnaire, about one in five (21.9%, 14/64) wanted to reduce or stop chemsex activities. About 23.4% (15/64) also reported experiencing negative consequences of chemsex on their health, social or professional life. CONCLUSION: Our findings show that one in four PrEP users engaging in chemsex experienced negative consequences of these activities and about one in five was willing to reduce or stop chemsex activities. We recommend embedding comprehensive chemsex support in the PrEP package of care and developing novel tools and interventions in order to reach maximum impact.

Sexual and reproductive health services for people living with HIV/AIDS in Germany: are we up to the challenge?

PURPOSE: Germany is witnessing an increase in the number of new infections with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Enabling persons living with HIV (PLHIV) to adopt safer sex practices might contribute towards reducing the incidence of HIV infections. The aim of this study was to identify gaps in the sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services provided to PLHIV in Germany. METHODS: Within the framework of the European public health project Eurosupport 5, self-reported questionnaires were distributed to PLHIV and a survey of SRH-service providers was carried out. The completed questionnaires and survey results were analysed. RESULTS: Of the questionnaires distributed, 218 PLHIV (90 % men, 10 % women) returned a completed questionnaire. Of these, 74 % self-identified as men having sex with men (MSM) and 13 % as heterosexual men. MSM reported a median number of ten casual partners in the previous 6 months and unprotected sex in one-third of anal intercourses with casual partners, demonstrating that this group adopted more risky sexual behaviours than heterosexual PLHIV. Even though all PLHIV stated they would appreciate more support and service providers indicated that they provided a wide range of SRH services, SRH-relevant topics were rarely discussed between PLHIV and service providers. According to the patients' perception, shortage of time, lack of initiative by service providers and their own difficulty to address SRH-related topics were the most relevant obstacles to receiving satisfactory support. CONCLUSION: Many PLHIV consult their HIV-physician regularly for medical follow-up and also indicate that HIV-physicians should be the source of information concerning SRH counselling. HIV-physicians should take advantage of their key role in HIV care and strengthen their efforts to integrate SRH services in routine HIV care.

Voluntary outreach counselling and testing for HIV and STI among men who have sex with men in Antwerp.

BACKGROUND: High risk settings for transmission of HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STI) offer an opportunity for screening of difficult to reach risk groups. METHODS: Free, anonymous counselling and testing for HIV, syphilis, Chlamydia and hepatitis B/C were offered to visitors in two selected gay venues in Antwerp, by a multidisciplinary team. Participants completed an anonymous questionnaire. The STI-test results were communicated by cell phone using standardised text messages. RESULTS: In total, 137 MSM were tested. Facilitators of risky sexual behaviour (alcohol and drug use) were reported by 34 and 21%, respectively. Four men (3%) were newly diagnosed with HIV; 25 men (18%) had an active, transmittable STI. Infected MSM were significantly less often registered with a fixed general practitioner (GP). CONCLUSIONS: Outreach testing in gay venues is a suitable method to detect MSM at risk for HIV/STI. Although the outreach approach is very labour intensive, it shows a high yield of new STI-diagnoses that are not detected in the regular health system.

Sexual satisfaction among men living with HIV in Europe.

This study determined risk factors for decreased sexual satisfaction among men living with HIV (MLHIV). Self-administered questionnaires were distributed consecutively to all MLHIV attending 17 European HIV treatment centres. The sample included 1,017 MLHIV, among whom 79.2% self-identified as homosexual or bisexual. Sexual satisfaction was measured for five domains of sexual functioning and 33.2% reported low satisfaction in at least one domain. Decreased sexual satisfaction was associated with psychosocial factors, i.e. depression (OR 2.77, P < 0.001), anxiety (OR 1.77, P < 0.001), stress (OR 2.27, P < 0.001) and social factors, such as low partner support (OR 2.28, P < 0.001) and experiences of HIV related discrimination (OR 1.69, P < 0.001). Discussing satisfaction with sexuality should be integrated in regular HIV care, considering patients' personal and relationship-related resources next to medical treatment if indicated.

A venue-based HIV prevalence and behavioural study among men who have sex with men in Antwerp and Ghent, Flanders, Belgium, October 2009 to March 2010.

This venue-based, cross-sectional study reports on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence and behaviour of 649 men who have sex with men (MSM) in Antwerp and Ghent, Flanders, Belgium, from October 2009 to March 2010. Using time-location sampling, we found that HIV prevalence in MSM who attended different types of venue ranged from a high of 14.5% (95% CI: 8.9­20.1; n=22 in cruising venues to 4.9% (95% CI: 1.9­7.9; n=10) in more general gay venues to 1.4% (95% CI: 0.0­3.6; n=3) at younger MSM venues. Of those who tested HIV positive (n=35, five were unaware of their HIV status or self-reported as being HIV negative. One in five respondents were of non-Belgian nationality. The results showed relatively high rates of testing for HIV (52.2%; 95 % CI: 47.8­56.2; n=288) and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) (57.4%; 95% CI: 52.6­62.0; n=248) in the last 12 months. A majority of the men (n=233) used condoms consistently during their last anal sexual contact with a casual partner; however, HIV-positive men who were aware of their serostatus (n=30) reported less condom use with casual partners. This is the first such study in Belgium and the results constitute the evidence base for local, targeted interventions. Furthermore, our findings underscore the need for European cross-border cooperation to prevent HIV infection and other STIs among MSM.

Mirror, mirror on the wall: the face of HIV + women in Europe today.

Sexual and reproductive health (SRH) and rights are important components of quality of life. This cross-sectional study describes HIV-positive women's SRH aspirations and needs and the predictive value of selected SRH factors on condom use with steady sexual partners. Data were collected in a European multi-centre study in 17 HIV centres in 14 European countries by a standardised anonymous self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and hierarchical regression analysis were carried out and qualitative data from related formative research illustrated the findings. Among 387 HIV-positive women, 57% had children and 35% had become pregnant since their HIV-diagnosis. Contraceptive needs were largely unmet: 14% had undergone a pregnancy termination. About 83% changed their sexual behaviour after HIV-diagnosis in some ways. Sixty-two percent had at least one sexual encounter with a steady partner during the past six months and 51% used condoms consistently. Significant correlations with condom use were identified for childbearing since HIV-diagnosis (r=-0.21, p<0.01), miscarriage since HIV-diagnosis (r=-0.24, p<0.01), the use of contraception (r=0.47, p<0.001) and changes in sexual behaviour after HIV-diagnosis (r=0.20, p<0.01). Hierarchical regression analysis controlled for education, migration background, age, undetectable viral load and partners' serostatus. The following significant predictors for condom use were established: the use of contraceptives (beta=0.33, p<0.001); miscarriage since HIV-diagnosis (beta=-0.16, p<0.01); childbearing since HIV-diagnosis (beta=-0.12, p<0.05); and having an HIV-positive partner (beta=-0.13, p<0.05). For study population, consistent condom use performed a challenge. Selected SRH-issues predicted condom use. Sexual risk reduction and positive prevention should be discussed in the context of family planning and integrate SRH perspectives in routine HIV care.

Families affected by HIV: parents' and children's characteristics and disclosure to the children.

The reduced risk of mother-to-child transmission due to improved HIV treatment has resulted in an increasing number of healthy children born to mothers living with HIV. The study's objective was to identify the number of parents or caregivers in a sample of persons living with HIV in Flanders, the number of HIV-affected children as well as specific family-related characteristics. Using a structured survey quantitative data were assessed on a total of 628 patients at three Flemish Aids reference centres. Qualitative data were collected in a small sub-sample of African caregivers living in Flanders. Twenty-seven per cent of the overall sample had children younger than 18 years, totalling 165 HIV-affected families with 279 children. Parents from developing countries had significantly more children than European parents. One hundred and eighty-two (68%) of all children were HIV-negative, while the HIV status of 75 (28%) was unknown. Disclosure rate was low: 26 (10%) children were aware of the parental HIV disease. The study shows that HIV-affected families have to deal with complex psychosocial issues such as migration, family illness, family secrecy around HIV and disclosure. Service implications are discussed.

Quality of generalist vs. specialty care for people with HIV on antiretroviral treatment: a prospective cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: To describe health-care use by persons with HIV in an urban area of Switzerland (Zurich). Further, to compare the different health-care settings. DESIGN: A 1-year prospective cohort study recruiting 60 patients at general practices and 60 patients at a specialized university outpatient clinic. METHODS: Patients and their treating physicians were interviewed or answered questionnaires, respectively, at baseline, month 6 and 12. RESULTS: During the study period, five patient groups were identified among the 106 enrolled patients, of whom (i) 42% saw a general practitioner exclusively, (ii) 31% were treated at the specialized outpatient clinic, (iii) 8% were in shared care, (iv) 10% changed health-care model, and (v) 9% were lost to follow-up. Baseline demographic, psychosocial and clinical data were similar among patient groups. At study end, the proportion of patients with HIV-1 RNA < 400 copies/mL was 72%, 74%, 88%, 55% among groups (i) to (iv), respectively (ns), and 22% at month 6 among those lost to follow-up. Indicators for quality of care were similarly good among all patient groups. CONCLUSIONS: A well-working system offers high-quality healthcare to persons living with HIV, where existing teams of specialty and primary health-care professionals efficiently and effectively co-operate.

[Structures of co-operation between an HIV-outpatient clinic and private care physicians]. / Kooperationsstrukturen in der HIV-Betreuung zwischen einem spezialisierten HIV-Zentrum und niedergelassenen Arztinnen und Arzten.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: This qualitative study looks at structures of co-operation between the two major HIV-care settings in the region of Zurich (Switzerland), i.e. a HIV-specialised outpatient clinic at the University hospital and private practitioners. Hypothesizing that good co-operation between the institutions increases the quality and effectiveness of care for patients living with HIV and treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), the structures of co-operation are investigated. METHODS: Qualitative data were collected by means of three focus-group discussions with physicians from both settings. By means of a structured interview guide, different aspects of co-operation were assessed (e. g. current status, deficits, degree of satisfaction). Contents analysis of the data revealed consensus versus dissonance pertaining to different areas of co-operation. RESULTS: Results show that co-operation has been implemented effectively on three different planes (case-related, knowledge-related, training-related) and generally has been perceived by the participants to function well. Institutions have different emphasis on care (specialists vs. generalists). They formulate different concepts of co-operation, which result in diverse degrees of satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of the results obtained, suggestions for improved co-operation as recommended by the participants are discussed, which could further increase the quality of HIV-related care.

[Contraception counseling and HIV prevention for young women: the Project Necessaire]. / Kontrazeptionsberatung und HIV-Prävention für junge Frauen: Das Projekt Necessaire.

This article discusses a project on sexual and reproductive health promotion for young women, currently being developed. It is planned to distribute an attractive "necessary" to the target population, which not only informs about sexual health but also enhances preventive action in daily life. A feasibility-study investigated the conditions for an effective and efficient project-implementation. Its major findings are summarized in this article.

Sexual functioning in HIV+ and HIV- injected drug-using women.

As part of a natural history study of HIV disease in injected drug users, 38 HIV positive (HIV+) asymptomatic or low-symptomatic women and 37 HIV negative (HIV-) women, mostly of minority inner-city background, underwent a comprehensive survey of sexual functioning. At study baseline, the sample as a whole showed a relatively high prevalence of problems in all major phases of the sexual response cycle and in vaginismus and vaginal pain. Statistically significant group differences indicate higher rates of problems in sexual functioning in HIV+ women even at an early stage of disease progression.