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BACKGROUND: Compounds of natural origin are potent source of drugs with unique mechanisms of action. Among phytochemicals, trans-cinnamaldehyde (t-CA) exhibits a wide range of biological activity, thus has been used for centuries to fight bacterial and fungal infections. However, the molecular basis of these properties has not been fully covered. Considering that difficult-to-control infections are becoming a rising global problem, there is a need to elucidate the molecular potential of t-CA. PURPOSE: To evaluate the antibacterial activity of t-CA against Shiga-toxigenic E. coli strains and elucidate its mechanism of action based on the inhibition of the virulence factor expression. METHODS: The antimicrobial potential of t-CA was assessed with two-fold microdilution and time-kill assays. Further evaluation included bioluminescence suppression assays, quantification of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and assessment of NAD+/NADH ratios. Morphological changes post t-CA exposure were examined using transmission electron microscopy. RNA sequencing and radiolabeling of nucleotides elucidated the metabolic alterations induced by t-CA. Toxin expression level was monitored through the application of fusion proteins, monitoring of bacteriophage development, and fluorescence microscopy studies. Lastly, the therapeutic efficacy in vivo was assessed using Galleria mellonella infection model. RESULTS: A comprehensive study of t-CA's bioactivity showed unique properties affecting bacterial metabolism and morphology, resulting in significant bacterial cell deformation and effective virulence inhibition. Elucidation of the underlying mechanisms indicated that t-CA activates the global regulatory system, the stringent response, manifested by its alarmone, (p)ppGpp, overproduction mediated by the RelA enzyme, thereby inhibiting bacterial proliferation. Intriguingly, t-CA effectively downregulates Shiga toxin gene expression via alarmone molecules, indicating its potential for therapeutic effect. In vivo validation demonstrated a significant improvement in larval survival rates post- t-CA treatment with 50 mg/kg (p < 0.05), akin to the efficacy observed with azithromycin, thus indicating its effectiveness against EHEC infections (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, these results reveal the robust antibacterial capabilities of t-CA, warranting its further exploration as a viable anti-infective agent.
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Acroleína , Antibacterianos , Escherichia coli Enterohemorrágica , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Acroleína/análogos & derivados , Acroleína/farmacología , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Escherichia coli Enterohemorrágica/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Factores de VirulenciaRESUMEN
For many years, Streptococcus anginosus has been considered a commensal colonizing the oral cavity, as well as the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts. However, recent epidemiological and clinical data designate this bacterium as an emerging opportunistic pathogen. Despite the reported pathogenicity of S. anginosus, the molecular mechanism underpinning its virulence is poorly described. Therefore, our goal was to develop and optimize efficient and simple infection models that can be applied to examine the virulence of S. anginosus and to study host-pathogen interactions. Using 23 S. anginosus isolates collected from different infections, including severe and superficial infections, as well as an attenuated strain devoid of CppA, we demonstrate for the first time that Dictyostelium discoideum is a suitable model for initial, fast, and large-scale screening of virulence. Furthermore, we found that another nonvertebrate animal model, Galleria mellonella, can be used to study the pathogenesis of S. anginosus infection, with an emphasis on the interactions between the pathogen and host innate immunity. Examining the profile of immune defense genes, including antimicrobial peptides, opsonins, regulators of nodulation, and inhibitors of proteases, by quantitative PCR (qPCR) we identified different immune response profiles depending on the S. anginosus strain. Using these models, we show that S. anginosus is resistant to the bactericidal activity of phagocytes, a phenomenon confirmed using human neutrophils. Notably, since we found that the data from these models corresponded to the clinical severity of infection, we propose their further application to studies of the virulence of S. anginosus.
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Dictyostelium , Mariposas Nocturnas , Animales , Humanos , Virulencia/genética , Streptococcus anginosus , Mariposas Nocturnas/microbiología , Factores de Virulencia/genética , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Larva/microbiologíaRESUMEN
Bacteriophage-based applications have a renaissance today, increasingly marking their use in industry, medicine, food processing, biotechnology, and more. However, phages are considered resistant to various harsh environmental conditions; besides, they are characterized by high intra-group variability. Phage-related contaminations may therefore pose new challenges in the future due to the wider use of phages in industry and health care. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the current knowledge of bacteriophage disinfection methods, as well as highlight new technologies and approaches. We discuss the need for systematic solutions to improve bacteriophage control, taking into account their structural and environmental diversity.
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Bacteriófagos , Desinfección , Biotecnología , Manipulación de AlimentosRESUMEN
Urinary tract infections are one of the most frequent bacterial diseases worldwide. UPECs are the most prominent group of bacterial strains among pathogens responsible for prompting such infections. As a group, these extra-intestinal infection-causing bacteria have developed specific features that allow them to sustain and develop in their inhabited niche of the urinary tract. In this study, we examined 118 UPEC isolates to determine their genetic background and antibiotic resistance. Moreover, we investigated correlations of these characteristics with the ability to form biofilm and to induce a general stress response. We showed that this strain collection expressed unique UPEC attributes, with the highest representation of FimH, SitA, Aer, and Sfa factors (100%, 92.5%, 75%, and 70%, respectively). According to CRA (Congo red agar) analysis, the strains particularly predisposed to biofilm formation represented 32.5% of the isolates. Those biofilm forming strains presented a significant ability to accumulate multi-resistance traits. Most notably, these strains presented a puzzling metabolic phenotype-they showed elevated basal levels of (p)ppGpp in the planktonic phase and simultaneously exhibited a shorter generation time when compared to non-biofilm-forming strains. Moreover, our virulence analysis showed these phenotypes to be crucial for the development of severe infections in the Galleria mellonella model.
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Infecciones por Escherichia coli , Infecciones Urinarias , Escherichia coli Uropatógena , Humanos , Virulencia/genética , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Escherichia coli Uropatógena/genética , Guanosina Pentafosfato , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/microbiología , Factores de Virulencia/genética , Infecciones Urinarias/microbiologíaRESUMEN
Osmotic changes are common challenges for marine microorganisms. Bacteria have developed numerous ways of dealing with this stress, including reprogramming of global cellular processes. However, specific molecular adaptation mechanisms to osmotic stress have mainly been investigated in terrestrial model bacteria. In this work, we aimed to elucidate the basis of adjustment to prolonged salinity challenges at the proteome level in marine bacteria. The objects of our studies were three representatives of bacteria inhabiting various marine environments, Shewanella baltica, Vibrio harveyi and Aliivibrio fischeri. The proteomic studies were performed with bacteria cultivated in increased and decreased salinity, followed by proteolytic digestion of samples which were then subjected to liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry analysis. We show that bacteria adjust at all levels of their biological processes, from DNA topology through gene expression regulation and proteasome assembly, to transport and cellular metabolism. The finding that many similar adaptation strategies were observed for both low- and high-salinity conditions is particularly striking. The results show that adaptation to salinity challenge involves the accumulation of DNA-binding proteins and increased polyamine uptake. We hypothesize that their function is to coat and protect the nucleoid to counteract adverse changes in DNA topology due to ionic shifts.
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Adaptación Fisiológica , Aliivibrio fischeri/fisiología , Océanos y Mares , Proteómica , Salinidad , Shewanella/fisiología , Vibrio/fisiología , Adaptación Fisiológica/genética , Aliivibrio fischeri/genética , Aliivibrio fischeri/metabolismo , Proteínas Bacterianas/metabolismo , Regulación Bacteriana de la Expresión Génica , Ontología de Genes , Chaperonas Moleculares/metabolismo , Ácidos Nucleicos/metabolismo , Concentración Osmolar , Ósmosis , Presión Osmótica , Unión Proteica , Proteoma/metabolismo , Shewanella/genética , Shewanella/metabolismo , Transcripción Genética , Vibrio/genética , Vibrio/metabolismoRESUMEN
Cruciferous vegetables, widely present in daily diets, are a rich source of organosulfur compounds with proven health benefits, especially chemopreventive or antioxidative effects. Isothiocyanate derivatives (ITCs) exhibit a broad spectrum of biological and pharmacological activity and recently, their antibacterial properties have been of particular importance. Here, we have focused on the anti-shigellosis activity of sulforaphane (SFN) and phenethyl ITC (PEITC). The genus Shigella causes gastroenteritis in humans, which constitutes a threat to public health. Production of a potent Stx toxin by S. dysenteriae type 1 results not only in more severe symptoms but also in serious sequela, including the hemolytic uremic syndrome. Here, we present evidence that two aliphatic and aromatic ITCs derivatives, SFN and PEITC, have an effective antibacterial potency against S. dysenteriae, also negatively regulating the stx gene expression. The molecular mechanism of this effect involves induction of the global stress-induced stringent response. ITCs also inhibit bacterial virulence against the Vero and HeLa cells. We present evidence for the therapeutic effect of sulforaphane and phenethyl ITC against a S. dysenteriae infection in the Galleria mellonella larvae model. Thus, our results indicate that isothiocyanates can be effectively used to combat dangerous bacterial infections.
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Antibacterianos/farmacología , Isotiocianatos/farmacología , Mariposas Nocturnas/microbiología , Shigella dysenteriae/efectos de los fármacos , Sulfóxidos/farmacología , Animales , Chlorocebus aethiops , Dieta , Células HeLa , Hemocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Hemocitos/fisiología , Humanos , Larva/microbiología , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Mariposas Nocturnas/efectos de los fármacos , Fagocitosis , Toxina Shiga/biosíntesis , Toxina Shiga/genética , Shigella dysenteriae/crecimiento & desarrollo , Shigella dysenteriae/metabolismo , Shigella dysenteriae/patogenicidad , Células VeroRESUMEN
Vibrio cholerae represents a constant threat to public health, causing widespread infections, especially in developing countries with a significant number of fatalities and serious complications every year. The standard treatment by oral rehydration does not eliminate the source of infection, while increasing antibiotic resistance among pathogenic V. cholerae strains makes the therapy difficult. Thus, we assessed the antibacterial potential of plant-derived phytoncides, isothiocyanates (ITC), against V. cholerae O365 strain. Sulforaphane (SFN) and 2-phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) ability to inhibit bacterial growth was assessed. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values indicate that these compounds possess antibacterial activity and are also effective against cells growing in a biofilm. Tested ITC caused accumulation of stringent response alarmone, ppGpp, which indicates induction of the global stress response. It was accompanied by bacterial cytoplasm shrinkage, the inhibition of the DNA, and RNA synthesis as well as downregulation of the expression of virulence factors. Most importantly, ITC reduced the toxicity of V. cholerae in the in vitro assays (against Vero and HeLa cells) and in vivo, using Galleria mellonella larvae as an infection model. In conclusion, our data indicate that ITCs might be considered promising antibacterial agents in V. cholerae infections.
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Antibacterianos/farmacología , Cólera/dietoterapia , Isotiocianatos/farmacología , Mariposas Nocturnas/microbiología , Sulfóxidos/farmacología , Vibrio cholerae/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Biopelículas/efectos de los fármacos , Línea Celular , Chlorocebus aethiops , ADN/biosíntesis , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Guanosina Tetrafosfato/biosíntesis , Células HeLa , Humanos , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Inhibidores de la Síntesis del Ácido Nucleico/farmacología , ARN/biosíntesis , Células Vero , Vibrio cholerae/patogenicidad , Virulencia/efectos de los fármacos , Factores de Virulencia/biosíntesisRESUMEN
Pro-inflammatory adipokines have a multifunctional role in adipogenesis, angiogenesis, glucose homeostasis, and inflammation. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effect of running a 100 km ultra-marathon on serum levels of two adipokines: resistin and chemerin. Fifteen male participants complete a medical questionnaire and their body composition is assessed. Serum resistin, chemerin, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), glucose, and lactate levels are measured at baseline and post-race. During-race data on fluid and food consumption and energy expenditure are calculated. There is a higher (p < 0.001) post-race concentration of resistin and hs-CRP compared with resting values, with no change in chemerin levels. There is an inverse correlation of the change in resistin levels with post-run glucose values (r = 0.742, p < 0.001) and a positive correlation between changes in hs-CRP and energy expenditure (r = 0.782, p < 0.001). The present results show the impact of running an ultra-marathon on serum levels of pro-inflammatory markers released by adipose tissue. It is difficult to establish whether these results may be due to the stress of exercise, high energy expenditure or caloric deficit. However, we suggest that an addition of resistin to traditional pro-inflammatory markers (including CRP) may improve the assessment of inflammation in conditions of high-energy expenditure.
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Adipoquinas , Inflamación , Resistina , Carrera , Adipoquinas/sangre , Adulto , Biomarcadores/sangre , Proteína C-Reactiva , Quimiocinas , Ejercicio Físico , Humanos , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intercelular , Masculino , Carrera/fisiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Intensive and prolonged exercise leads to a rise of troponin concentration in blood. The mechanism responsible for troponin release during exercise remains ill-defined. The study aim was to search for risk factors of troponin increase after a prolonged endurance competition. METHODS: The study included a group of 18 amateurs, healthy volunteers (median age 41.5 years, interquartile range - IQR 36-53 years, 83% male) who participated in a 100 km running ultra-marathon. Information on demographic characteristics, pre- and post-race heart rate, blood pressure, body composition and glucose, lactate (L), troponin T (hs-TnT) and C reactive protein (hs-CRP) concentration were obtained. Additionally, data on L and glucose levels every 9.2 km and fluid/food intakes during the race were collected. RESULTS: There was a significant hs-TnT increase after the race exceeding upper reference values in 66% of runners (from 5 IQR 3-7 ng/L to 14 IQR 12-26 ng/L, p < 0.0001). None of the baseline parameters predicted a post-race hs-TnT increase. The only factors, correlating with changes of hs-TnT were mean L concentration during the race (rho = 0.52, p = 0.03) and change of hs-CRP concentration (rho = 0.59, p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Participation in a 100 km ultra-marathon leads to a modest, but significant hs-TnT increase in the majority of runners. Among analysed parameters only mean lactate concentration during the race and change in hs-CRP correlated with troponin change.
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Bacterial resistance to known antibiotics comprises a serious threat to public health. Propagation of multidrug-resistant pathogenic strains is a reason for undertaking a search for new therapeutic strategies, based on newly developed chemical compounds and the agents present in nature. Moreover, antibiotic treatment of infections caused by enterotoxin toxin-bearing strain-enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is considered hazardous and controversial due to the possibility of induction of bacteriophage-encoded toxin production by the antibiotic-mediated stress. The important source of potentially beneficial compounds are secondary plant metabolites, isothiocyanates (ITC), and phytoncides from the Brassicaceae family. We reported previously that sulforaphane and phenethyl isothiocyanate, already known for their chemopreventive and anticancer features, exhibit significant antibacterial effects against various pathogenic bacteria. The mechanism of their action is based on the induction of the stringent response and accumulation of its alarmones, the guanosine penta- and tetraphosphate. In this process, the amino acid starvation path is employed via the RelA protein, however, the precise mechanism of amino acid limitation in the presence of ITCs is yet unknown. In this work, we asked whether ITCs could act synergistically with each other to increase the antibacterial effect. A set of aliphatic ITCs, such as iberin, iberverin, alyssin, erucin, sulforaphen, erysolin, and cheirolin was tested in combination with sulforaphane against E. coli. Our experiments show that all tested ITCs exhibit strong antimicrobial effect individually, and this effect involves the stringent response caused by induction of the amino acid starvation. Interestingly, excess of specific amino acids reversed the antimicrobial effects of ITCs, where the common amino acid for all tested compounds was glycine. The synergistic action observed for iberin, iberverin, and alyssin also led to accumulation of (p)ppGpp, and the minimal inhibitory concentration necessary for the antibacterial effect was four- to eightfold lower than for individual ITCs. Moreover, the unique mode of ITC action is responsible for inhibition of prophage induction and toxin production, in addition to growth inhibition of EHEC strains. Thus, the antimicrobial effect of plant secondary metabolites by the stringent response induction could be employed in potential therapeutic strategies.
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Isothiocyanates (ITCs) derived from cruciferous plants reveal antibacterial activity, although detailed mechanism is not fully elucidated. Recently it has been reported that ITCs induce the stringent response in Escherichia coli strains. The aim of this work was to determine whether two isothiocyanates, sulforaphane (SFN) and phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), similarly as in E. coli induce stringent response in Bacillus subtilis, model Gram(+) bacterium, and test their potency against a panel of clinical isolates belonging to Gram(+) or Gram(-) groups. Minimal inhibitory concentrations were determined as well as effect of ITCs on membranes integrity, synthesis of DNA, RNA and stringent response alarmones was assessed. SFN and PEITC are effective against B. subtilis and bacterial isolates, namely E. coli, K. pneumonia, S. aureus, S. epidermidis and E. faecalis. Interestingly, in B. subtilis and E. faecalis the inhibition of growth and nucleic acids synthesis is independent of ppGpp accumulation. In bacteria, which do not induce the stringent response in the presence of ITCs, membrane integrity disruption is observed. Thus, ITCs are effective against different pathogenic bacteria and act by at least two mechanisms depending on bacteria species.
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Bacillus subtilis/efectos de los fármacos , Escherichia coli/efectos de los fármacos , Isotiocianatos/farmacología , Fitoquímicos/farmacología , Klebsiella pneumoniae/efectos de los fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus/efectos de los fármacos , SulfóxidosRESUMEN
PURPOSE: There is a direct reverse dose-effect relationship between the amount of physical activity and cardiovascular risk. It is unknown whether this is true for extreme, persistent endurance training. The aim of the study was to assess structural changes of the heart in long-time ultra-marathon runners with special focus on myocardial fibrosis using parametric mapping. METHOD: We studied a group of 30 healthy, male ultra-marathon runners (mean age 40.9⯱â¯6.6 yrs, median 9 yrs of running with frequent competitions) and 10 matched controls not engaged in any regular activities. All of them underwent cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) with 3â¯T scanner including T1-mapping, late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) and extracellular volume (ECV) quantification. RESULTS: Athletes demonstrated significantly larger heart chambers and left ventricular (LV) mass. LV systolic function was unchanged. 73.3% of athletes fulfilled volumetric criteria for dilated cardiomyopathy or arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Non-ischemic, small volume LGE was found in 8 athletes and in 1 control (27% vs. 10%, pâ¯=â¯0.40). It was localised at insertion points (5 athletes, 1 control) or in the septum or infero-lateral wall (3 athletes). Athletes with insertion point LGE had higher right ventricular end-diastolic volume index in comparison to athletes without LGE (pâ¯=â¯0.04), which suggests its relation to volume overload. There were no differences between athletes and non-athletes in terms of ECV values (26.1% vs. 25%, pâ¯=â¯0.29). CONCLUSIONS: Ultra-marathon runner's hearts demonstrate a high degree of structural remodelling, but there is no significant increase in focal or diffuse myocardial fibrosis.
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Atletas , Corazón/fisiología , Carrera/fisiología , Función Ventricular Izquierda/fisiología , Adulto , Gasto Cardíaco , Volumen Cardíaco , Encuestas Epidemiológicas , Corazón/anatomía & histología , Corazón/diagnóstico por imagen , Humanos , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Tamaño de los ÓrganosRESUMEN
Both regular physical activity and hypertension may be related to increased myocardial thickness, but the interplay between these two factors in causing cardiac remodeling in athletes is still a matter of debate. The aim of this study was to analyze the relation between resting and peak exercise blood pressure (BP) and myocardial hypertrophy in healthy middle-aged amateur endurance athletes. The study included 30 male, long-term athletes (mean age 40.9±6.6 years) who underwent resting BP assessment, cardiopulmonary exercise testing with peak exercise BP measurement, and cardiac magnetic resonance. We found that interventricular septal diameter is increased in athletes with high-normal resting BP (n=11, 37%) - median 13 mm (interquartile range: 12-13.75 mm), but not in those with optimal or normal BP (n=19) - median 10 mm (10-11.75 mm), P=0.001. This finding is accompanied by significantly higher left and right ventricular mass index and larger left atrial area in the first group. These differences are even more pronounced in athletes in whom high-normal BP is accompanied by exaggerated blood pressure response (EBPR) to exercise, whereas isolated EBPR to exercise does not lead to hypertrophy or further left atrial enlargement. Prehypertension, isolated or combined with EBPR to exercise, affects cardiac remodeling in athletes. Identification of increased myocardial thickness in pure endurance middle-aged athletes should merit further investigation on masked hypertension.
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Atletas , Hipertrofia Ventricular Izquierda/etiología , Hipertrofia Ventricular Izquierda/fisiopatología , Resistencia Física , Remodelación Ventricular , Adulto , Presión Sanguínea/fisiología , Determinación de la Presión Sanguínea , Ejercicio Físico/fisiología , Prueba de Esfuerzo , Atrios Cardíacos/patología , Atrios Cardíacos/fisiopatología , Ventrículos Cardíacos/fisiopatología , Humanos , Hipertensión/fisiopatología , Hipertrofia Ventricular Izquierda/patología , Masculino , Hipertensión Enmascarada/complicaciones , Hipertensión Enmascarada/fisiopatología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Descanso , Función Ventricular IzquierdaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: An appropriate level of somatic and fitness traits is believed to contribute to success in an international badminton competitions however, these have not been sufficiently explored in elite Polish badminton players. Therefore, the aim of the study was to assess somatic build and physical fitness of elite and sub-elite Polish badminton players and to identify key traits that determine achieving sporting success in badminton. METHODS: The study participants comprised 20 men from the Polish Badminton National Teams A (elite; N.=9) and B (sub-elite; N.=11). In all participants body height, arm span, body mass, body fat, fat free mass and Body Mass Index (BMI) were assessed. Fitness tests included two badminton-specific on-court movement tests and cycloergometer test to assess maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). RESULTS: Studied players did not differ in body height and arm span however, elite players were heavier by about 10 kg and had significantly higher values of BMI and body fat. Irrespectively of sport level, elite and subelite badminton players achieved comparable results in both on-court tests as well as with respect to VO2max (55.9 and 57.2 mL/min/kg, respectively). Cluster analysis allowed to indirectly describe the profile of somatic traits and physical fitness that facilitates achieving success in badminton. CONCLUSIONS: Relatively small body size of badminton players can be considered advantageous in sport competitions. It also seems that aerobic capacity contributes to achieving sport success in badminton to a much lower degree than the badminton-specific on-court skills.
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Aptitud Física , Deportes de Raqueta/fisiología , Somatotipos , Tejido Adiposo , Adulto , Atletas , Estatura , Índice de Masa Corporal , Prueba de Esfuerzo , Tolerancia al Ejercicio , Humanos , Masculino , Movimiento , Consumo de Oxígeno , Polonia , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Production of Shiga toxins by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) which is responsible for the pathogenicity of these strains, is strictly correlated with induction of lambdoid bacteriophages present in the host's genome, replication of phage DNA and expression of stx genes. Antibiotic treatment of EHEC infection may lead to induction of prophage into a lytic development, thus increasing the risk of severe complications. This, together with the spread of multi-drug resistance, increases the need for novel antimicrobial agents. We report here that isothiocyanates (ITC), plant secondary metabolites, such as sulforaphane (SFN), allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), benzyl isothiocynanate (BITC), phenyl isothiocyanate (PITC) and isopropyl isothiocyanate (IPRITC), inhibit bacterial growth and lytic development of stx-harboring prophages. The mechanism underlying the antimicrobial effect of ITCs involves the induction of global bacterial stress regulatory system, the stringent response. Its alarmone, guanosine penta/tetraphosphate ((p)ppGpp) affects major cellular processes, including nucleic acids synthesis, which leads to the efficient inhibition of both, prophage induction and toxin synthesis, abolishing in this way EHEC virulence for human and simian cells. Thus, ITCs could be considered as potential therapeutic agents in EHEC infections.
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Antibacterianos/farmacología , Escherichia coli Enterohemorrágica/efectos de los fármacos , Isotiocianatos/farmacología , Animales , Antibacterianos/química , Chlorocebus aethiops , Replicación del ADN/efectos de los fármacos , Escherichia coli Enterohemorrágica/fisiología , Escherichia coli Enterohemorrágica/virología , Regulación Bacteriana de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Células HeLa , Humanos , Isotiocianatos/química , Profagos/efectos de los fármacos , Profagos/fisiología , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Toxina Shiga/genética , Toxina Shiga/metabolismo , Células VeroRESUMEN
In Escherichia coli, the major poly(A) polymerase (PAP I) is encoded by the pcnB gene. In this report, a significant impairment of lysogenization by Shiga toxin-converting (Stx) bacteriophages (Φ24B, 933W, P22, P27 and P32) is demonstrated in host cells with a mutant pcnB gene. Moreover, lytic development of these phages after both infection and prophage induction was significantly less efficient in the pcnB mutant than in the WT host. The increase in DNA accumulation of the Stx phages was lower under conditions of defective RNA polyadenylation. Although shortly after prophage induction, the levels of mRNAs of most phage-borne early genes were higher in the pcnB mutant, at subsequent phases of the lytic development, a drastically decreased abundance of certain mRNAs, including those derived from the N, O and Q genes, was observed in PAP I-deficient cells. All of these effects observed in the pcnB cells were significantly more strongly pronounced in the Stx phages than in bacteriophage λ. Abundance of mRNA derived from the pcnB gene was drastically increased shortly (20 min) after prophage induction by mitomycin C and decreased after the next 20 min, while no such changes were observed in non-lysogenic cells treated with this antibiotic. This prophage induction-dependent transient increase in pcnB transcript may explain the polyadenylation-driven regulation of phage gene expression.
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Colifagos/fisiología , Escherichia coli/enzimología , Lisogenia , Polinucleotido Adenililtransferasa/deficiencia , Profagos/fisiología , Replicación Viral , Colifagos/genética , Colifagos/crecimiento & desarrollo , ADN Viral/metabolismo , Escherichia coli/genética , Proteínas de Escherichia coli , Poliadenilación , Profagos/genética , Profagos/crecimiento & desarrollo , ARN Viral/metabolismo , Toxina Shiga/genéticaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Since 2001, Poland has been committed to measles elimination programme coordinated by the World Health Organization. This programme is intended to sustain 95% coverage with measles vaccines and ensure laboratory confirmation of suspected measles cases. In 2013, a total of 89 measles cases were reported in Poland. Of them, 14 cases were notified to the District Sanitary-Epidemiological Station (DSES) in Czestochowa. PURPOSE. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the epidemiological situation of measles in Czestochowa with focus on the increase in measles incidence observed in the second quarter of 2013. MATERIAL AND METHODS: To analyze the epidemiological situation of measles, the reports on the cases of infectious diseases and poisonings in Poland in 2000-2013 (MZ-56) from the National Institute of Public Health-National Institute of Hygiene (NIPH-NIH) and Czestochowa DSES were employed. The analysis of immunization coverage of children and adolescents in selected year groups in 2009-2012 was performed using the data retrieved from annual reports issued by Czestochowa DSES (MZ-54). RESULTS: In 2000-2012, three cases of measles were notified to Czestochowa DSES. Of them, two cases and one case were reported in 2003 and 2011, respectively. In 2013, an increase in the number of measles cases and measles incidence was observed. A total of 14 adult cases, aged 22-38 years, were reported and the incidence was 3.78 per 100,000. Of them, 13 cases were males (93% of the total). The infection affected 8 inmates of the Day Care Centre in Czestochowa, 2 individuals who lived near this institution and 4 individuals who were not epidemiologically linked to the outbreak. Of the cases, 12 individuals were hospitalized, i.e. 86% of all cases. Of 14 reported cases, only one individual had a history of measles vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: Measles remains a highly infectious disease which can be easily transmitted in the unvaccinated population.
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Brotes de Enfermedades/prevención & control , Brotes de Enfermedades/estadística & datos numéricos , Sarampión/epidemiología , Sarampión/prevención & control , Sistema de Registros , Adulto , Distribución por Edad , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Vacuna Antisarampión/uso terapéutico , Polonia/epidemiología , Prevalencia , Población Urbana , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
The pathogenicity of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) depends on production of Shiga toxins, which are encoded by stx genes located in the genomes of lambdoid prophages. Efficient expression of these genes requires prophage induction and lytic development of phages. Treatment of EHEC infections is problematic due to not only the resistance of various strains to antibiotics but also the fact that many antibiotics cause prophage induction, thus resulting in high-level expression of stx genes. Here we report that E. coli growth, Shiga toxin-converting phage development, and production of the toxin by EHEC are strongly inhibited by phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC). We demonstrate that PEITC induces the stringent response in E. coli that is mediated by massive production of a global regulator, guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp). The stringent response induction arises most probably from interactions of PEITC with amino acids and from amino acid deprivation-mediated activation of ppGpp synthesis. In mutants unable to synthesize ppGpp, development of Shiga toxin-converting phages and production of Shiga toxin are significantly enhanced. Therefore, ppGpp, which appears at high levels in bacterial cells after stimulation of its production by PEITC, is a negative regulator of EHEC virulence and at the same time efficiently inhibits bacterial growth. This is in contrast to stimulation of virulence of different bacteria by this nucleotide reported previously by others.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Escherichia coli Enterohemorrágica/efectos de los fármacos , Escherichia coli Enterohemorrágica/metabolismo , Isotiocianatos/farmacología , Toxina Shiga/metabolismoRESUMEN
The pathogenicity of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) strains depends on the production of Shiga toxins that are encoded on lambdoid prophages. Effective production of these toxins requires prophage induction and subsequent phage replication. Previous reports indicated that lytic development of Shiga toxin-converting bacteriophages is inhibited in amino acid-starved bacteria. However, those studies demonstrated that inhibition of both phage-derived plasmid replication and production of progeny virions occurred during the stringent as well as the relaxed response to amino acid starvation, i.e., in the presence as well as the absence of high levels of ppGpp, an alarmone of the stringent response. Therefore, we asked whether ppGpp influences DNA replication and lytic development of Shiga toxin-converting bacteriophages. Lytic development of 5 such bacteriophages was tested in an E. coli wild-type strain and an isogenic mutant that does not produce ppGpp (ppGpp(0)). In the absence of ppGpp, production of progeny phages was significantly (in the range of an order of magnitude) more efficient than in wild-type cells. Such effects were observed in infected bacteria as well as after prophage induction. All tested bacteriophages formed considerably larger plaques on lawns formed by ppGpp(0) bacteria than on those formed by wild-type E. coli. The efficiency of synthesis of phage DNA and relative amount of lambdoid plasmid DNA were increased in cells devoid of ppGpp relative to bacteria containing a basal level of this nucleotide. We conclude that ppGpp negatively influences the lytic development of Shiga toxin-converting bacteriophages and that phage DNA replication efficiency is limited by the stringent control alarmone.
Asunto(s)
Colifagos/fisiología , Replicación del ADN , Escherichia coli/virología , Regulación Viral de la Expresión Génica , Guanosina Tetrafosfato/metabolismo , Profagos/fisiología , Replicación Viral , Colifagos/genética , Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Profagos/genética , Toxina Shiga/genética , Ensayo de Placa ViralRESUMEN
Precise regulation of DNA replication is necessary to ensure the inheritance of genetic features by daughter cells after each cell division. Therefore, determining how the regulatory processes operate to control DNA replication is crucial to our understanding and application to biotechnological processes. Contrary to early concepts of DNA replication, it appears that this process is operated by large, stationary nucleoprotein complexes, called replication factories, rather than by single enzymes trafficking along template molecules. Recent discoveries indicated that in bacterial cells two processes, central carbon metabolism (CCM) and transcription, significantly and specifically influence the control of DNA replication of various replicons. The impact of these discoveries on our understanding of the regulation of DNA synthesis is discussed in this review. It appears that CCM may influence DNA replication by either action of specific metabolites or moonlighting activities of some enzymes involved in this metabolic pathway. The role of transcription in the control of DNA replication may arise from either topological changes in nucleic acids which accompany RNA synthesis or direct interactions between replication and transcription machineries. Due to intriguing similarities between some prokaryotic and eukaryotic regulatory systems, possible implications of studies on regulation of microbial DNA replication on understanding such a process occurring in human cells are discussed.