An Unwanted Association: The Threat to Papaya Crops by a Novel Potexvirus in Northwest Argentina.

An emerging virus isolated from papaya (Carica papaya) crops in northwestern (NW) Argentina was sequenced and characterized using next-generation sequencing. The resulting genome is 6667-nt long and encodes five open reading frames in an arrangement typical of other potexviruses. This virus appears to be a novel member within the genus Potexvirus. Blast analysis of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and coat protein (CP) genes showed the highest amino acid sequence identity (67% and 71%, respectively) with pitaya virus X. Based on nucleotide sequence similarity and phylogenetic analysis, the name papaya virus X is proposed for this newly characterized potexvirus that was mechanically transmitted to papaya plants causing chlorotic patches and severe mosaic symptoms. Papaya virus X (PapVX) was found only in the NW region of Argentina. This prevalence could be associated with a recent emergence or adaptation of this virus to papaya in NW Argentina.

Nonintensivist Training to Increase the Staff Capacity of Intensive Care Units During COVID-19 Pandemic Surge in Argentina.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to report the results of a nationwide critical-care course for non-intensivists to increase staff capacity of intensive care units (ICUs) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in Argentina. METHODS: Three academic organizations, with special funding from 55 private companies, developed a short virtual course comprised of Web-based videos, virtual tutorials, and a forum chat. Each state assigned scholarships to non-ICU staff from public hospitals. Students received active follow-up for the completion of the course and took a survey upon course completion. RESULTS: After 4 m, there were 10,123 students registered from 661 hospitals in 328 cities. Of these, 67.8% passed the course, 29.1% were still ongoing, and 3.1% were inactive. Most students were female (74.2%) with a median of 37 y old (IQR 31-44). The group was composed of 56.5% nurses, 36.2% physicians, and 7.4% physiotherapists, of whom 48.3% did not have any experience in critical care. Mean overall satisfaction was 4.4/5 (standard deviation, 0.9), and 90.7% considered they were able to apply the contents to their practice. CONCLUSIONS: This course was effective for rapid training of non-ICU personnel. The assignment strategy, the educational techniques, and the close follow-up led to low dropout and high success rates and satisfaction.

Deployment Status and Child Neglect Types in the U.S. Army.

Increases in combat deployments have been associated with rises in rates of child neglect in U.S. military families. Although various types of child neglect have been described in military families, it is unknown whether deployment status is associated with specific types of child neglect and whether other factors, such as substance misuse, play a role. To determine the contribution of service member deployment status to the risk of specific child neglect types, data were collected from 390 substantiated U.S. Army child neglect case files. The contributions of deployment status at the time of the neglect incident and parental alcohol or drug-related misuse to risk of neglect types were examined controlling for military family rank and child age. Compared to never deployed families, families with a service member concurrently deployed at the time of the neglect incident were at higher risk for failure to provide physical needs, lack of supervision, and educational neglect, but at lower risk for emotional neglect. Being previously deployed incurred risk for moral-legal neglect. Substance misuse added risk for moral-legal and educational neglect. Findings indicate the need for tailored prevention strategies to target different periods within the deployment cycle.

Examination of factor structure of the inventory of complicated grief (ICG) in a sample of bereaved military family members with persistent and elevated grief.

Knowledge about the effect of a US service member's death on surviving family members is limited. In order to identify their grief-related health care needs, a first step is to identify the characteristics of persistent and elevated grief in a military family sample. The present study identified military family members (n = 232) bereaved more than six months who endorsed an elevated level of grief. A confirmatory factor analysis and test of measurement invariance of factor structure were used to compare the factor structure of their Inventory of Complicated Grief (ICG) responses to that of a bereaved non-military-related clinical research sample with similar grief levels. Results confirmed an equivalent five-factor structure of the ICG in both the military family sample and the clinical research sample. The similarity in factor structure was present despite differences in demographic characteristics and bereavement experiences between samples. Thus, the ICG reliably measures persistent and elevated grief in military family samples and provides grief symptom profiles that facilitates better understanding of their grief-related needs.

Performance of DSM-5 Persistent Complex Bereavement Disorder Criteria in a Community Sample of Bereaved Military Family Members.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article was to examine the accuracy of DSM-5 proposed criteria for persistent complex bereavement disorder in identifying putative cases of clinically impairing grief and in excluding nonclinical cases. Performance of criteria sets for prolonged grief disorder and complicated grief were similarly assessed. METHOD: Participants were family members of U.S. military service members who died of any cause since September 11, 2001 (N=1,732). Putative clinical and nonclinical samples were derived from this community sample using cutoff scores from the Inventory of Complicated Grief and the Work and Social Adjustment Scale. Items from a self-report grief measure (Complicated Grief Questionnaire) were matched to DSM-5 persistent complex bereavement disorder, prolonged grief disorder, and complicated grief criteria. Endorsed items were used to identify cases. RESULTS: Criteria sets varied in their ability to identify clinical cases. DSM-5 persistent complex bereavement disorder criteria identified 53%, prolonged grief disorder criteria identified 59%, and complicated grief criteria identified more than 90% of putative clinical cases. All criteria sets accurately excluded virtually all nonclinical grief cases and accurately excluded depression in the absence of clinical grief. CONCLUSIONS: The DSM-5 persistent complex bereavement disorder criteria accurately exclude nonclinical, normative grief, but also exclude nearly half of clinical cases, whereas complicated grief criteria exclude nonclinical cases while identifying more than 90% of clinical cases. The authors conclude that significant modification is needed to improve case identification by DSM-5 persistent complex bereavement disorder diagnostic criteria. Complicated grief criteria are superior in accurately identifying clinically impairing grief.

Types, Subtypes, and Severity of Substantiated Child Neglect in U.S. Army Communities.

BACKGROUND: Neglect has been linked to short-term and long-term deleterious outcomes in children, but has received little attention in the research literature. OBJECTIVE: Identify types, subtypes, and severity of child neglect in a sample of substantiated cases at 4 U.S. Army installations. Describe demographic correlates of victims and offenders by type and subtype. PARTICIPANTS: Data were collected from archived clinical records. A stratified random sample of 100 substantiated child neglect case files were selected per site (N = 400). Data from a single child per case file were used. RESULTS: 5 types and 17 subtypes of neglect were represented, singly or in combination, with varying severity. Lack of Supervision was most common (n = 177, 35.3%), followed by Emotional Neglect (n = 159, 31.8%), Failure to Provide Physical Needs (n = 131, 26.2%), Moral-Legal Neglect (n = 20, 4%), and Educational Neglect (n = 13; 2.6%). Child neglect occurred mostly among young children and in young enlisted families. CONCLUSIONS: Current results highlight the need to focus on types, subtypes, and severity of neglect incidents that provide specific understanding of child risk to better inform policy. Further study should examine specific risk factors and their relationship to neglect types and severity outcomes.

MILITARY FAMILIES: MEASUREMENT OF COMMUNITY RESOURCE ADEQUACY.

Understanding features of community strength both on and off the military installation will help identify and address the needs of military families. This study introduced a measure to identify adequacy of community resources for military families. Using confirmatory factor analysis with data from 717 service users (M age = 37.3 yr., SD = 10.6) representing four large U.S. Army installations, two domains of community resource adequacy were identified: resources on the installation and resources off the installation. This measure could be used in health research with military families and in improving resources available to this population.

Encapsulated recyclable porous materials: an effective moisture-triggered fragrance release system.

A moisture-triggered release system was developed using porous metal-organic materials as encapsulating agents. Release of both hydrophilic (ethyl butyrate) and hydrophobic (D-limonene) fragrance compounds was investigated by gas adsorption measurement, thermogravimetric analysis and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. These materials exhibit exceptional fragrance compatibility and controlled release compared to the current leading encapsulation technology.

Psychosocial Interventions for School Refusal Behavior in Children and Adolescents.

This article reviews empirical evidence for the efficacy of psychosocial interventions for school refusal behavior. Data corresponding to eight experimental single-case and seven group-design studies are presented. Across studies, behavioral and cognitive-behavioral treatments emerged as promising lines of intervention. These interventions produced improvements in school attendance and youths'symptom levels (e.g., anxiety, fear, depression, anger) based on this study's examination of effect sizes. The article concludes with suggestions for interventionists, researchers, and policymakers attempting to deal with the problem of school refusal.

Social support, discrimination, and coping as predictors of posttraumatic stress reactions in youth survivors of Hurricane Katrina.

This study examined the influence of aspects of the post-Hurricane Katrina recovery environment (i.e., discrimination, social support) and coping behaviors on children's posttraumatic stress reactions (symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD], anxiety, and depression). Data corresponding to 46 youth (M = 11.43 years; 39% girls; 33% African American, 67% European American) revealed that greater helpfulness from extrafamilial sources of social support predicted lower levels of child-rated symptoms of PTSD, anxiety, and depression. A positive predictive relation was found between helpfulness from professional support sources and PTSD, perhaps suggesting that parents whose children were experiencing higher PTSD symptom levels sought professional support and reported it to be helpful. Youths' avoidant coping behaviors predicted both PTSD and anxiety symptoms. Discrimination, active coping, and familial support did not predict any of the posttraumatic stress reactions assessed in this study.

Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for children and adolescents exposed to traumatic events.

The article reviews the current status (1993-2007) of psychosocial treatments for children and adolescents who have been exposed to traumatic events. Twenty-one treatment studies are evaluated using criteria from Nathan and Gorman (2002) along a continuum of methodological rigor ranging from Type 1 to Type 6. All studies were, at a minimum, robust or fairly rigorous. The treatments in each of these 21 studies also are classified using criteria from Chambless et al. (1996), and Chambless and Hollon (1998). Trauma-Focused Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy met the well-established criteria; School-Based Group Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment met the criteria for probably efficacious. All the other treatments were classified as either possibly efficacious or experimental. Meta-analytic results for four outcomes (i.e., posttraumatic stress, depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and externalizing behavior problems) across all treatments compared to waitlist control and active control conditions combined reveal that, on average, treatments had positive, though modest, effects for all four outcomes. We also cover investigative work on predictors, moderators, and mediators of treatment outcome, as well as the clinical representativeness and generalizability of the studies. The article concludes with a discussion of practice guidelines and future research directions.

Incidencia y variables asociadas con la muerte súbita en una población general. Subanálisis del estudio PRISMA / Incidence and variables associated with sudden death in a general population. Subanalysis of the PRISMA Study

Introducción y objetivos: En nuestro país no existen datos sobre la incidencia y las variables clínicas de riesgo de muerte cardíaca súbita en la población general. El presente trabajo se llevó a cabo con el propósito de conocer la tasa de muerte súbita en una población seleccionada y determinar las variables clínicas asociadas con ella. Material y métodos: Durante 2 meses se realizó un registro prospectivo y consecutivo de todas las personas mayores de 18 años fallecidas por diferentes causas en 20 ciudades del país. Mediante una entrevista al médico de cabecera o a un familiar se determinaron las causas de muerte, los antecedentes cardiovasculares, los factores de riesgo y el lugar del fallecimiento. Se definió muerte súbita a la ocurrida dentro de la hora del inicio de los síntomas. Resultados: Sobre un total de 642.021 personas se registraron 1.274 muertes. La edad media fue de 72,5 ± 17,6 años y el 52,9 por ciento eran hombres. Ochenta y una personas (6,3 por ciento) fallecieron súbitamente, lo cual representa una incidencia en el período estudiado (2 meses) de 0,126/1.000 personas. En el análisis multivariado, las variables independientes que se asociaron con muerte súbita fueron la edad mayor de 70 años (OR 1,7, IC 95 por ciento 1,04-2,77), la dislipidemia (OR 1,8, IC 95por ciento 1,07-3,06), el infarto previo (OR 1,85, IC 95por ciento 1,01-3,55) y recibir medicación cardiovascular (OR 1,98, IC 95 por ciento 1,20-3,26). El 49 por ciento de las muertes súbitas no tenían antecedentes cardiovasculares. La mayoría de las muertes súbitas fueron extrahospitalarias. Conclusiones: En esta población seleccionada, los datos sugieren que la cardiopatía coronaria parece ser un factor de riesgo para muerte súbita cardíaca que podría ser modificable aunque casi la mitad de las personas fallecieron sin antecedentes cardiovasculares.