'People haven't got that close connection': meanings of loneliness and social isolation to culturally diverse older people.

Objectives: Social isolation and loneliness among older people are known to have negative effects on health and wellbeing. Few studies, however, have enabled older people to define these concepts in their own terms. This paper based on research in Aotearoa, New Zealand is the first to comparatively outline the meanings of loneliness and social isolation from the perspective of four ethnically diverse groups of older adults (Maori, Pacific, Asian, and NZ European).Method: We interviewed 44 older people and conducted three focus groups with 32 older people. We used thematic and narrative analyses.Results: Loneliness and social isolation were conceptualized as interconnected concepts described as a 'look and feel', a 'state of mind' and as a 'lack of desired companionship'. Participants conveyed sophisticated understandings of the structural underpinnings of both loneliness and social isolation as multi-dimensional, complex, and situated.Conclusions: Older people describe complex and culturally- nuanced understanding and experience of social isolation and loneliness. More culturally appropriate services, greater mental-health support and more service provision on weekends and evenings are needed.

Lessons from filial piety: A social-life-span approach to building the connection that survives death.

The purpose of this article is to unpack concepts surrounding "the connection that survives death" between living people and the deceased. The study was designed as the qualitative arm of an integrated project on filial piety in contemporary times, and data were collected from 17 interviews with Korean human service professionals from Australia, New Zealand and Korea. The findings from the study indicate that the connectedness with the dead is an important part of the participants' mental and social lives, and this postmortem relationship can be embodied through practising "memorial piety" and "memorial work".

Befriending Services for Culturally Diverse Older People.

Befriending services may address loneliness and social isolation amongst older people. However social diversity is rarely reported in investigations of befriending services. The views of non-users are also rarely explored. In this research, we explored older adults' experiences of, and attitudes towards, a befriending service, among service users and non-service users, drawing on interviews and focus groups with 76 older adults, 10 volunteer visitors, and 20 service providers. Participants agreed that the befriending service helped alleviate social isolation and loneliness and that supportive services to foster connection are needed. Barriers to engagement included lack of knowledge, appropriateness of services and feeling undeserving. The befriending service was most successful when a match went beyond a transactional 'professional-client' relationship to resemble genuine friendship, underpinned by mutual interests and norms of reciprocity and reliability. We also identified five clear ideas about what characterizes an ideal supportive service; supported opportunities for getting out, genuine and reciprocal relationships, reliability, visitor characteristics, and connecting people to their culture. Befriending adds to social networks, and enhances connectedness to the community. Loneliness is alleviated when mutually beneficial and genuinely reciprocal relationships develop. However, group interventions or connections to community groups may be more appropriate for some.

Lonely ageing in a foreign land: Social isolation and loneliness among older Asian migrants in New Zealand.

Ageing does not reduce people's need to connect with family members, friends, and acquaintances, and neither does migration. For those older migrants living in a foreign land, connectedness with others plays a particularly important role in achieving a sense of belonging and sustaining their health and well-being. This paper explores the issues of social isolation and loneliness among older Asian migrants in New Zealand. Data were collected from in-depth semi-structured interviews with Chinese- or Korean-speaking migrants aged between 75 and 84 years (n = 10: all females), and from three focus groups consisting of Chinese- and Korean-speaking migrants (n = 10: 7 females, 3 males) and Chinese professionals (n = 5: 3 females, 2 males) between June 2016 and December 2016. The qualitative data obtained were analysed applying a thematic analysis approach using NVivo software for group analysis by a multidisciplinary research team. The findings from the study show that older Asian migrants experienced high levels of isolation and loneliness at least at some points in their migrant lives. Most participants in this study were living alone or with only their spouse, and this living arrangement was likely to provide fertile ground for isolation and loneliness to grow in the context of later-life migration. It was also observed that their lonely ageing ironically resulted from their efforts to preserve family relationships through avoiding being a burden, while allowing them a sort of space to maintain now barely connected lives. The participants revealed multiple ways of coping with lonely and isolated experiences in their limited social network, and these individual strategies allow us to make suggestions about how best to reduce older migrants' social isolation and loneliness in the New Zealand context and beyond.

The Role of Social Work for Foreign Residents in an Epidemic: The MERS Crisis in the Republic of Korea.

This article explores the experiences of foreign residents during the period of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) outbreak in (South) Korea and discusses from a social work perspective the implications of their experiences and their needs. Data were obtained from interviews with 22 foreigners who either live and work or study in Korea. The data were then interpreted using a thematic analysis approach in a multilingual research context. The findings from the study show that foreign residents experienced a wide range of social and psychoemotional difficulties during the MERS health threat. Implications for social work practice in an epidemic emergency are presented.

Bystander attitudes toward parents? The perceived meaning of filial piety among Koreans in Australia, New Zealand and Korea.

AIM: The objective of this paper was to explore how present-day filial piety is understood among Koreans in geographically different settings. METHODS: Data were collected from qualitative interviews with 61 Korean participants in Australia, New Zealand and Korea and then thematically analysed and evaluated. RESULTS: The findings from this study show that filial piety for Koreans consists of family care and support, along with respect for parents. The norm of filial piety is regarded as an important aspect of intergenerational family relationships in current Korean culture, while its practice is perceived as increasingly eroded within a context of major socio-cultural and economic changes, including migration. CONCLUSION: The results show that the tension between the social and economic aspects of filial piety often creates a 'bystander' attitude toward parents and provides fertile ground for the seeds of family conflict.

Legislating for Filial Piety: An Indirect Approach to Promoting Family Support and Responsibility for Older People in Korea.

Although every culture follows its own indigenous elder care practices, Korea has retained a unique way of supporting elder parents, specifically, and older people in general. When the care of older people in Korea became significantly challenging, it was determined to launch a controversial law to promote the tradition of filial piety. The main content of the law consists of requiring the government to take action to encourage filial piety and to support those adult children who care for their parents. Although this legislation has the potential to promote the practice of filial piety, the nature of the law is largely rhetorical and symbolic rather than practical, and as a result, its workability and efficiency are limited.

Mutation of POLB causes lupus in mice.

A replication study of a previous genome-wide association study (GWAS) suggested that a SNP linked to the POLB gene is associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This SNP is correlated with decreased expression of Pol ß, a key enzyme in the base excision repair (BER) pathway. To determine whether decreased Pol ß activity results in SLE, we constructed a mouse model of POLB that encodes an enzyme with slow DNA polymerase activity. We show that mice expressing this hypomorphic POLB allele develop an autoimmune pathology that strongly resembles SLE. Of note, the mutant mice have shorter immunoglobulin heavy-chain junctions and somatic hypermutation is dramatically increased. These results demonstrate that decreased Pol ß activity during the generation of immune diversity leads to lupus-like disease in mice, and suggest that decreased expression of Pol ß in humans is an underlying cause of SLE.

Living with 'Hwa-byung': the psycho-social impact of elder mistreatment on the health and well-being of older people.

OBJECTIVES: Elder abuse and neglect is an increasing concern that adversely affects the health and well-being of older people in most societies. The purpose of this paper is to describe the psycho-social impact of elder mistreatment on the health and well-being of older Korean people living in New Zealand. METHOD: Data were collected from in-depth interviews. The lived experiences of elder abuse and neglect were studied with 10 older people who were, or who had been, mistreated in their family context. To analyse the data collected, a combined analysis approach was employed using traditional code-based techniques and a concept-mapping method. RESULTS: The findings of the study show that the effects of elder mistreatment were complex and multidimensional. The older persons who were mistreated in family settings experienced a range of emotional, psychological distress and physical symptoms. Many of them identified 'Hwa-byung' (literally anger disease) as a health issue associated with suppressed emotions of anger, demoralisation, heat sensation and other somatised symptoms. CONCLUSION: Elder abuse and neglect is a traumatic life event that has considerable psycho-social impacts on older people experiencing the problem. It is important to recognise the power of multidimensional challenges caused by elder mistreatment in health and well-being.

Ageing in an inconvenient paradise: the immigrant experiences of older Korean people in New Zealand.

AIM: The purpose of this paper is to explore the immigrant experiences of older Korean people and their intergenerational family relationships in the New Zealand context. METHODS: Data were collected from qualitative interviews with older people, community leaders and professionals in Christchurch and Auckland. Data analysis was conducted using concept mapping techniques in the cross-cultural context where two languages were simultaneously used. RESULTS: The findings of the study show that older Korean people in New Zealand were likely to face multiple challenges due to the combined effects of immigration and ageing in a new country. Some older people experienced difficulties in managing their immigrant lives and intergenerational relationships in the transnational family context in which their family members were dispersed across two or more nations. CONCLUSION: The immigrant experiences of older migrants might be affected by an 'invisible' source of isolation and exclusion at familial, community, societal and transnational levels.

Incidence, Molecular Characteristics and Pathogenicity of Gibberella fujikuroi Species Complex Associated with Rice Seeds from Asian Countries.

Gibberella fujikuroi species complex (GFSC) was isolated from rice (Oryza sativa L.) seed samples from ten Asian countries and investigated for incidence of GFSC, molecular characteristics, and pathogenicity. Regardless of geographic origin, GFSC was detected with incidences ranging from 3% to 80%. Four species, Fusarium fujikuroi, F. concentricum, F. proliferatum, and F. verticillioides, were found to show an association with rice seeds, with F. fujikuroi being the predominant species. In phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences, no relationship was found between species, isolates, and geographic sources of samples. Unidentified fragments of the ß-tubulin gene were observed in ten isolates of F. fujikuroi and F. verticillioides. With the exception of three isolates of F. fujikuroi, F. fujikuroi, F. proliferatum, and F. verticillioides were found to have FUM1 (the fumonisin biosynthetic gene); however, FUM1 was not found in isolates of F. concentricum. Results of pathogenicity testing showed that all isolates caused reduced germination of rice seed. In addition, F. fujikuroi and F. concentricum caused typical symptoms of bakanae, leaf elongation and chlorosis, whereas F. proliferatum and F. verticillioides only caused stunting of seedlings. These findings provide insight into the characteristics of GFSC associated with rice seeds and might be helpful in development of strategies for management of bakanae.

Over-expression of rice leucine-rich repeat protein results in activation of defense response, thereby enhancing resistance to bacterial soft rot in Chinese cabbage.

Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum causes soft rot disease in various plants, including Chinese cabbage. The simple extracellular leucine-rich repeat (eLRR) domain proteins have been implicated in disease resistance. Rice leucine-rich repeat protein (OsLRP), a rice simple eLRR domain protein, is induced by pathogens, phytohormones, and salt. To see whether OsLRP enhances disease resistance to bacterial soft rot, OsLRP was introduced into Chinese cabbage by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Two independent transgenic lines over-expressing OsLRP were generated and further analyzed. Transgenic lines over-expressing OsLRP showed enhanced disease resistance to bacterial soft rot compared to non-transgenic control. Bacterial growth was retarded in transgenic lines over-expressing OsLRP compared to non-transgenic controls. We propose that OsLRP confers enhanced resistance to bacterial soft rot. Monitoring expression of defense-associated genes in transgenic lines over-expressing OsLRP, two different glucanases and Brassica rapa polygalacturonase inhibiting protein 2, PDF1 were constitutively activated in transgenic lines compared to non-transgenic control. Taken together, heterologous expression of OsLRP results in the activation of defense response and enhanced resistance to bacterial soft rot.

Morning glory disk anomaly: a computerized analysis of contractile movements with implications for pathogenesis.

Excavated optic disk anomalies, such as morning glory disk anomaly, peripapillary staphyloma, and optic disk coloboma, are rare. Contractile movement of a given lesion is even rarer. Only 4 patients with morning glory disk anomalies accompanied by contractile movement have been reported. We offer a computerized analysis of the contraction, observable on a video recording of a patient with this disorder, with an explanation of the possible pathogenesis of the disorder.

Expression and purification of His-tagged flavonol synthase of Camellia sinensis from Escherichia coli.

Flavonols, a class of bioactive polyphenols present in plants, are the products of flavonol desaturation catalyzed by flavonol synthase (FLS). We cloned the cDNA coding for the enzyme FLS from Camellia sinensis (CsFLS) by end-to-end PCR followed by 5'- and 3'-RACE. The putative CsFLS had 333 amino acid residues, displayed identities to the FLSs of Arabidopsis and Ginkgo of 53% and 52.5%, respectively, and contained several conserved elements found in the 2-oxoglutarate-Fe(II)-dioxygenase superfamily. The cDNA of CsFLS was subcloned into pET28a(+) and introduced into Escherichia coli (BL21-CodonPlus-RIL). Induction with 0.1mM IPTG at low temperature (20 degrees C) led to higher amounts of CsFLS in the soluble fraction than induction at 30 degrees C. The enzyme aggregated into inclusion bodies could be rescued by denaturation with 6M urea and purification with a His. Bind purification kit. The purified protein was desalted by Amicon Ultra-15 centrifugal filter unit, and the His-tag was removed with thrombin. The finally purified protein was assayed with dihydroquercetin as substrate and the products were analyzed by HPLC. The addition of FeSO(4) to the buffers used in the CsFLS purification significantly increased the recovery of active enzyme. The CsFLS obtained in this study was found to have higher specific activity and lower K(m) than previously reported FLSs.

Induction of thioredoxin is required for nodule development to reduce reactive oxygen species levels in soybean roots.

Nodules are formed on legume roots as a result of signaling between symbiotic partners and in response to the activities of numerous genes. We cloned fragments of differentially expressed genes in spot-inoculated soybean (Glycine max) roots. Many of the induced clones were similar to known genes related to oxidative stress, such as thioredoxin and beta-carotene hydroxylase. The deduced amino acid sequences of full-length soybean cDNAs for thioredoxin and beta-carotene hydroxylase were similar to those in other species. In situ RNA hybridization revealed that the thioredoxin gene is expressed on the pericycle of 2-d-old nodules and in the infected cells of mature nodules, suggesting that thioredoxin is involved in nodule development. The thioredoxin promoter was found to contain a sequence resembling an antioxidant responsive element. When a thioredoxin mutant of yeast was transformed with the soybean thioredoxin gene it became hydrogen peroxide tolerant. These observations prompted us to measure reactive oxygen species levels. These were decreased by 3- to 5-fold in 7-d-old and 27-d-old nodules, coincident with increases in the expression of thioredoxin and beta-carotene hydroxylase genes. Hydrogen peroxide-producing regions identified with cerium chloride were found in uninoculated roots and 2-d-old nodules, but not in 7-d-old and 27-d-old nodules. RNA interference-mediated repression of the thioredoxin gene severely impaired nodule development. These data indicate that antioxidants such as thioredoxin are essential to lower reactive oxygen species levels during nodule development.