Neuroprotective Properties of Rutin Hydrate against Scopolamine-Induced Deficits in BDNF/TrkB/ERK/CREB/Bcl2 Pathways.

Background/Objectives: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related degenerative brain disorder characterized by a progressive decline in cognitive function and memory. This study aimed to evaluate whether rutin hydrate (RH) has neuroprotective effects in an AD-like learning and memory impairment rat model induced by scopolamine (SCO). Methods: The rats were administered with RH (100 mg/kg) and SCO (1.5 mg/kg) and underwent behavioral tests, including the Morris water maze test, Y-maze test, and passive avoidance test, to evaluate their learning and memory abilities. Additionally, long-term potentiation (LTP) was induced to observe changes in the field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP) activity. Results: RH treatment attenuated the SCO-induced shortening of step-through latency in the passive avoidance (PA) test, increased the percentage of alternation in the Y-maze, and increased the time spent in the target zone in the Morris water maze (MWM). Moreover, RH increased the total activity of fEPSP following theta burst stimulation and attenuated the SCO-induced blockade of fEPSP. RH also ameliorated the SCO-induced decrease in the expression levels of the BDNF, TrkB, ERK, CREB, and Bcl-2 proteins and the increase in the Bax protein level in the rat hippocampus. This demonstrates that RH has beneficial neuroprotective effects in the brain, improving learning, memory, and synaptic plasticity in rats. Conclusions: Our results highlight the molecular and cellular mechanisms through which RH exerts its neuroprotective effects in the prevention and treatment of learning and memory deficit disorders. RH could potentially be used as a therapeutic strategy for the restoration of learning and memory function and the prevention of the progression of AD.

Rapid and Accurate Ecotoxicological Assessment of Heavy Metals Using Cyprinus carpio Cells.

Heavy metals have serious negative effects on various aquatic organisms, and therefore rapid and accurate ecotoxicological assessments of heavy metals are necessary. Fish-derived cells sensitive to heavy metals have been used as valuable tools for ecotoxicological assessments. However, this method requires a minimum toxicity treatment time of 96 h, which limits its use when rapid ecotoxicological assessments are required or ecotoxicological assessments of a large number of toxicants are performed. In this study, these limitations were overcome by adjusting parameters including the concentration of fetal bovine serum (FBS) in the medium and the treatment time of the toxicant. Specifically, we found that the maximum time for fish cells to remain unstarved was 6 h when using a medium containing 1% FBS. We applied both parameters to the ecotoxicological assessment (using a medium containing 1% FBS for the toxicity assessment and treating the toxicant for only 6 h). Surprisingly, these adjusted parameters allowed us to obtain faster and more accurate data than the traditional assessment. This improvement was due to the new assessment conditions that minimized the possibility that the growth-inducing effects of nutrients present in excess in the medium could interfere with the cellular response to the toxicant. The accuracy of this assessment was not limited to measuring the toxicity of heavy metals. In conclusion, we have established an ecotoxicity assessment that can generate rapid and accurate data on heavy metals. This new platform will become the cornerstone of rapid and accurate ecotoxicity assessments of heavy metals.

Identification of Cellular Isoschaftoside-Mediated Anti-Senescence Mechanism in RAC2 and LINC00294.

As cellular senescence, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulate excessively, causing cellular damage. Flavonoids derived from natural products are known for their antioxidant effects and their ability to delay cellular senescence. Previous studies have attempted to mitigate cellular senescence using flavonoids from natural sources. However, the detailed mechanisms and regulatory targets of some flavonoids exhibiting antioxidant effects have not been fully elucidated. Therefore, we screened a library of flavonoids for antioxidant properties. Isoschaftoside, a glycosidic flavonoid, significantly reduced ROS levels in senescent cells. It was found that mitochondrial function was restored, and dependence on glycolysis was reduced in senescent cells treated with isoschaftoside. Additionally, we identified that isoschaftoside suppresses ROS by reducing the expression of RAC2 and LINC00294 in senescent cells. Taken together, this study establishes a novel mechanism for ROS inhibition and the regulation of cellular senescence by isoschaftoside. Our findings contribute important insights to antioxidant and anti-senescence research.

Laparoscopic Pylorus Preserving Gastrectomy vs Distal Gastrectomy for Early Gastric Cancer; A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial (KLASS-04).

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the long-term outcomes of laparoscopic pylorus preserving gastrectomy (LPPG) with laparoscopic distal gastrectomy (LDG) for early gastric cancer (EGC). SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: PPG is considered as a function preserving surgery for EGC. However, there has been no multicenter randomized controlled trial comparing PPG with DG until now. METHODS: A multicenter randomized controlled trial (KLASS-04) with 256 patients with cT1N0M0 gastric cancer located in the mid portion of the stomach was conducted. The primary endpoint was the incidence of dumping syndrome at postoperative 1 year. Secondary endpoints included survival and recurrence, gallstone formation, nutritional parameters, gastroscopic findings, and quality of life (QOL) for 3 years. RESULTS: In the intention-to-treat analyses, there was no difference in the incidence of dumping syndrome at one year postoperatively (13.2% in LPPG vs. 15.8% in LDG, P=0.622). Gallstone formation after surgery was significantly lower in LPPG than in LDG (2.33% vs. 8.66%, P=0.026). Hemoglobin (+0.01 vs. -0.76 gm/dL, P<0.001) and serum protein (-0.15 vs. -0.35 gm/dL, P=0.002) were significantly preserved after LPPG. However, reflux esophagitis (17.8% vs. 6.3%, P=0.005) and grade IV delayed gastric emptying (16.3% vs. 3.9%, P=0.001) were more common in LPPG. Changes in body weight and postoperative QOL were not significantly different between groups. Three-year overall survival and disease-free survival were not different (1 case of recurrence of in each group, P=0.98). CONCLUSIONS: LPPG can be used as an alternative surgical option for cT1N0M0 gastric cancer in the mid portion of the stomach.

Use of extracellular vesicle microRNA profiles in patients with acute myeloid leukemia for the identification of novel biomarkers.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to establish clinically significant microRNA (miRNA) sets using extracellular vesicles (EVs) from bone marrow (BM) aspirates of patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), and to identify the genes that interact with these EV-derived miRNAs in AML. MATERIALS AND METHODS: BM aspirates were collected from 32 patients with AML at the time of AML diagnosis. EVs were isolated using size-exclusion chromatography. A total of 965 EV-derived miRNAs were identified in all the samples. RESULTS: We analyzed the expression levels of these EV-derived miRNAs of the favorable (n = 10) and non-favorable (n = 22) risk groups; we identified 32 differentially expressed EV-derived miRNAs in the non-favorable risk group. The correlation of these miRNAs with risk stratification and patient survival was analyzed using the information of patients with AML from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Of the miRNAs with downregulated expression in the non-favorable risk group, hsa-miR-181b and hsa-miR-143 were correlated with non-favorable risk and short overall survival. Regarding the miRNAs with upregulated expression in the non-favorable risk group, hsa-miR-188 and hsa-miR-501 were correlated with non-favorable risk and could predict poor survival. Through EV-derived miRNAs-mRNA network analysis using TCGA database, we identified 21 mRNAs that could be potential poor prognosis biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, our findings revealed that EV-derived miRNAs can serve as biomarkers for risk stratification and prognosis in AML. In addition, these EV-derived miRNA-based bioinformatic analyses could help efficiently identify mRNAs with biomarker potential, similar to the previous cell-based approach.

Inhalable mRNA Nanoparticle with Enhanced Nebulization Stability and Pulmonary Microenvironment Infiltration.

The delivery of mRNA into the lungs is the key to solving infectious and intractable diseases that frequently occur in the lungs. Since inhalation using a nebulizer is the most promising method for mRNA delivery into the lungs, there have been many attempts toward adapting lipid nanoparticles for mRNA inhalation. However, conventional lipid nanoparticles, which have shown great effectiveness for systemic delivery of mRNA and intramuscular vaccination, are not effective for pulmonary delivery due to their structural instability during nebulization and their inability to adapt to the pulmonary microenvironment. To address these issues, we developed an ionizable liposome-mRNA lipocomplex (iLPX). iLPX has a highly ordered lipid bilayer structure, which increases stability during nebulization, and its poly(ethylene glycol)-free composition allows it to infiltrate the low serum environment and the pulmonary surfactant layer in the lungs. We selected an inhalation-optimized iLPX (IH-iLPX) using a multistep screening procedure that mimics the pulmonary delivery process of inhaled nanoparticles. The IH-iLPX showed a higher transfection efficiency in the lungs compared to conventional lipid nanoparticles after inhalation with no observed toxicity in vivo. Furthermore, analysis of lung distribution revealed even protein expression in the deep lungs, with effective delivery to epithelial cells. This study provides insights into the challenges and solutions related to the development of inhaled mRNA pulmonary therapeutics.

Feasibility of Regional Lymphadenectomy for Stomach-Preserving Surgery in Early Gastric Cancer Omitting Sentinel Node Navigation: A Post Hoc Analysis of the SENORITA Trial.

BACKGROUND: Sentinel node navigation (SNN) has been known as the effective treatment for stomach-preserving surgery in early gastric cancer; however, SNN presents several technical difficulties in real practice. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of regional lymphadenectomy omitting SNN, using the post hoc analysis of a randomized controlled trial. METHODS: Using data from the SENORITA trial that compared laparoscopic standard gastrectomy with lymphadenectomy and laparoscopic SNN, 237 patients who underwent SNN were included in this study. Tumor location was divided into longitudinal and circumferential directions. According to the location of the tumor, the presence or absence of lymph node (LN) metastases between sentinel and non-sentinel basins were analyzed. Proposed regional LN stations were defined as the closest area to the primary tumor. Sensitivities, specificities, positive predictive values, and negative predictive values (NPV) of SNN and regional lymphadenectomy were compared. RESULTS: Metastasis to non-sentinel basins with tumor-free in sentinel basins was observed in one patient (0.4%). The rate of LN metastasis to non-regional LN stations without regional LN metastasis was 2.5% (6/237). The sensitivity and NPV of SNN were found to be significantly higher than those of regional lymphadenectomy (96.8% vs. 80.6% [p = 0.016] and 99.5% vs. 97.2% [p = 0.021], respectively). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that regional lymphadenectomy for stomach-preserving surgery, omitting SNN, was insufficient; therefore, SNN is required in stomach-preserving surgery.

SMARCD3 Overexpression Promotes Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Gastric Cancer.

This study investigates the role of SMARCD3 in gastric cancer by comparing its expression in signet ring cell (SRC) and well-differentiated (WD) groups within gastric cancer cell lines and tissues. We observed elevated SMARCD3 levels in the SRC group compared to the WD group. Functional analysis was conducted through both SMARCD3 knock-in and knock-out methods. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis indicated that higher SMARCD3 expression correlates with poorer overall survival in gastric cancer patients (HR 2.16, p < 0.001). SMARCD3 knock-out cells showed decreased proliferation, migration, invasion, and expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers, contrasting with results from temporary and stable SMARCD3 overexpression experiments, which demonstrated increased cell area and irregularity (p < 0.001). Further analysis revealed that SMARCD3 overexpression in MKN-74 cells significantly enhanced p-AKT-S473 and p-ERK levels (p < 0.05), and in KATO III cells, it increased ß-catenin and PI3Kp85 activities (p < 0.05). Conversely, these activities decreased in SNU 601 cells following SMARCD3 depletion. The study concludes that SMARCD3 overexpression may serve as a negative prognostic marker and a potential therapeutic target in gastric cancer treatment due to its role in promoting EMT.

Ameliorative effect of vanillic acid against scopolamine-induced learning and memory impairment in rat via attenuation of oxidative stress and dysfunctional synaptic plasticity.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by cognitive impairment, loss of learning and memory, and abnormal behaviors. Scopolamine (SCOP) is a non-selective antagonist of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors that exhibits the behavioral and molecular hallmarks of AD. Vanillic acid (VA), a phenolic compound, is obtained from the roots of a traditional plant called Angelica sinensis, and has several pharmacologic effects, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic, anti-metastatic, and antioxidant properties. Nevertheless, VA's neuroprotective potential associated with the memory has not been thoroughly investigated. Therefore, this study investigated whether VA treatment has an ameliorative effect on the learning and memory impairment induced by SCOP in rats. Behavioral experiments were utilized to assess the learning and memory performance associated with the hippocampus. Using western blotting analysis and assay kits, the neuronal damage, oxidative stress, and acetylcholinesterase activity responses of hippocampus were evaluated. Additionally, the measurement of long-term potentiation was used to determine the function of synaptic plasticity in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures. In addition, the synaptic vesicles' density and the length and width of the postsynaptic density were evaluated using electron microscopy. Consequently, the behavioral, biochemical, electrophysiological, and ultrastructural analyses revealed that VA treatment prevents learning and memory impairments caused by SCOP in rats. The study's findings suggest that VA has a neuroprotective effect on SCOP-induced learning and memory impairment linked to the hippocampal cholinergic system, oxidative damage, and synaptic plasticity. Therefore, VA may be a prospective therapeutic agent for treating AD.

Tailoring photobiomodulation to enhance tissue regeneration.

Photobiomodulation (PBM), the use of biocompatible tissue-penetrating light to interact with intracellular chromophores to modulate the fates of cells and tissues, has emerged as a promising non-invasive approach to enhancing tissue regeneration. Unlike photodynamic or photothermal therapies that require the use of photothermal agents or photosensitizers, PBM treatment does not need external agents. With its non-harmful nature, PBM has demonstrated efficacy in enhancing molecular secretions and cellular functions relevant to tissue regeneration. The utilization of low-level light from various sources in PBM targets cytochrome c oxidase, leading to increased synthesis of adenosine triphosphate, induction of growth factor secretion, activation of signaling pathways, and promotion of direct or indirect gene expression. When integrated with stem cell populations, bioactive molecules or nanoparticles, or biomaterial scaffolds, PBM proves effective in significantly improving tissue regeneration. This review consolidates findings from in vitro, in vivo, and human clinical outcomes of both PBM alone and PBM-combined therapies in tissue regeneration applications. It encompasses the background of PBM invention, optimization of PBM parameters (such as wavelength, irradiation, and exposure time), and understanding of the mechanisms for PBM to enhance tissue regeneration. The comprehensive exploration concludes with insights into future directions and perspectives for the tissue regeneration applications of PBM.

Quality of Life and Nutritional Outcomes of Stomach-Preserving Surgery for Early Gastric Cancer: A Secondary Analysis of the SENORITA Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: The Sentinel Node Oriented Tailored Approach (SENORITA) randomized clinical trial evaluated quality of life (QoL) and nutritional outcomes between the laparoscopic sentinel node navigation surgery (LSNNS) and laparoscopic standard gastrectomy (LSG). However, there has been no report on the QoL and nutritional outcomes of patients who underwent stomach-preserving surgery among the LSNNS group. Objective: To compare long-term QoL and nutritional outcomes between patients who underwent stomach-preserving surgery and those who underwent standard gastrectomy and to identify factors associated with poor QoL outcomes in patients who underwent stomach-preserving surgery. Design, Setting, and Participants: This study is a secondary analysis of the SENORITA trial, a randomized clinical trial comparing LSNNS with LSG. Patients from 7 tertiary or general hospitals across the Republic of Korea were enrolled from March 2013 to December 2016, with follow-up through 5 years. Data were analyzed between August and September 2022. Among trial participants, patients who underwent actual laparoscopic standard gastrectomy in the LSG group and those who underwent stomach-preserving surgery in the LSNNS group were included. Patients who did not complete the baseline or any follow-up questionnaire were excluded. Intervention: Stomach-preserving surgery vs standard gastrectomy. Main Outcomes and Measures: Overall European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer QoL Questionnaire Core 30 (EORTC QLQ-C30) and stomach module (STO22) scores, body mass index, hemoglobin, protein, and albumin levels. Results: A total of 194 and 257 patients who underwent stomach-preserving surgery and standard gastrectomy, respectively, were included in this study (mean [SD] age, 55.6 [10.6] years; 249 [55.2%] male). The stomach-preserving group had better QoL scores at 3 months postoperatively in terms of physical function (87.2 vs 83.9), dyspnea (5.9 vs 11.2), appetite loss (13.1 vs 19.4), dysphagia (8.0 vs 12.7), eating restriction (10.9 vs 18.2), anxiety (29.0 vs 35.2), taste change (7.4 vs 13.0), and body image (19.5 vs 27.2). At 1 year postoperatively, the stomach-preserving group had significantly higher body mass index (23.9 vs 22.1, calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) and hemoglobin (14.3 vs 13.3 g/dL), albumin (4.3 vs 4.25 g/dL), and protein (7.3 vs 7.1 g/dL) levels compared to the standard group. Multivariable analyses showed that tumor location (greater curvature, lower third) was favorably associated with global health status (ß, 10.5; 95% CI, 3.2 to 17.8), reflux (ß, -8.4; 95% CI, -14.7 to -2.1), and eating restriction (ß, -5.7; 95% CI, -10.3 to -1.0) at 3 months postoperatively in the stomach-preserving group. Segmental resection was associated with risk of diarrhea (ß, 40.6; 95% CI, 3.1 to 78.1) and eating restriction (ß, 15.1; 95% CI, 1.1 to 29.1) at 3 years postoperatively. Conclusions and Relevance: Stomach-preserving surgery after sentinel node evaluation was associated with better long-term QoL and nutritional outcomes than standard gastrectomy. These findings may help facilitate decision-making regarding treatment for patients with early-stage gastric cancer. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01804998.

Finely tuned ionizable lipid nanoparticles for CRISPR/Cas9 ribonucleoprotein delivery and gene editing.

Nonviral delivery of the CRISPR/Cas9 system provides great benefits for in vivo gene therapy due to the low risk of side effects. However, in vivo gene editing by delivering the Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) is challenging due to the poor delivery into target tissues and cells. Here, we introduce an effective delivery method for the CRISPR/Cas9 RNPs by finely tuning the formulation of ionizable lipid nanoparticles. The LNPs delivering CRISPR/Cas9 RNPs (CrLNPs) are demonstrated to induce gene editing with high efficiencies in various cancer cell lines in vitro. Furthermore, we show that CrLNPs can be delivered into tumor tissues with high efficiency, as well as induce significant gene editing in vivo. The current study presents an effective platform for nonviral delivery of the CRISPR/Cas9 system that can be applied as an in vivo gene editing therapeutic for treating various diseases such as cancer and genetic disorders.

Charge-Based Isolation of Extracellular Vesicles from Human Plasma.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have garnered significant attention due to their potential applications in disease diagnostics and management. However, the process of isolating EVs, primarily from blood samples, is still suboptimal. This is mainly attributed to the abundant nature of soluble proteins and lipoproteins, which are often separated together with EVs in the end products of conventional isolation methods. As such, we devise a single-step charge-based EV isolation method by utilizing positively charged beads to selectively remove negatively charged major impurities from human plasma via electrostatic interaction. By carefully controlling the buffer pH, we successfully collected EVs from undesired plasma components with superior purity and yield compared to conventional EV collection methods. Moreover, the developed process is rapid, taking only about 20 min for overall EV isolation. The charge-based isolation can ultimately benefit the EV-based liquid biopsy field for the early diagnosis of various diseases.

Applications of Cu2+-Loaded Silica Nanoparticles to Photothermal Therapy and Tumor-Specific Fluorescence Imaging.

Copper-based nanomaterials have been employed as therapeutic agents for cancer therapy and diagnosis. Nevertheless, persistent challenges, such as cellular toxicity, non-uniform sizes, and low photothermal efficiency, often constrain their applications. In this study, we present Cu2+-loaded silica nanoparticles fabricated through the chelation of Cu2+ ions by silanol groups. The integration of Cu2+ ions into uniformly sized silica nanoparticles imparts a photothermal therapy effect. Additionally, the amine functionalization of the silica coating facilitates the chemical conjugation of tumor-specific fluorescence probes. These probes are strategically designed to remain in an 'off' state through the Förster resonance energy transfer mechanism until exposed to cysteine enzymes in cancer cells, inducing the recovery of their fluorescence. Consequently, our Cu2+-loaded silica nanoparticles demonstrate an efficient photothermal therapy effect and selectively enable cancer imaging.

An injectable fluorescent and iodinated hydrogel for preoperative localization and dual image-guided surgery of pulmonary nodules.

The widespread use of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) has triggered the rapid expansion in the field of computed tomography (CT)-guided preoperative localization and near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence image-guided surgery. However, its broader application has been hindered by the absence of ideal imaging contrasts that are biocompatible, minimally invasive, highly resolvable, and perfectly localized within the diseased tissue. To achieve this goal, we synthesize a dextran-based fluorescent and iodinated hydrogel, which can be injected into the tissue and imaged with both CT and NIR fluorescence modalities. By finely tuning the physical parameters such as gelation time and composition of iodinated oil (X-ray contrast agent) and indocyanine green (ICG, NIR fluorescence dye), we optimize the hydrogel for prolonged localization at the injected site without losing the dual-imaging capability. We validate the effectiveness of the developed injectable dual-imaging platform by performing image-guided resection of pulmonary nodules on tumor-bearing rabbits, which are preoperatively localized with the hydrogel. The injectable dual-imaging marker, therefore, can emerge as a powerful tool for surgical guidance.

Epiglottic retroversion as a cause of upper airway obstruction: A case report.

RATIONALE: Epiglottic retroversion is the abnormal movement of the epiglottis to the rima glottis, resulting in blockage of inspiratory airflow. Acute upper airway obstruction caused by epiglottic retroversion can lead to sudden respiratory failure. Epiglottic retroversion has occasionally been reported in horses and dogs; however it is extremely rare in humans. Herein, we report a case of epiglottic retroversion causing recurrent upper airway obstruction in human. PATIENT CONCERNS: We present the case of a 74-year-old man who was diagnosed with epiglottic retroversion without evidence of epiglottis. The patient presented with recurrent episodes of abnormal breathing sounds and dyspnea. Inspiratory stridor was evident whenever the patient experienced dyspnea. DIAGNOSIS: Epiglottic retroversion was diagnosed as the cause of upper airway obstruction using fiber-optic bronchoscopy. INTERVENTIONS: The patient underwent tracheostomy to prevent acute respiratory failure because the recurrent episodes of stridor and dyspnea did not improve. OUTCOMES: The episodic dyspnea and oxygen desaturation did not relapse after tracheostomy and he could be discharged home. LESSONS: This case highlights the importance of considering epiglottic retroversion as a cause of acute upper airway obstruction.

Nanoplasmonic Detection of EGFR Mutations Based on Extracellular Vesicle-Derived EGFR-Drug Interaction.

Analysis of membrane proteins from extracellular vesicles (EVs) has emerged as an important strategy for molecular cancer diagnosis. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is one of the most well-known oncogenic membrane proteins, particularly in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), where targeted therapies using tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are often addressed based on EGFR mutation status. Consequently, several studies aimed at analyzing oncogenic membrane proteins have been proposed for cancer diagnosis. However, conventional protein analysis still faces limitations due to the requirement for large sample quantities and extensive post-labeling processes. Here, we develop a nanoplasmonic detection method for EGFR mutations in the diagnosis of NSCLC based on interactions between EGFR loaded in EVs and TKI. Gefitinib is selected as a model TKI due to its strong signals in the surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and mutation-dependent binding affinity to EGFR. We demonstrate an SERS signal attributed to gefitinib at a higher value in the EGFR exon 19 deletion, both in cells and EVs, compared to wild-type and exon 19 deletion/T790M variants. Furthermore, we observe a significantly higher gefitinib SERS signal in EGFR obtained from exon 19 deletion NSCLC patient plasma-derived EVs compared with those from wild-type and exon 19 deletion/T790M EVs. Since our approach utilizes an analysis of the SERS signal generated by the interaction between oncogenic membrane proteins within EVs and targeted drugs, its diagnostic applicability could potentially extend to other liquid biopsy methods based on EVs.

HTATIP2 Overexpression was Associated With a Good Prognosis in Gastric Cancer.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to compare the transcriptomes of poorly cohesive carcinoma (PCC; diffuse-type) and well-differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma (WD; intestinal-type) using gastric cancer (GC) tissues and cell lines and to evaluate the prognostic role of HIV-1 Tat Interactive Protein 2 (HTATIP2). Materials and Methods: We performed next-generation sequencing with 8 GC surgical samples (5 WD and 3 PCC) and 3 GC cell lines (1 WD: MKN74, and 2 PCC: KATOIII and SNU601). Immunohistochemistry was used to validate HTATIP2 expression. We performed functional analysis by HTATIP2 overexpression (OE). Kaplan-Meier survival plots and the PrognoScan database were used for survival analysis. Results: The genes with significantly reduced expression in PCC versus WD (in both tissues and cell lines) were HTATIP2, ESRP1, GRHL2, ARHGEF16, CKAP2L, and ZNF724. According to immunohistochemical staining, the HTATIP2-OE group had significantly higher number of patients with early GC (EGC) (T1) (P = .024), less lymph node (LN) metastasis (P = .008), and low TNMA stage (P = .017) than HTATIP2 underexpression (UE) group. Better survival rates were confirmed in the HTATIP2 OE group by Kaplan-Meir survival and PrognoScan analysis. In vitro, HTATIP2-OE in KATO III cells caused a significant decrease in cancer cell migration and invasion. Decreased Snail and Slug expression in HTATIP2 OE cells suggested that epithelial-mesenchymal transition is involved in this process. Conclusion: HTATIP2 might be a good prognostic marker and a candidate target for GC treatment.

Inhalation Delivery of Interferon-λ-Loaded Pulmonary Surfactant Nanoparticles Induces Rapid Antiviral Immune Responses in the Lung.

The interferon-λ (IFN-λ)-regulated innate immune responses in the airway expand our understanding toward antiviral strategies against influenza A virus (IAV). The application of IFN-λ as mucosal antiviral therapeutic is still challenging, and advanced research will be necessary to achieve more efficient delivery of recombinant IFN-λs to the damaged respiratory mucosa. In this study, we examine the capability of IFN-λ to stimulate the innate immune response, promoting the swift elimination of IAV in the lungs. Additionally, we develop IFN-λ-loaded nanoparticles incorporated into pulmonary surfactant for inhalation therapy aimed at treating lung infections caused by IAV. We found that inhaled delivery of IFNλ-PSNPs significantly restricted IAV replication in the lungs from 3 days after infection (dpi), and IAV-caused lung histopathologic findings were completely improved in response to IFNλ-PSNPs. More significant and rapid attenuation of viral RNA was observed in the lung of mice with inhaled delivery of IFNλ-PSNPs compared to mice with recombinant IFN-λs. Inhalation treatment of IFNλ-PSNPs to IAV-infected mice can result in the increase of monocyte frequency in concert with restoration of T and B cells composition. Furthermore, the transcriptional profiles of monocytes shifted toward heightened IFN responses following IFNλ-PSNP treatment. These results imply that IFN-λ could serve as a robust inducer of innate immunity in the lungs against IAV infection, and inhalation of IFN-λs encapsulated in PSNPs effectively resolves lung infections caused by IAV through rapid viral clearance. PSNPs facilitated improved delivery of IFN-λs to the lungs, triggering potent antiviral immune responses upon IAV infection onset.

Phenolic changes in a combined herbal extract of Lithospermum erythrorhizon, Houttuynia cordata, and Spirodela polyrhiza and alleviation of DNCB-induced atopic dermatitis in BALB/c mice.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an inflammatory skin disease showing skin barrier dysfunction, eczematous lesions, severe itching, and abnormal immune responses. The aim of this study was to determine whether an herb combination of Lithospermum erythrorhizon (LE), Houttuynia cordata (HC), and Spirodela polyrhiza (SP) has a superior anti-AD effect. Forty-two compounds were identified in LE, HC, SP, and a combined herb extract of LE, HC, and SP (LHS) using ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC)-Orbitrap mass spectrometer (MS). The concentration of flavonoid glycosides including orientin (luteolin-8-C-glucoside), quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside, and luteolin-7-O-glucoside in the LHS was increased than in individual extracts. Furthermore, the treatment of LHS most effectively inhibited the increase of epidermal thickness, the number of mast cells, and the release of immunoglobulin E compared with that with each extract. These results suggest that the potential anti-AD effects of the LHS are due to the changes of bioactive compounds by the combination of herbs. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10068-023-01329-7.