The Effects of a Male Audience on Male and Female Mating Behaviour in the Blood-Sucking Bug Rhodnius prolixus.

Social context is a key factor affecting sexual behaviour and cannot be neglected in gregarious species, such as triatomine blood-sucking bugs. Here we study the influence of the social context on the sexual reproductive behaviour of males and females of Rhodnius prolixus Stål. Specifically, we identify and compare the frequencies and sequence of sexual behaviours exhibited by a focal pair in presence or absence of a male audience. We expect that in presence of a male audience females increase their selectiveness level since the risk of losing infertile eggs decreases in presence of more candidates and females can benefit from copulating with a better quality male. Besides, in presence of potential rivals, we expect changes in the sexual behaviour of focal males, associated to a reduction in the risk of sperm competition. As expected, in presence of a male audience, females significantly increased the exhibition of rejection behaviour. Moreover, focal males exhibited shorter latencies to mount the female, longer duration of copula, and differences in their stereotyped behaviour exhibited during copula. We discuss the influence of the social context on the reproductive behaviour of females and males of R. prolixus.

Males choose to keep their heads: Preference for lower risk females in a praying mantid.

Male reproductive success is obviously mate limited, which implies that males should rarely be choosy. One extreme case of a reproductive (or mating) cost is sexual cannibalism. Recent research has proposed that male mantids (Parastagmatoptera tessellata) are choosy and not complicit in cannibalism and that they modify behavior towards females based on the risk imposed by them. Since female cannibalism depends on females' energetic state (i.e. hunger) we investigated whether male mantids are capable of using environmental cues that provide information regarding the energetic state of females to make their mate choices. Under laboratory conditions, males were confronted individually with three options: a female eating a prey, a female without a prey, and a male eating a prey (as a control for the presence of prey). Each subject comprising a choice was harnessed and placed in the corners of a triangular experimental arena at an equidistant distance from the focal male. The prey was a middle size cricket that subjects ate in approximately twenty minutes. The behavior of focal males was recorded for six hours. Females were under the same deprivation regime and, in line with previous studies, consuming one cricket did not significantly increase females' abdomen girth. Male mantids significantly preferred females that were eating a prey. In all cases choices were made after the females consumed the whole prey. This suggests that males did not use the prey as a direct way to avoid being cannibalized by keeping the female busy. The preference for females that had recently fed may have evolved because of the potential reduction in sexual cannibalism.

Different recognition cues reveal the decision rules used for egg rejection by hosts of a variably mimetic avian brood parasite.

Brood parasitism imposes several fitness costs on the host species. To reduce these costs, hosts of avian brood parasites have evolved various defenses, of which egg rejection is the most prevalent. In the face of variable host-parasite mimicry and the costs of egg discrimination itself, many hosts reject only some foreign eggs. Here, we experimentally varied the recognition cues to study the underlying cognitive mechanisms used by the Chalk-browed Mockingbird (Mimus saturninus) to reject the white immaculate eggs laid by the parasitic Shiny Cowbird (Molothrus bonariensis). Immaculate eggs are the only parasite eggs rejected by this host, as it accepts all polymorphic, spotted eggs laid by cowbirds. Using a within-breeding pair experimental design, we tested for the salience of spotting, UV reflectance, and brightness in eliciting rejection. We found that the presence of spotting significantly decreased the probability of rejection while increments in brightness significantly increased rejection frequencies. The cognitive rules underlying mockingbird rejection behavior can be explained by a decision-making model which predicts changes in the levels of rejection in direct relation to the number of relevant attributes shared between host and parasite eggs.

Context-dependent utility overrides absolute memory as a determinant of choice.

A core problem of decision theories is that although decisionmakers' preferences depend on learning, their choices could be driven either by learned representations of the physical properties of each alternative (for instance reward sizes) or of the benefit (utility and fitness) experienced from them. Physical properties are independent of the subject's state and context, but utility depends on both. We show that starlings' choices are better explained by memory for context-dependent utility than by representations of the alternatives' physical properties, even when the decisionmakers' state is controlled and they have accurate knowledge about the options' physical properties. Our results support the potential universality of utility-driven preference control.

State-dependent learned valuation drives choice in an invertebrate.

Humans and other vertebrates occasionally show a preference for items remembered to be costly or experienced when the subject was in a poor condition (this is known as a sunk-costs fallacy or state-dependent valuation). Whether these mechanisms shared across vertebrates are the result of convergence toward an adaptive solution or evolutionary relicts reflecting common ancestral traits is unknown. Here we show that state-dependent valuation also occurs in an invertebrate, the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Given the latter's phylogenetic and neurobiological distance from those groups in which the phenomenon was already known, we suggest that state-dependent valuation mechanisms are probably ecologically rational solutions to widespread problems of choice.

State-dependent decisions cause apparent violations of rationality in animal choice.

Normative models of choice in economics and biology usually expect preferences to be consistent across contexts, or "rational" in economic language. Following a large body of literature reporting economically irrational behaviour in humans, breaches of rationality by animals have also been recently described. If proven systematic, these findings would challenge long-standing biological approaches to behavioural theorising, and suggest that cognitive processes similar to those claimed to cause irrationality in humans can also hinder optimality approaches to modelling animal preferences. Critical differences between human and animal experiments have not, however, been sufficiently acknowledged. While humans can be instructed conceptually about the choice problem, animals need to be trained by repeated exposure to all contingencies. This exposure often leads to differences in state between treatments, hence changing choices while preserving rationality. We report experiments with European starlings demonstrating that apparent breaches of rationality can result from state-dependence. We show that adding an inferior alternative to a choice set (a "decoy") affects choices, an effect previously interpreted as indicating irrationality. However, these effects appear and disappear depending on whether state differences between choice contexts are present or not. These results open the possibility that some expressions of maladaptive behaviour are due to oversights in the migration of ideas between economics and biology, and suggest that key differences between human and nonhuman research must be recognised if ideas are to safely travel between these fields.

El estrés del equipo de salud: presentación de un programa interdisciplinario de salud ocupacional / Health staff stress: interdisciplinary program on occupational health

El objetivo de este trabajo es describir los pasos seguidos para la elaboración de protocolos confiables que provean información fehaciente acerca del nivel general de estrés en una población bien acotada desde una visión trans e interdisciplinaria. Se presenta la información obtenida a partir de un protocolo elaborado por el Equipo de Investigación del Programa de Salud Ocupacional (IBYME-CONICET-UBA) y que fuera administrado a los miembros (médicos y enfermeras) del Equipo de Salud del Departamento de Urgencias del Hospital General de Agudos Juan A. Fernández de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. La técnica utilizada, solitando a los propios actores del problema que enuncien los estímulos estresantes, parece ser adecuada para este tipo de programa. Se observaron diferencias en cuanto al área de origen del suceso más estresante entre médicos y enfermeras. La percepción de modificabilidad de dicho suceso es mayor en médicos que en enfermeras

Relaciones entre asimetrías interhemisféricas de la actividad eléctrica cerebral, frecuencia cardíaca y factores de personalidad / Relations between interhemispheric asymmetry of brain electrical activity, heart rate and personality factors

Las asimetrías de amplitud interhemisféricas de la actividad alfa EEG se presentan normalmente en un elevado número de sujetos normales, tanto en condiciones de reposo mental como ante la presentación de estímulos y la realización de tareas que implican habilidades cognitivas. Numerosos estudios investigaron la relación de estas asimetrías con preferencia manual y con diferencias individuales en capacidades cognitivas. También fueron comprobadas asimetrías asociadas a estados emocionales. El presente trabajo estudia las relaciones entre factores de personalidad y rasgos de personalidad que predisponen a estados de ansiedad y asimetría alfa EEG en sujetos normales. Fueron estudiados 55 voluntarios normales a quienes se efectuaron una evaluación psicológica y registro EEG en sesiones separadas. Se comprobaron correlaciones significativas en la asimetría alfa EEG y factores de personalidad de Eysenck (1977), Tobal y Cano Vindel (1984). Estos hallazgos sugieren que el grado de activación tónica lateralizada en un hemisferio cerebral podría predisponer a estilos de afrontamiento ante estresores.