Effect of Moderate Intensity Continuous Training and Slow Type Interval Training to Gene Expression of TGF-ß in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Model Wistar Rats.

Background: Physical exercise is a process of increasing contraction of skeletal muscles involving several organ systems to increase energy formation and it is one of the pillars for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (TDM2). T2DM affects the expression of the TGF-ß gene. Objective: This study aims to determine the effect of moderate intensity continuous training and slow interval training in expression of TGF-ß gene in wistar rats T2DM model. Methods: A moderate intensity continuous training physical activity given to the diabetic rat group in the form of running on a treadmill with a running speed of 20 m/min for 30 minutes while the slow type interval training physical activity given to the diabetic rat group was in the form of running on a treadmill with a running speed of 20 m/minute for 10 repetition sessions, with a duration of 2 minutes per session with interspersed active breaks for 1 minute. TGF-ß gene expression was measured using real-time methods. Results: The results in the continuous group, TGF-ß significant decreased p < 0.05. In the interval group, TGF- ß insignificant decreased p > 0.05. Moderate intensity continuous training was insignificantly better at decreasing the expression of the TGF-ß genes. Conclusion: This research concluded that there is an effect of moderate intensity continuous training and slow interval training on the expression of TGF-ß genes in wistar rats T2DM.

Comparison of Gambier Extract (Uncaria Gambier Robx) and Angiotensin Receptor Blocker on Proteinuria Reduction and Antioxidants - Enhancement in Nephrotic Rat Models.

Background: Proteinuria is a significant clinical manifestation that causes edema in several diseases, including Nephrotic Syndrome (NS). Untreated proteinuria is strongly linked to the progression of kidney failure. One of the adjuvant therapies could be used to reduce proteinuria such as Angiotensin Receptor Blocker (ARB) including Losartan®. Gambier is a traditional medicinal plant widely known for its antioxidant effects. Catechin, a compound contained in Gambier Extract (GE), has been used to reduce microalbuminuria in diabetics. However, its application in NS has not been widely studied. Objective: This study compared the effects of GE and ARB in reducing proteinuria and increasing antioxidant activity levels, as well as reported histopathological findings in the nephrotic Wistar rat model. Methods: An experimental design study with a control group and a posttest was conducted. The experimental animals were divided into four groups: the control group (K1), the group with puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN) injection (K2), the group with PAN injection + GE (K3), and the group with PAN injection + Losartan® (K4). The standard GE used was Sarie Uncariae® by Toyo Brothers, PT while the ARB (Losartan®) was obtained from Novell, PT. Protein urine, the activity level of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were assessed using the colorimetric method. Renal histopathology was assessed based on Rollerman's criteria. Results: Gambier extract significantly reduced proteinuria, as depicted by a decrease in protein/volume urine (p = 0.009), increased antioxidant activity, as illustrated by an elevation in T-SOD activity levels (p = 0.007), and tended to decrease MDA levels compared to Losartan®. Based on histopathological findings, GE tended to reduce the percentage of kidney damage in rats induced by puromycin. Conclusion: Gambier extract has been shown a higher antioxidant effect by increasing T-SOD activity levels, reducing proteinuria and also exhibiting a tendency to diminish kidney damage.

Impact of the Neuregulin rs35753505 C/T Polymorphisms on Neuregulin 1 Levels in Preterm Infants.

BACKGROUND: Neuregulin (NRG) 1 plays an important role in the development of various organ systems in human. Single nucleotide polymorphisms rs35753505 C/Tof the gene encoding NRG1 evident as allele C and T with genotypes of CT, CC, and TT are believed to have an impact on NRG1 levels. AIM: To determine the impact of the NRGrs35753505 C/T polymorphisms on NRG1 levels in preterm infants. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted from February to December 2018, whereas 48 eligible preterm infants with a gestational age of 32- < 37 weeks were enrolled. An umbilical cord blood specimen was collected for determination of NRG1 levels with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and NRG1 polymorphisms with polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Statistical analysis was performed with 95%CI and P value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Median value of NRG1 levels (174.4 pg/ml) served as a cut off value. NRG 1 polymorphisms composed distribution of CC (31%), CT (42%), TT (27%) genotypes and distribution of C and T alleles were 52% and 48%. The median NRG1 levels in CC and CT genotypes were significantly lower compared to TT genotype (151.1 pg/ml vs 407.2 pg/ml, P = 0.005 and 159.1 pg/ml vs 407.2 pg/ml, P = 0.009). Subjects with C allele had significantly lower median NRG1 levels than T allele (151.1 pg/ml vs 407.2 pg/ml, P = 0.002). Subjects with CC and CT genotypes had higher risk to develop lower NRG1 levels compared to TT genotype (OR = 8.25, P = 0.016 and OR = 10.74, P = 0.005, respectively). CONCLUSION: Allele C is associated with lower NRG1 levels. Preterm infants with CC and CT genotypes pose a higher risk to have lower NRG1 levels.

Risk Factors for Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection and Uropathogen Bacterial Profile in the Intensive Care Unit in Hospitals in Medan, Indonesia.

AIM: To evaluate the risk factors of CAUTI in ICU patients at Haji Adam Malik General Hospital and Universitas Sumatera Utara Hospital, Medan, Indonesia. METHODS: This hospital-based observational research was an observational analytic research with a cross-sectional study. This research was conducted at Haji Adam Malik General Hospital Medan, Universitas Sumatera Utara Hospital, and Department of Microbiology Medical Faculty of Medicine Universitas Sumatera Utara, on July to August 2018 until the number of samples was fulfilled. The samples were adults aged ≥18 years, admitted to an ICU between July until August 2018 with an indwelling urinary catheter during their admission, admitted in ICU with different complaints and presentations and developed clinical evidence of infection that did not originate from patient's original admitting diagnosis, in accordance which corresponded to the inclusion criteria by using consecutive sampling technique were included in the study. Patients who were shifted out of the ICU within 48 h of admission were excluded from the study. These critical patients were referred for monitoring, observation, and management from different departments, e.g., medic, general surgery, neurosurgery, gynaecology/obstetrics, and accident/emergency departments. RESULTS: From this research, it was found that fifty-four patients with catheter were screened for UTI infection. Of those, 24 patients (44.4%) were confirmed to have UTI by urine culture. Pseudomonas aeroginosa (16.7%) and Enterococcus faecalis (12.5%) were the most common pathogens. Patients aged > 50 years old (P < 0.03) and catheter use > 6 days (P < 0.03) were both significantly associated with increased risk of developing UTI. CONCLUSION: There are eleven uropathogens identified in this study: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, MRSA, Salmonella enteric, Acinetobacter baumanii, Acinetobacter lwoffi, Acinetobacter haemoliticus, Burkholderia cepacia, and Staphylococcus sciur.

Mean Blood Pressure Difference among Adolescents Based on Dyssomnia Types.

BACKGROUND: Dyssomnia is the most frequent sleep disturbance and associated with increased blood pressure. There has been no study determining the difference in mean blood pressure based on dyssomnia types among adolescents. OBJECTIVE: To determine the difference in mean blood pressure among adolescents based on dyssomnia types. METHODS: Cross-sectional study was conducted in SMP Negeri 1 Muara Batang Gadis in April 2016. Samples were students having sleep disturbance based on Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children (SDSC) questionnaire. Stature and blood pressure data were collected along with demographic data and sleep disorder questionnaire. Analyses were done with Kruskal-Wallis test and logistic regression. P - value < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Seventy-six samples were obtained with mean age 13.9 (SD 1.14) years - old. Dyssomnia proportion and hypertension were 72/76 and 20/76 respectively. Mean systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was 111.1 (SD 16.46) mmHg and 70.3 (SD 11.98) mmHg respectively. Mean SDSC score was 49.7 (SD 8.96), and the most frequent dyssomnia type was disorders of initiating and maintaining sleep. Age and sex were not the risk factors of hypertension in dyssomnia. There was a significant difference in mean SBP (P = 0.006) and DBP (P = 0.022) based on dyssomnia types. Combination dyssomnia type had the highest mean blood pressure among dyssomnia types. CONCLUSION: There is a significant difference in mean blood pressure among adolescents based on dyssomnia types.