Bionic Capsule Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes for Efficiently Inhibiting Volume Expansion.

Magnetite (Fe3O4) has a large theoretical reversible capacity and rich Earth abundance, making it a promising anode material for LIBs. However, it suffers from drastic volume changes during the lithiation process, which lead to poor cycle stability and low-rate performance. Hence, there is an urgent need for a solution to address the issue of volume expansion. Taking inspiration from how glycophyte cells mitigate excessive water uptake/loss through their cell wall to preserve the structural integrity of cells, we designed Fe3O4@PMMA multi-core capsules by microemulsion polymerization as a kind of anode materials, also proposed a new evaluation method for real-time repair effect of the battery capacity. The Fe3O4@PMMA anode shows a high reversible specific capacity (858.0 mAh g-1 at 0.1 C after 300 cycles) and an excellent cycle stability (450.99 mAh g-1 at 0.5 C after 450 cycles). Furthermore, the LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2/Fe3O4@PMMA pouch cells exhibit a stable capacity (200.6 mAh) and high-capacity retention rate (95.5 %) after 450 cycles at 0.5 C. Compared to the original battery, the capacity repair rate of this battery is as high as 93.4 %. This kind of bionic capsules provide an innovative solution for improving the electrochemical performance of Fe3O4 anodes to promote their industrial applications.

A new framework for exploratory network mediator analysis in omics data.

Omics methods are widely used in basic biology and translational medicine research. More and more omics data are collected to explain the impact of certain risk factors on clinical outcomes. To explain the mechanism of the risk factors, a core question is how to find the genes/proteins/metabolites that mediate their effects on the clinical outcome. Mediation analysis is a modeling framework to study the relationship between risk factors and pathological outcomes, via mediator variables. However, high-dimensional omics data are far more challenging than traditional data: (1) From tens of thousands of genes, can we overcome the curse of dimensionality to reliably select a set of mediators? (2) How do we ensure that the selected mediators are functionally consistent? (3) Many biological mechanisms contain nonlinear effects. How do we include nonlinear effects in the high-dimensional mediation analysis? (4) How do we consider multiple risk factors at the same time? To meet these challenges, we propose a new exploratory mediation analysis framework, medNet, which focuses on finding mediators through predictive modeling. We propose new definitions for predictive exposure, predictive mediator, and predictive network mediator, using a statistical hypothesis testing framework to identify predictive exposures and mediators. Additionally, two heuristic search algorithms are proposed to identify network mediators, essentially subnetworks in the genome-scale biological network that mediate the effects of single or multiple exposures. We applied medNet on a breast cancer data set and a metabolomics data set combined with food intake questionnaire data. It identified functionally consistent network mediators for the exposures' impact on the outcome, facilitating data interpretation.

A single birth dose of Hepatitis B vaccine induces polyfunctional CD4+ T helper cells.

A single birth-dose of Hepatitis B vaccine (HepB) can protect newborns from acquiring Hepatitis B infection through vertical transmission, though several follow-up doses are required to induce long-lived protection. In addition to stimulating antibodies, a birth-dose of HepB might also induce polyfunctional CD4+ T-cells, which may contribute to initial protection. We investigated whether vaccination with HepB in the first week of life induced detectable antigen-specific CD4+ T-cells after only a single dose and following completion of the entire HepB vaccine schedule (3 doses). Using HBsAg- stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 344 infants, we detected increased populations of antigen-specific polyfunctional CD154+IL-2+TNFα+ CD4+ T-cells following a single birth-dose of HepB in a proportion of infants. Frequencies of polyfunctional T-cells increased following the completion of the HepB schedule but increases in the proportion of responders as compared to following only one dose was marginal. Polyfunctional T-cells correlated positively with serum antibody titres following the birth dose (day30) and completion of the 3-dose primary HepB vaccine series (day 128). These data indicate that a single birth dose of HepB provides immune priming for both antigen-specific B- and T cells.

Bioinspired Thermal Runaway Retardant Capsules for Improved Safety and Electrochemical Performance in Lithium-Ion Batteries.

Vigorous development of electric vehicles is one way to achieve global carbon reduction goals. However, fires caused by thermal runaway of the power battery has seriously hindered large-scale development. Adding thermal runaway retardants (TRRs) to electrolytes is an effective way to improve battery safety, but it often reduces electrochemical performance. Therefore, it is difficult to apply in practice. TRR encapsulation is inspired by the core-shell structures such as cells, seeds, eggs, and fruits in nature. In these natural products, the shell isolates the core from the outside, and has to break as needed to expose the core, such as in seed germination, chicken hatching, etc. Similarly, TRR encapsulation avoids direct contact between the TRR and the electrolyte, so it does not affect the electrochemical performance of the battery during normal operation. When lithium-ion battery (LIB) thermal runaway occurs, the capsules release TRRs to slow down and even prevent further thermal runaway. This review aims to summarize the fundamentals of bioinspired TRR capsules and highlight recent key progress in LIBs with TRR capsules to improve LIB safety. It is anticipated that this review will inspire further improvement in battery safety, especially for emerging LIBs with high-electrochemical performance.

Fire boundaries of lithium-ion cell eruption gases caused by thermal runaway.

Lithium-ion batteries are applied in electric vehicles to mitigate climate change. However, their practical applications are impeded by poor safety performance owing mainly to the cell eruption gas (CEG) fire triangle. Here, we report quantitatively the three fire boundaries corresponding to the CEG fire triangle of four types of mainstream cells with the state of charge (SOC) values ranging from 0% to 143% based on 29 thermal runaway tests conducted in an inert atmosphere in open literature. Controlling the SOC and/or selecting a reasonable cell type can alter the minimum CEG and oxygen concentrations required for ignition, thereby changing the probability of a battery fire. The ignition temperature varies greatly according to the type of ignition source type. Temperature and ignition source type play a leading role in the ignition mode. Breaking any fire boundary will stop the ignition of CEG, thus significantly improving the battery safety performance.

Human Blood Plasma Shapes Distinct Neonatal TLR-Mediated Dendritic Cell Activation via Expression of the MicroRNA Let-7g.

The newborn innate immune system is characterized as functionally distinct, resulting in impaired proinflammatory responses to many stimuli and a bias toward Th2 development. Although the magnitude of impairment can be partially overcome, for instance through activation of TLR7/8 in newborn dendritic cells, the newborn innate response remains distinct from that of adults. Using human in vitro modeling of newborn and adult dendritic cells, we investigated the role of extracellular and intracellular regulators in driving age-specific responses to TLR7/8 stimulation. MicroRNA expression profiling and plasma switch experiments identified Let-7g as a novel regulator of newborn innate immunity. Activation-induced expression of Let-7g in monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs) is driven by newborn plasma and reduces expression of costimulatory receptors CD86, MHC class I, and CCR7 and secretion of IFN-α and sCD40L. Conversely, an increase in secretion of the Th2-polarizing cytokine IL-12p40 is observed. Overexpression of Let-7g in adult MoDCs resulted in the same observations. Small interfering RNA-mediated ablation of Let-7g levels in newborn MoDCs resulted in an adult-like phenotype. In conclusion, this study reveals for the first time (to our knowledge) that age-specific differences in human plasma induce the microRNA Let-7g as a key mediator of the newborn innate immune phenotype. These observations shed new light on the mechanisms of immune ontogeny and may inform approaches to discover age-specific immunomodulators, such as adjuvants.

Inhibition of cyclooxygenase by blocking the reducing cosubstrate at the peroxidase site: Discovery of galangin as a novel cyclooxygenase inhibitor.

Earlier we have shown that certain flavonoids (e.g., quercetin) are high-affinity reducing cosubstrates for cyclooxygenase (COX) 1 and 2. These compounds can bind inside the peroxidase active sites of COXs and donate an electron from one of their B-ring hydroxyl groups to hematin. Based on these earlier findings, it is postulated that some of the natural flavonoids such as galangin that are structural analogs of quercetin but lack the proper B-ring hydroxyl groups might function as novel inhibitors of COXs by blocking the effect of the reducing cosubstrates. This idea is tested in the present study. Computational docking analysis together with quantum chemistry calculation shows that galangin can bind inside the peroxidase active sites of COX-1 and COX-2 in a similar manner as quercetin, but it has little ability to effectively donate its electrons, thereby blocking the effect of the reducing cosubstrates like quercetin. Further experimental studies confirm that galangin can inhibit, both in vitro and in vivo, quercetin-mediated activation of the peroxidase activity of the COX-1/2 enzymes. The results of the present study demonstrate that galangin is a novel naturally-occurring inhibitor of COX-1 and COX-2, acting by blocking the function of the reducing cosubstrates at the peroxidase sites.

Predictive Value of Direct Disk Diffusion Testing from Positive Blood Cultures in a Children's Hospital and Its Utility in Antimicrobial Stewardship.

Accurate and early susceptibility results could reduce overuse of broad-spectrum antibiotics for empirical treatment of bacteremia. Direct disk diffusion testing (dDD) using nonstandardized inocula directly from blood cultures could facilitate earlier narrowing of antibiotics. To determine the predictive value of dDD compared with standardized antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST), we performed a retrospective cohort study of 582 blood cultures from 495 pediatric patients with bacteremia. Positive and negative predictive value (PPV: number of isolates susceptible by both dDD and AST divided by the total number of isolates susceptible by dDD; NPV: number of isolates not susceptible [either intermediate or resistant] by both dDD and AST divided by the total number of isolates not susceptible by dDD), sensitivity, specificity, and 95% confidence interval were calculated for each bacterium-antibiotic combination. We evaluated the Antibiotic Spectrum Index of prescribed antibiotics to assess change in antibiotic prescribing after availability of Gram stain, dDD, and AST results. dDD results were available a median of 21 h before AST results. dDD had PPVs of ≥96% for most organism-antibiotic pairs, including 100% (CI 96 to 100%) for Staphylococcus aureus with oxacillin and 99% (CI 93 to 100%) for Enterobacterales with ceftriaxone. NPVs of dDD were variable and frequently lower than the PPV. Very major errors and major errors occurred in 31/5,454 (0.6%) and 231/5,454 (4.2%) organism-antibiotic combinations, respectively. Antibiotics were narrowed in 30% of cases after a dDD result and a further 25% of cases after AST result. dDD is highly predictive of susceptibility for many common organism-antibiotic combinations and provides actionable information one day earlier than standard susceptibility approaches. dDD has the potential to facilitate earlier deescalation to narrow-spectrum antibiotic treatment.

Mechanism for the reactivation of the peroxidase activity of human cyclooxygenases: investigation using phenol as a reducing cosubstrate.

It has been known for many years that the peroxidase activity of cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 (COX-1 and COX-2) can be reactivated in vitro by the presence of phenol, which serves as a reducing compound, but the underlying mechanism is still poorly understood. In the present study, we use phenol as a model compound to investigate the mechanism by which the peroxidase activity of human COXs is reactivated after each catalytic cycle. Molecular docking and quantum mechanics calculations are carried out to probe the interaction of phenol with the peroxidase site of COXs and the reactivation mechanism. It is found that the oxygen atom associated with the Fe ion in the heme group (i.e., the complex of Fe ion and porphyrin) of COXs can be removed by addition of two protons. Following its removal, phenol can readily bind inside the peroxidase active sites of the COX enzymes, and directly interact with Fe in heme to facilitate electron transfer from phenol to heme. This investigation provides theoretical evidence for several intermediates formed in the COX peroxidase reactivation cycle, thereby unveiling mechanistic details that would aid in future rational design of drugs that target the peroxidase site.

A cloud-based bioinformatic analytic infrastructure and Data Management Core for the Expanded Program on Immunization Consortium.

The Expanded Program for Immunization Consortium - Human Immunology Project Consortium study aims to employ systems biology to identify and characterize vaccine-induced biomarkers that predict immunogenicity in newborns. Key to this effort is the establishment of the Data Management Core (DMC) to provide reliable data and bioinformatic infrastructure for centralized curation, storage, and analysis of multiple de-identified "omic" datasets. The DMC established a cloud-based architecture using Amazon Web Services to track, store, and share data according to National Institutes of Health standards. The DMC tracks biological samples during collection, shipping, and processing while capturing sample metadata and associated clinical data. Multi-omic datasets are stored in access-controlled Amazon Simple Storage Service (S3) for data security and file version control. All data undergo quality control processes at the generating site followed by DMC validation for quality assurance. The DMC maintains a controlled computing environment for data analysis and integration. Upon publication, the DMC deposits finalized datasets to public repositories. The DMC architecture provides resources and scientific expertise to accelerate translational discovery. Robust operations allow rapid sharing of results across the project team. Maintenance of data quality standards and public data deposition will further benefit the scientific community.

Effectiveness of Antipsychotic Drugs for 24-Month Maintenance Treatment in First-Episode Schizophrenia: Evidence From a Community-Based "Real-World" Study.

OBJECTIVE: Maintenance treatment of schizophrenia with antipsychotic medications has become a standard for the prevention of psychotic relapse. However, little is known about the effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs for maintenance treatment in "real-world" populations with schizophrenia. We carried out a prospective study to assess the effectiveness of the most frequently prescribed antipsychotic drugs in the maintenance treatment of schizophrenia from 2 community settings. METHODS: This study was conducted from October 2011 to December 2014. All participants were diagnosed with schizophrenia according to DSM-IV, were treated with an antipsychotic monotherapy, and were registered in a case management program with monthly monitoring for 24 months. The primary outcome measure, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), and the Clinical Global Impressions-Severity of Illness (CGI-S) and -Improvement (CGI-I) scales were used to evaluate symptom severity and treatment response. The Personal and Social Performance scale (PSP) was used to evaluate the patients' social functioning. The Medication Adherence Rating Scale (MARS) was used to assess medication adherence behavior. On the basis of antipsychotic used at baseline, patients were clustered into 7 groups: aripiprazole (n = 21), clozapine (n = 84), chlorpromazine (n = 61), olanzapine (n = 34), perphenazine (n = 21), quetiapine (n = 27), and risperidone (n = 99). RESULTS: Of the 347 patients enrolled in the study, 312 completed the 24-month follow-up. There were no significant differences among the treatment groups in the PANSS total and subscale scores or the CGI-S and CGI-I scores over 24 months (all P values > .05). There were also no significant differences in interactions between PSP scores and antipsychotic drugs (P = .17). The remission rates increased as the follow-time lapsed in all groups, but no significant difference was observed in remission rates at each time point among the 7 groups (P values > .05). At the endpoint, MARS total scores were over 6, but did not significantly differ among the studied drugs (P = .24). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that antipsychotic drugs can achieve equivalent effectiveness in maintenance treatment of first-episode schizophrenia through a well-organized case management program and family participation.