Exploring peripheral biomarkers in psychostimulant use: A systematic review on neurotrophins, stress-related hormones, oxidative stress molecules and genetic factors.

BACKGROUND: This systematic review aims to comprehensively explore the impact of psychostimulant substances on neurotrophic and inflammatory pathways, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), pro-BDNF, cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), interleukins, and the role of genetic factors. The study seeks to address existing gaps in the literature by providing a thorough evaluation of neurotrophic and inflammatory system alterations associated with different stages of psychostimulant dependence for a more nuanced understanding of substance use disorder (SUD) neurobiology. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases following the PRISMA guidelines. The research encompasses 50 studies with a participant pool totaling 6792 individuals using psychostimulant substances. RESULTS: Key findings include diverse impacts of cocaine on BDNF levels, mainly consisting of their significant increase during withdrawal. In contrast, NGF showed an opposite behavior, reducing during withdrawal. Cortisol and DHEAS levels exhibited relevant increases after psychostimulant use, while TBARS showed conflicting results. Genetic investigations predominantly focused on the Val66Met polymorphism of the BDNF gene, revealing associations with susceptibility to stimulant addiction. CONCLUSIONS: Neurotrophins and inflammatory molecules play a significant role in the pathophysiological mechanisms following psychostimulant use. A better understanding of their complex interplay could aid clinicians in identifying biomarkers of different disease stages. Moreover, clinical interventions designed to interfere with neurotrophic and inflammatory pathways could possibly lead to craving-modulatory strategies and reduce pathological neuronal and systemic consequences of psychostimulant use.

Linking Striatal Dopaminergic Asymmetry with Personality Traits: Insights from Gambling Disorder.

The role of dopamine in the pathophysiology of gambling disorder (GD) remains incompletely understood, with disparate research findings concerning presynaptic and postsynaptic structures and dopaminergic synthesis. The aim of this study was to investigate potential correlations between striatal dopamine transporter (DAT) lateralization and asymmetry index, as assessed by 123I-FP-CIT SPECT, and temperamental traits, as measured by Cloninger's Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), in GD subjects. Significant associations were found between DAT binding asymmetries in the caudate and putamen and the temperamental dimensions of harm avoidance and novelty seeking. Specifically, high novelty seeking scores correlated with increased DAT binding in the left caudate relative to the right, whereas higher harm avoidance scores corresponded to increased DAT binding in the right putamen relative to the left. These observations potentially imply that the asymmetry in DAT expression in the basal ganglia could be an outcome of hemispheric asymmetry in emotional processing and behavioural guidance. In summary, our study provides evidence supporting the relationship between DAT asymmetries, temperamental dimensions and GD. Future investigations could be directed towards examining postsynaptic receptors to gain a more comprehensive understanding of dopamine's influence within the basal ganglia circuit in disordered gambling. If confirmed in larger cohorts, these findings could have substantial implications for the tailoring of individualized neuromodulation therapies in the treatment of behavioural addictions.

Enhanced peripheral levels of BDNF and proBDNF: elucidating neurotrophin dynamics in cocaine use disorder.

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its precursor, proBDNF, are known to significantly contribute to brain homeostasis, neuroplasticity, and neuronal remodeling. Although these neurotrophins are thought to have opposing roles, both play a critical part in shaping long-lasting behavioral changes following substance use. In this context, our study sought to explore the implications of these neurotrophins in the pathophysiology of cocaine use disorder (CUD). We conducted a case-control study, which included 28 individuals seeking treatment for CUD and 38 matched healthy participants. We measured peripheral neurotrophin concentrations via an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Additionally, all participants were screened for cocaine-associated pathways (e.g., cocaine intake, craving intensity), along with associated psychopathological data. Our findings highlighted an increased concentration of BDNF and proBDNF in CUD individuals when compared to healthy controls (BDNF: 18092.80 ± 6844.62 vs. 11334.42 ± 5061.85 pg/ml, p < 0.001; proBDNF: 87.03 ± 33.23 vs. 55.70 ± 23.26 ng/ml, p < 0.001). We further corroborated the relationship between neurotrophin levels and CUD using a linear regression model. Nevertheless, there was no significant difference in the proBDNF to BDNF ratio between the two groups. Interestingly, our study also demonstrated the influence of factors like usage of psychotropic medications, history of psychiatric hospitalizations, and psychiatric diagnoses on neurotrophin dynamics. In conclusion, our study underscores the significance of neurotrophin fluctuations in CUD. The observed increase in BDNF and proBDNF levels could play a pivotal role in driving craving and relapse risk. Thus, a nuanced understanding of these neurobiological underpinnings in CUD might contribute to the development of more targeted and effective therapeutic strategies.

Staying connected: An umbrella review of meta-analyses on the push-and-pull of social connection in depression.

BACKGROUND: Depression affects approximately 4 % of the global population and has huge social and economic implications. Social factors, including support, engagement, and stigma, play a crucial role in the development and severity of depression. METHODS: We provide a synthesis of the consistency and magnitude of the association between measures of social connection and depression. We searched PubMed, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE and 47 meta-analyses were included in the umbrella review. The strength of the associations was extracted and compared among different populations. The quality/certainty of evidence was assessed using AMSTAR-2 and GRADE tool. RESULTS: Results indicate that social support serves as a protective factor against depression, particularly in peripartum populations, while its impact is weaker in clinical populations. No association was found between social support and depression in post-disaster populations. Stigma and discrimination favour the development and maintenance of depressive symptoms in clinical populations, but have a weaker effect in ethnic minorities. LIMITATIONS: The quality and certainty of evidence should be taken into account when interpreting our findings. Further research with more rigorous methodology and higher-quality evidence is needed to better understand the complex relationship between depression and social connection across various populations and contexts. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings confirm the role of social determinants in the emergence and severity of depression, particularly in the case of vulnerable populations. Efforts to counteract disconnection at the societal and individual levels and to reduce stigma should be central to an effective depression prevention agenda.

Investigating the Role of Maintenance TMS Protocols for Major Depression: Systematic Review and Future Perspectives for Personalized Interventions.

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) has been approved by the FDA as an effective intervention for Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD). However, there is little evidence about maintenance protocol necessity. The aim of this systematic review is to identify, characterize, and evaluate the current maintenance TMS protocols for MDD and TRD patients who have received acute treatment. A literature search was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines of 2015 on PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases for publications up to March 2022. Fourteen articles were included. High protocol heterogeneity was observed. Most studies highlighted significant efficacy of maintenance protocols in decreasing relapse risk, suggesting that administering two or fewer stimulations per month is ineffective in sustaining an antidepressant effect or in reducing the risk of relapse in responder patients. The risk of relapse was most pronounced after five months from the acute treatment. Maintenance TMS appears to be a resourceful strategy to maintain acute antidepressant treatment effects, significantly reducing relapse risk. The ease of administering and the ability to monitor treatment adherence should be considered when evaluating the future use of maintenance TMS protocols. Further studies are needed to clarify the clinical relevance of overlapping acute TMS effects with maintenance protocols and to evaluate their long-term effectiveness.

Disentangling binge eating disorder and food addiction: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The concept of "Food Addiction" has been based on criteria of Substance Use Disorder. Several studies suggested a relationship between food addiction and eating disorders, but little is known about its extent or role. We aim at exploring if food addiction is coincident with a specific eating disorder (binge eating disorder appears the closest) or it is a separate diagnostic entity that afflicts in comorbidity with eating disorders or other conditions like obesity or even in the general population. METHODS: This systematic review and meta-analysis analyzed observational studies with a comparative estimation on rates of subjects affected by binge eating disorder and food addiction. RESULTS: Binge eating disorder shows higher comorbidity with food addiction compared to other eating disorders (OR = 1.33, 95% CI, 0.64-2.76; c2 = 4.42; p = 0.44;I2 = 0%), or each eating disorder [anorexia nervosa purging type (OR = 1.93, 95% CI, 0.20-18.92; p = 0.57) and restrictive type (OR = 8.75, 95% CI, 1.08-70.70; p = 0.04)], obese patients (OR = 5.72, 95% CI, 3.25-10.09; p = < 0.0001) and individuals from the general population (OR = 55.41, 95% CI, 8.16-376.10; c2 = 18.50; p < 0.0001; I2 = 0%)but has decreased prevalence when compared to bulimia nervosa (OR = 0.85, 95% CI, 0.33-2.22; c2 = 0.35; p = 0.74; I2 = 0%). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Our data show that the prevalence of food addiction in binge eating disorder is higher than in other eating disorders except in bulimia nervosa. Moreover, it is a separate diagnostic reality and can be detected in people without mental illness and in the general population. Food addiction might have a prognostic value, since in comorbidity, and should be addressed to boost treatment efficacy and patient's recovery. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: I: Evidence obtained systematic reviews and meta-analyses.

Therapeutic termination of pregnancy and women's mental health: Determinants and consequences.

The therapeutic termination of pregnancy (TToP) is an induced abortion following a diagnosis of medical necessity. TToP is applied to avoid the risk of substantial harm to the mother or in cases of fetal unviability. This type of induced abortion is provided after the second semester of gestation if fetal illness or the pregnancy cause physical danger or pathological mental distress to the mother. Socio-cultural and economic determinants could influence the desire for children and family planning in couples, as well as the use of effective contraception and the choice to perform an induced abortion. Also, pre-existing mental health problems could affect the decision between carrying on a problematic pregnancy or having TToP. Furthermore, the TToP is a reproductive event with an important traumatic burden, but also with an intrinsic therapeutic effect and it can produce different psychological and psychopathological effects on women and couples. The aim of this review is to evaluate what demographic, reproductive and psychopathological determinants are involved in the choice of undergoing a TToP in women. Also, we will examine both positive and negative consequences of this procedure on women's mental health, underlying which factors are related to a worse outcome in order to provide the best clinical support to vulnerable groups.

[Delirium in the "young" covid-19 patient (<65 years): preliminary clinical indications]. / Il delirium nel paziente covid-19 "giovane" (<65 anni): indicazioni cliniche preliminari.

Delirium is a phenomenon classified within neuro-cognitive disorders in the DSM-5. It has several etiologies and it is often lethal. This contribute aims at analyzing clinical characteristics and diagnostic possibilities of delirium in patients affected by covid-19. Furthermore, some preliminary recommendations on the use of psychopharmacological treatment of delirium and their interactions with main drugs used to treat covid-19 are given, with a special attention to comorbidities like in immunocompromised patients, in those affected by diabetes and cancer, in pregnant women or in addicted clients.

Child abuse and psychopathy: Interplay, gender differences and biological correlates.

Child abuse is an important source of mental and physical adverse consequences for victims, their family, and their community. The impact of violence during childhood on the development of the victim is a very sensitive theme. Other than internalizing symptoms, it is interesting to analyze the possibility that a victim may assume the role of persecutor. With this aim, we evaluate Literature and examine the interplay among different types of child abuse (emotional neglect, emotional abuse, physical neglect, physical abuse and sexual abuse) and the development of psychopathy. We consider the role of post-traumatic stress disorder and that of personal environment as potential mediators between abuse and psychopathy. Furthermore, an in-depth analysis on possible differences due to the victim's gender is performed. Finally, analysis focused on genetic variants, such as the polymorphism of 5HTT and MAO-A, or a biological alteration, like the difference in daily cortisol levels that could be related to the development of psychopathy after a trauma.

Exploring dopaminergic transmission in gambling addiction: A systematic translational review.

Dopamine has a crucial and well-documented role in the development and maintenance of Gambling Disorder (GD). This systematic review adopts a translational approach aimed at providing a comprehensive synthesis of current clinical and preclinical knowledge on dopaminergic function in GD at a neurobiological level. To this end, we present and discuss converging dopaminergic alterations and phenotypes. Preclinical and clinical review protocols were registered on the PROSPERO database (CRD42019124404, CRD42019124405). The literature search was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines using three databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus). We identified 67 preclinical studies using pharmacological and non-pharmacological manipulations of the gambling-like phenotype and 33 human studies investigating either genetic polymorphisms or functional brain imaging data. Dopamine transporter and D2, D3, D4 receptor alterations showed strongest translational concordance. Though no postsynaptic dopaminergic alterations were observed, several studies point at dysfunctions in presynaptic dopamine trafficking in GD, suggestive of hyperdopaminergic states. Developing meaningful translational models is essential to working towards the development of an integrated conceptual framework for GD and neurobiologically-based treatment interventions.