Embossed x-ray computed tomography utilizing pixel-shifted dual-energy subtraction.

To observe fine blood vessels as uneven tomographic images at a high contrast, we performed tentative experiments on embossed x-ray computed tomography (CT). We constructed a cone-beam CT scanner and carried out dual-energy CT with tube voltages of 60 and 100 kV. X-ray photons penetrating through an object were detected using an indirect-conversion flat panel detector, and radiograms were produced and sent to a personal computer to reconstruct tomograms. Embossed CT was performed using pixel-shifted dual-energy subtraction, and blood vessels filled with Gd medium were observed as uneven images at high contrast and spatial resolutions. Using 1.4-time magnification imaging in combination with a 0.1-mm-focus x-ray tube, the diameter of the object visible on the embossed CT was below 100 µm.

C-C Chemokine 21-Expressing T-cell Zone Fibroblastic Reticular Cells, Abundant in Lymph Nodes, Are Absent in Cancer Lymphoid Stroma.

Cancer tissue generally possesses an immunosuppressive microenvironment. However, some cancers are associated with lymphoid stroma (i.e., a widely developed tertiary lymphoid structure). The T-cell zone (paracortex) of secondary lymphoid organs, particularly lymph nodes, is characterized by an abundance of T-cell zone fibroblastic reticular cells (TCZ-FRCs) that express C-C motif chemokine ligand 21 (CCL21) and smooth muscle actin (SMA). We analyzed the presence of TCZ-FRCs in 30 cases of carcinomas with lymphoid stroma of the breast, stomach, colon, tongue, and skin. Immunohistochemistry corroborated the abundance of CCL21+ SMA+ TCZ-FRCs in the normal lymph nodes. In sharp contrast, all 30 carcinomas with lymphoid stroma displayed no CCL21+ SMA+ TCZ-FRCs despite the affluence of T cells. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction confirmed a marked decrease in the messenger ribonucleic acid expression of CCL21 and its receptor C-C motif chemokine receptor 7 in cancer lymphoid stroma compared to that in lymph nodes. Next, we analyzed the T cell phenotypes. The cancer lymphoid stroma demonstrated an abundance of CD3+ CD62L- memory-type T cells, in contrast to the presence of CD3+ CD62L+ naïve- and central memory T cells in the T cell zone of lymphoid tissues. Our data demonstrated the following: 1) Cancer lymphoid stroma lacked TCZ-FRCs with abundance of more activated T cells than in lymph nodes and 2) these were common phenomena in cancer lymphoid stroma irrespective of the histological types and organs involved.

Copy number loss of KDM5D may be a predictive biomarker for ATR inhibitor treatment in male patients with pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma.

A limited number of patients with lung squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) benefit clinically from molecular targeted drugs because of a lack of targetable driver alterations. We aimed to understand the prevalence and clinical significance of lysine-specific demethylase 5D (KDM5D) copy number loss in SCC and explore its potential as a predictive biomarker for ataxia-telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) inhibitor treatment. We evaluated KDM5D copy number loss in 173 surgically resected SCCs from male patients using fluorescence in situ hybridization. KDM5D copy number loss was detected in 75 of the 173 patients (43%). Genome-wide expression profiles of the transcription start sites (TSSs) were obtained from 17 SCCs, for which the cap analysis of gene expression assay was performed, revealing that upregulated genes in tumors with the KDM5D copy number loss are associated with 'cell cycle', whereas downregulated genes in tumors with KDM5D copy number loss were associated with 'immune response'. Clinicopathologically, SCCs with KDM5D copy number loss were associated with late pathological stage (p = 0.0085) and high stromal content (p = 0.0254). Multiplexed fluorescent immunohistochemistry showed that the number of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ /T-bet+ T cells was lower in SCCs with KDM5D copy number loss than in wild-type tumors. In conclusion, approximately 40% of the male patients with SCC exhibited KDM5D copy number loss. Tumors in patients who show this distinct phenotype can be 'cold tumors', which are characterized by the paucity of tumor T-cell infiltration and usually do not respond to immunotherapy. Thus, they may be candidates for trials with ATR inhibitors.

Multiple angiosarcomas of both breasts: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Primary angiosarcomas of the breast are rare and highly aggressive. We herein report a rare case of multiple angiosarcomas detected concurrently in both breasts. CASE PRESENTATION: A 49-year-old woman visited a doctor after noticing a lump in her right breast. At that time, mammography and ultrasonography revealed no abnormal findings in either breast. She was referred to our hospital 5 months later, because screening mammography had revealed a focal asymmetric density in her right breast. Ultrasonography showed ill-defined hyper- and hypo-echoic lesions in both breasts. Magnetic resonance imaging disclosed five heterogeneously enhanced masses (5.8 cm in maximum diameter) in the right breast and six enhanced masses (approximately 1-3 cm in diameter) in the left breast. Histological examination of core needle biopsies revealed proliferation of irregularly shaped vascular channels lined by atypical endothelial cells throughout the adipose tissue and lobules of the breasts, leading to a diagnosis of well-differentiated angiosarcoma. The lesions were assumed to be primary angiosarcomas, because she had neither a history of breast surgery nor of radiation therapy. She underwent bilateral mastectomies and postoperative chest wall irradiation. Computed tomography 11 weeks after the surgery revealed multiple, small, subcutaneous nodules in the chest wall that were suspected of being angiosarcoma metastases. We started chemotherapy (weekly paclitaxel 80 mg/m2), which achieved shrinkage of these nodules within 2 months. CONCLUSIONS: Early diagnosis, immediate initiation of local and systemic therapies, and intensive follow-up are important in improving the prognosis of angiosarcomas.

Safety and Efficacy of NY-ESO-1 Antigen-Specific T-Cell Receptor Gene-Transduced T Lymphocytes in Patients with Synovial Sarcoma: A Phase I/II Clinical Trial.

PURPOSE: To determine, for patients with advanced or recurrent synovial sarcoma (SS) not suitable for surgical resection and resistant to anthracycline, the safety and efficacy of the infusion of autologous T lymphocytes expressing NY-ESO-1 antigen-specific T-cell receptor (TCR) gene and siRNA to inhibit the expression of endogenous TCR (product code: TBI-1301). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eligible Japanese patients (HLA-A*02:01 or *02:06, NY-ESO-1-positive tumor expression) received cyclophosphamide 750 mg/m2 on days -3 and -2 (induction period) followed by a single dose of 5×109 (±30%) TBI-1301 cells as a divided infusion on days 0 and 1 (treatment period). Primary endpoints were safety-related (phase I) and efficacy-related [objective response rate (ORR) by RECIST v1.1/immune-related RECIST (irRECIST); phase II]. Safety- and efficacy-related secondary endpoints were considered in both phase I/II parts. RESULTS: For the full analysis set (N = 8; phase I, n = 3; phase II, n = 5), the ORR was 50.0% (95% confidence interval, 15.7-84.3) with best overall partial response in four of eight patients according to RECIST v1.1/irRECIST. All patients experienced adverse events and seven of eight patients (87.5%) had adverse drug reactions, but no deaths were attributed to adverse events. Cytokine release syndrome occurred in four of eight patients (50.0%), but all cases recovered with prespecified treatment. Immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome, replication-competent retrovirus, and lymphocyte clonality were absent. CONCLUSIONS: Adoptive immunotherapy with TBI-1301 to selectively target NY-ESO-1-positive tumor cells appears to be a promising strategy for the treatment of advanced or recurrent SS with acceptable toxicity.

Integrated analysis of phase 1a and 1b randomized controlled trials; Treg-targeted cancer immunotherapy with the humanized anti-CCR4 antibody, KW-0761, for advanced solid tumors.

INTRODUCTION: Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have attracted attention as a novel therapeutic target to augment the clinical efficacy of immunotherapy. We conducted phase Ia and Ib trials to examine the safety and efficacy of the anti-CCR4 antibody, KW-0761 (mogamulizumab), which may eliminate effector Tregs (eTregs). We herein overviewed the results of these trials, presented cases with a durable clinical response, and investigated factors associated with the clinical effects of KW-0761. METHODS: Forty-nine patients with CCR4-negative solid cancers were enrolled in the phase Ia and Ib trials on KW-0761. An integral analysis of safety, clinical responses, prognosis, blood laboratory data, and cancer testis antigen-specific immune responses was performed. RESULTS: Grade 3-4 treatment-related adverse events were reported in 21 (42.9%) out of 49 patients, all of which were manageable. A partial response and stable disease were observed in 1 and 9 patients, respectively. A durable clinical response was noted in 2 esophageal and 2 lung cancer patients. eTreg depletion in peripheral blood was confirmed in most patients, and eTreg depletion was sustained during the KW-0761 treatment. High lymphocyte levels at baseline and 2 weeks after the initiation of KW-0761 were associated with a favorable clinical outcome. CONCLUSIONS: A durable clinical response was noted in some patients, and high lymphocyte levels before treatment initiation may be a biomarker for the efficacy of KW-0761. The synergistic effect of KW-0761 for depleting Tregs and other immunotherapies is expected in the future.

Density and maturity of peritumoral tertiary lymphoid structures in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma predicts patient survival and response to immune checkpoint inhibitors.

BACKGROUND: Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) are ectopic lymphoid aggregates in non-lymphoid tissues, which are associated with improved prognosis in some cancer types. This study aimed to investigate the clinical significance of TLSs in oesophageal cancer (EC). METHODS: In a series of 316 EC surgical specimens from two different institutes, we evaluated the density and maturity of peritumoral TLSs using haematoxylin/eosin, immunohistochemistry, and multiplex immunofluorescence staining. We analysed the association between TLSs and clinicopathological parameters. The clinical significance of TLSs was further evaluated in a different cohort of 34 patients with recurrent EC treated with anti-PD-1 antibody. RESULTS: Tumours with high TLS density predominantly consisted of matured TLSs. High TLS density was significantly associated with less advanced tumour stage, absence of lymphatic/vascular invasion, better serum nutrition parameters (neutrophils count, albumin, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and prognostic nutritional index), and prolonged survival. This survival trend was more remarkable in cases with matured TLSs, which represented an increased population of CD138+ plasma cells. In the second EC cohort, TLS density predicted the clinical response to anti-PD-1 antibody and patient survival. CONCLUSION: The density and maturity of peritumoral TLSs are useful parameters for predicting long-term survival and response to anti-PD-1 antibody treatment in EC patients.

Development of multiple AI pipelines that predict neoadjuvant chemotherapy response of breast cancer using H&E-stained tissues.

In recent years, the treatment of breast cancer has advanced dramatically and neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) has become a common treatment method, especially for locally advanced breast cancer. However, other than the subtype of breast cancer, no clear factor indicating sensitivity to NAC has been identified. In this study, we attempted to use artificial intelligence (AI) to predict the effect of preoperative chemotherapy from hematoxylin and eosin images of pathological tissue obtained from needle biopsies prior to chemotherapy. Application of AI to pathological images typically uses a single machine-learning model such as support vector machines (SVMs) or deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs). However, cancer tissues are extremely diverse and learning with a realistic number of cases limits the prediction accuracy of a single model. In this study, we propose a novel pipeline system that uses three independent models each focusing on different characteristics of cancer atypia. Our system uses a CNN model to learn structural atypia from image patches and SVM and random forest models to learn nuclear atypia from fine-grained nuclear features extracted by image analysis methods. It was able to predict the NAC response with 95.15% accuracy on a test set of 103 unseen cases. We believe that this AI pipeline system will contribute to the adoption of personalized medicine in NAC therapy for breast cancer.

A phase 1 trial of NY-ESO-1-specific TCR-engineered T-cell therapy combined with a lymph node-targeting nanoparticulate peptide vaccine for the treatment of advanced soft tissue sarcoma.

The efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors is limited in refractory solid tumors. T-cell receptor gene-modified T (TCR-T)-cell therapy has attracted attention as a new immunotherapy for refractory cold tumors. We first investigated the preclinical efficacy and mode of action of TCR-T cells combined with the pullulan nanogel:long peptide antigen (LPA) vaccine in a mouse sarcoma model that is resistant to immune checkpoint inhibition. Without lymphodepletion, the pullulan nanogel:LPA vaccine markedly increased the number of TCR-T cells in the draining lymph node and tumor tissue. This change was associated with enhanced CXCR3 expression in TCR-T cells in the draining lymph node. In the phase 1 trial, autologous New York esophageal squamous cell carcinoma 1 (NY-ESO-1)-specific TCR-T cells were infused twice into HLA-matched patients with NY-ESO-1+ soft tissue sarcoma (STS). The pullulan nanogel:LPA vaccine contains an epitope recognized by TCR-T cells, and it was subcutaneously injected 1 day before and 7 days after the infusion of TCR-T cells. Lymphodepletion was not performed. Three patients with refractory synovial sarcoma (SS) were treated. Two out of the three patients developed cytokine release syndrome (CRS) with low-to-moderate cytokine level elevation. We found obvious tumor shrinkage lasting for more than 2 years by tumor imaging and long-term persistence of TCR-T cells in one patient. In conclusion, NY-ESO-1-specific TCR-T-cell therapy plus vaccination with the pullulan nanogel carrying an LPA containing the NY-ESO-1 epitope without lymphodepletion is feasible and can induce promising long-lasting therapeutic effects in refractory SS (Registration ID: JMA-IIA00346).

Identification and functional analysis of three novel genetic variants resulting in premature termination codons in three unrelated patients with hereditary antithrombin deficiency.

Hereditary antithrombin (AT) deficiency is an autosomal dominant inherited thrombophilia. In three pedigrees of hereditary type I AT deficiency, we identified novel variants c.126delC (p.Lys43Serfs*7), c.165C > G (p.Tyr55*), and c.546delA (p.Lys182Asnfs*102) in the open reading frame encoding AT in each patient. Each of these aberrant variants leads to premature termination of AT protein synthesis. To investigate whether these abnormal variants are involved in the pathogenesis of type I AT deficiency, we analyzed the function of these variants in HEK293 cells. Results of western blot analysis and immunofluorescence microscopy showed that all abnormal variants were expressed intracellularly, but p.Lys43Serfs*7 and p.Tyr55* protein were aggregated in the cells. These three variants were not detected in the spent culture medium, indicating that these novel variants affect protein secretion. In summary, we suggest that these variants in the AT-encoding gene are translated in the cell, but form abnormal proteins that form aggregates and/or inhibit secretion. These results provide insight into novel mechanisms of type I AT deficiency and potential therapies for the condition.

Effect of Low-Density Lipoprotein Apheresis on Quality of Life in Patients with Diabetes, Proteinuria, and Hypercholesterolemia.

INTRODUCTION: Treating diabetic nephropathy with low-density lipoprotein (LDL) apheresis reduces proteinuria and improves prognosis. However, its impact on patients' quality of life (QoL) is unclear. This study evaluated the effect of LDL apheresis on QoL in patients with diabetes, proteinuria, and hypercholesterolemia. METHODS: In this nationwide multicenter prospective study, we enrolled 40 patients with diabetes. Inclusion criteria were proteinuria (defined as an albumin/creatinine ratio ≥3 g/g), serum creatinine levels <2 mg/dL, and serum LDL ≥120 mg/dL despite drug treatment. LDL apheresis was performed 6-12 times within 12 weeks. The 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) was used to analyze QoL. RESULTS: The study enrolled 35 patients (27 men and 8 women; mean age 58.9 ± 11.9 years). A comparison of baseline SF-36 values with those at the end of the course of apheresis found an improvement in the mean physical component summary (37.9 ± 11.4 vs. 40.6 ± 10.5, p = 0.051) and a significant increase in the mean mental component summary (MCS) (49.4 ± 8.4 vs. 52.5 ± 10.9, p = 0.026). A multivariable linear regression analysis revealed a history of coronary heart disease negatively correlated with the MCS increase at the end of the course of apheresis (ß coefficient -6.935, 95% confidence interval, 13.313 to-0.556, p = 0.034). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that LDL apheresis may improve the mental and physical QoL in patients with diabetes, proteinuria, and hypercholesterolemia.

Effects of Zinc Acetate Hydrate Supplementation on Renal Anemia with Hypozincemia in Hemodialysis Patients.

INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: This study examined whether zinc supplementation with zinc acetate hydrate improved renal anemia with hypozincemia in patients undergoing hemodialysis. METHODS: The study participants included 21 patients undergoing hemodialysis who presented with a serum zinc level < 60 mg/dL and who were administered zinc acetate hydrate at 50 mg (reduced to 25 mg, as appropriate) for 6 months. Patients with a hemorrhagic lesion, acute-phase disease (pneumonia or cardiac failure), or hematologic disease and those whose treatment was switched from peritoneal dialysis to hemodialysis were excluded. The changes in the erythropoietin resistance index (ERI) before and after zinc acetate hydrate administration were examined. ERI was defined as the dose (IU) of erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA)/week/body weight (kg)/hemoglobin content (g/dL). The differences between the two groups were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed rank sum test, and p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The study participants included 19 men and 2 women aged 41-95 years (mean ± standard deviation (SD): 67.1 ± 13.6). The changes in the values of parameters measured before and after zinc acetate hydrate administration were as follows: Blood Hb did not change significantly, from 10.0-13.6 g/dL (11.5 ± 1.0 g/dL) to 10.2-12.4 g/dL (11.4 ± 0.7 g/dL); serum zinc concentration significantly increased, from 33.0-59.0 mg/dL µg/dL (52.4 ± 7.6 mg/dL µg/dL) to 57.0-124.0 mg/dL µg/dL (84.1 ± 16.3 mg/dL µg/dL; p < 0.01); the ESA dose significantly decreased, from 0-12,000 IU/week (5630 ± 3351 IU/week) to 0-9000 IU/week (4428 ± 2779; p = 0.04); and ERI significantly decreased, from 0.0-18.2 (8.1 ± 5.1) to 0.0-16.0 (6.3 ± 4.3; p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Zinc supplementation increased the serum zinc concentration and significantly reduced the ESA dose and ERI, suggesting that a correction of hypozincemia contributes to lessening renal anemia in these patients.

NY-ESO-1-specific redirected T cells with endogenous TCR knockdown mediate tumor response and cytokine release syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Because of the shortage of ideal cell surface antigens, the development of T-cell receptor (TCR)-engineered T cells (TCR-T) that target intracellular antigens such as NY-ESO-1 is a promising approach for treating patients with solid tumors. However, endogenous TCRs in vector-transduced T cells have been suggested to impair cell-surface expression of transduced TCR while generating mispaired TCRs that can become self-reactive. METHODS: We conducted a first-in-human phase I clinical trial with the TCR-transduced T-cell product (TBI-1301) in patients with NY-ESO-1-expressing solid tumors. In manufacturing TCR-T cells, we used a novel affinity-enhanced NY-ESO-1-specific TCR that was transduced by a retroviral vector that enables siRNA (small interfering RNA)-mediated silencing of endogenous TCR. The patients were divided into two cohorts. Cohort 1 was given a dose of 5×108 cells (whole cells including TCR-T cells) preconditioned with 1500 mg/m2 cyclophosphamide. Cohort 2 was given 5× 109 cells preconditioned with 1500 mg/m2 cyclophosphamide. RESULTS: In vitro study showed that both the CD8+ and CD4+ T fractions of TCR-T cells exhibited cytotoxic effects against NY-ESO-1-expressing tumor cells. Three patients and six patients were allocated to cohort 1 and cohort 2, respectively. Three of the six patients who received 5×109 cells showed tumor response, while three patients developed early-onset cytokine release syndrome (CRS). One of the patients developed a grade 3 lung injury associated with the infiltration of the TCR-T cells. No siRNA-related adverse events other than CRS were observed. Cytokines including interleukin 6 I and monocyte chemotactic protein-1/chemokine (C-C motif) ligand (CCL2)increased in the sera of patients with CRS. In vitro analysis showed these cytokines were not secreted from the T cells infused. A significant fraction of the manufactured T cells in patients with CRS was found to express either CD244, CD39, or both at high levels. CONCLUSIONS: The trial showed that endogenous TCR-silenced and affinity-enhanced NY-ESO-1 TCR-T cells were safely administered except for grade 3 lung injury. The TCR-T cell infusion exhibited significant tumor response and early-onset CRS in patients with tumors that express NY-ESO-1 at high levels. The differentiation properties of the manufactured T cells may be prognostic for TCR-T-related CRS. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT02366546.

Prognostic significance of NY-ESO-1 antigen and PIGR expression in esophageal tumors of CHP-NY-ESO-1-vaccinated patients as adjuvant therapy.

The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy and the biomarkers of the CHP-NY-ESO-1 vaccine complexed with full-length NY-ESO-1 protein and a cholesteryl pullulan (CHP) in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) after surgery. We conducted a randomized phase II trial. Fifty-four patients with NY-ESO-1-expressing ESCC who underwent radical surgery following cisplatin/5-fluorouracil-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy were assigned to receive either CHP-NY-ESO-1 vaccination or observation as control. Six doses of CHP-NY-ESO-1 were administered subcutaneously once every two weeks, followed by nine more doses once every four weeks. The endpoints were disease-free survival (DFS) and safety. Exploratory analysis of tumor tissues using gene-expression profiles was also performed to seek the biomarker. As there were no serious adverse events in 27 vaccinated patients, we verified the safety of the vaccine. DFS in 2 years were 56.0% and 58.3% in the vaccine arm and in the control, respectively. Twenty-four of 25 patients showed NY-ESO-1-specific IgG responses after vaccination. Analysis of intra-cohort correlations among vaccinated patients revealed that 5% or greater expression of NY-ESO-1 was a favorable factor. Comprehensive analysis of gene expression profiles revealed that the expression of the gene encoding polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (PIGR) in tumors had a significantly favorable impact on outcomes in the vaccinated cohort. The high PIGR-expressing tumors that had higher NY-ESO-1-specific IgA response tended to have favorable prognosis. These results suggest that PIGR would play a major role in tumor immunity in an antigen-specific manner during NY-ESO-1 vaccinations. The IgA response may be relevant.

Beneficial effects of transdermal administration of tamoxifen on capsular contracture after breast implantation in murine models.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Capsular contracture is the most common complication with smooth-type silicone implants. We investigated the preventive effect of an active metabolite of tamoxifen, 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OH TAM), on capsular contracture. METHODS: A silicone sheet was implanted into the back of 28 female ICR mice. Mixtures of gel with 0.2% 4-OH TAM and 0.1% 4-OH TAM were administered transdermally once a day for 4 weeks. Saline was administered to the control. After killing the mice, capsular thickness was measured in H&E-stained specimens. Estrogen receptor (ER), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß) expressions were immunohistochemically investigated in the capsules. RESULTS: The capsule was thinner in the 0.2% 4-OH TAM gel group than in the control group (control, 0.1% 4-OH TAM gel, 0.2% 4-OH TAM gel: 52.8 ± 3.4 µm, 54.2 ± 6.8 µm, 46.4 ± 3.3 µm, respectively). ER was found in most fibroblasts of all samples. α-SMA expression in the capsule was significantly lower in the 4-OH TAM gel groups than in the control group (control = 70.0 ± 3.4%, 0.1% 4-OH TAM = 57.0 ± 3.4%, 0.2% 4-OH TAM = 49.4 ± 4.9%). TGF-ß expression was significantly reduced by the 4-OH TAM gel injections dose-dependently (control = 67.3 ± 2.2%, 0.1% 4-OH TAM = 52.4 ± 3.1%, 0.2% 4-OH TAM = 45.1 ± 2.4%). CONCLUSIONS: The transdermal administration of 0.1% and 0.2% 4-OH TAM gels inhibited capsule development. The inhibition of TGF-ß expression is a mechanism by which 4-OH TAM suppresses fibroblast growth, preventing capsular formation.

CD15+ Bone Marrow-derived Cells Are Regulators of Immune Response in ARG1-producing Colorectal Cancer Cells.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Bone marrow-derived cells regulate the antitumor functions of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) through arginase 1 (ARG1)-dependent metabolism. This study examines which ARG1-producing lineage is responsible for the inhibitory function of TILs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Multiplexed immunohistochemistry was performed for CD11b, CD163, CD68, and CD15, together with ARG1 expression and CD3+ TIL infiltration estimation in human colorectal cancer specimens. RESULTS: Stratified survival analyses demonstrated that a large number of CD3+ TILs is a favorable prognostic factor in subgroups with a high level of ARG1+ infiltration and in the subgroup with a low level of ARG1- CD15+ infiltration. Calculation of the ARG1+/ARG1- ratio demonstrated that CD3+ TIL infiltration was prognostic in the subgroup with a low ARG1+/ARG1- ratio for CD15+ cells, contrary to other lineages. CONCLUSION: Tumor infiltrating CD15+ cells, the majority of which show polymorphonuclear features, are responsible for the ARG1-dependent T-cell dysfunction in human colorectal cancer.

Phase Ib study on the humanized anti-CCR4 antibody, KW-0761, in advanced solid tumors.

Tregs infiltrate tumors and inhibit antitumor immunity. KW-0761 (Mogamulizumab) is a humanized anti-CCR4 monoclonal antibody that could eliminate activated Tregs with high immunosuppressive activity that express CCR4. In this phase Ib trial, KW-0761 was used as a cancer immunotherapeutic reagent to deplete Tregs in patients with advanced or recurrent solid CCR4-negative tumors. Thirty-nine patients with solid cancer were treated with KW-0761 at a dose of 0.1 or 1.0 mg/kg. The safety, clinical responses, and effects of Treg depletion were analyzed. Any grade and grade 3-4 treatment-related adverse events (AEs) were observed in 36 (92%) and 14 (36%) out of 39 patients, respectively. All treatment-related AEs were manageable. One and 5 patients achieved a partial response and stable disease, respectively, during treatment and were long survivors. The efficient depletion of Treg in peripheral blood was confirmed in both cohorts. Therefore, the administration of KW-0761 was safe, resulting in the depletion of Tregs in peripheral blood and potential immune responses in patients with solid cancer. The combined use of KW-0761 to deplete Tregs and other immunotherapies is a promising approach to augment immune responses.

Highly immunogenic cancer cells require activation of the WNT pathway for immunological escape.

PD-1 blockade exerts antitumor effects by reinvigorating tumor antigen­specific CD8+ T cells. Whereas neoantigens arising from gene alterations in cancer cells comprise critical tumor antigens in antitumor immunity, a subset of non­small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) harboring substantial tumor mutation burden (TMB) lack CD8+ T cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME), which results in resistance to PD-1 blockade therapy. To overcome this resistance, clarifying the mechanism(s) impairing antitumor immunity in highly mutated NSCLCs is an urgent issue. Here, we showed that activation of the WNT/ß-catenin signaling pathway contributed to the development of a noninflamed TME in tumors with high TMB. NSCLCs that lacked immune cell infiltration into the TME despite high TMB preferentially up-regulated the WNT/ß-catenin pathway. Immunologic assays revealed that those patients harbored neoantigen-specific CD8+ T cells in the peripheral blood but not in the TME, suggesting impaired T cell infiltration into the TME due to the activation of WNT/ß-catenin signaling. In our animal models, the accumulation of gene mutations in cancer cells increased CD8+ T cell infiltration into the TME, thus slowing tumor growth. However, further accumulation of gene mutations blunted antitumor immunity by excluding CD8+ T cells from tumors in a WNT/ß-catenin signaling-dependent manner. Combined treatment with PD-1 blockade and WNT/ß-catenin signaling inhibitors induced better antitumor immunity than either treatment alone. Thus, we propose a mechanism-oriented combination therapy whereby immune checkpoint inhibitors can be combined with drugs that target cell-intrinsic oncogenic signaling pathways involved in tumor immune escape.

Tracing the subducting Pacific slab to the mantle transition zone with hydrogen isotopes.

Hydrogen isotopes have been widely used as powerful tracers to understand the origin of terrestrial water and the water circulation between the surface and the deep interior of the Earth. However, further quantitative understanding is hindered due to a lack of observations about the changes in D/H ratios of a slab during subduction. Here, we report hydrogen isotope data of olivine-hosted melt inclusions from active volcanoes with variable depths (90‒550 km) to the subducting Pacific slab. The results show that the D/H ratio of the slab fluid at the volcanic front is lower than that of the slab fluid just behind the volcanic front. This demonstrates that fluids with different D/H ratios were released from the crust and the underlying peridotite portions of the slab around the volcanic front. The results also show that the D/H ratios of slab fluids do not change significantly with slab depths from 300 to 550 km, which demonstrates that slab dehydration did not occur significantly beyond the arc. Our estimated δD‰ value for the slab materials that accumulated in the mantle transition zone is > - 90‰, a value which is significantly higher than previous estimates.