Identification of immune microenvironment subtypes and clinical risk biomarkers for osteoarthritis based on a machine learning model.

Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease with a high incidence worldwide. Most affected patients do not exhibit obvious discomfort symptoms or imaging findings until OA progresses, leading to irreversible destruction of articular cartilage and bone. Therefore, developing new diagnostic biomarkers that can reflect articular cartilage injury is crucial for the early diagnosis of OA. This study aims to explore biomarkers related to the immune microenvironment of OA, providing a new research direction for the early diagnosis and identification of risk factors for OA. Methods: We screened and downloaded relevant data from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, and the immune microenvironment-related genes (Imr-DEGs) were identified using the ImmPort data set by combining weighted coexpression analysis (WGCNA). Functional enrichment of GO and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) were conducted to explore the correlation of Imr-DEGs. A random forest machine learning model was constructed to analyze the characteristic genes of OA, and the diagnostic significance was determined by the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (ROC) curve, with external datasets used to verify the diagnostic ability. Different immune subtypes of OA were identified by unsupervised clustering, and the function of these subtypes was analyzed by gene set enrichment analysis (GSVA). The Drug-Gene Interaction Database was used to explore the relationship between characteristic genes and drugs. Results: Single sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) revealed that 16 of 28 immune cell subsets in the dataset significantly differed between OA and normal groups. There were 26 Imr-DEGs identified by WGCNA, showing that functional enrichment was related to immune response. Using the random forest machine learning model algorithm, nine characteristic genes were obtained: BLNK (AUC = 0.809), CCL18 (AUC = 0.692), CD74 (AUC = 0.794), CSF1R (AUC = 0.835), RAC2 (AUC = 0.792), INSR (AUC = 0.765), IL11 (AUC = 0.662), IL18 (AUC = 0.699), and TLR7 (AUC = 0.807). A nomogram was constructed to predict the occurrence and development of OA, and the calibration curve confirmed the accuracy of these 9 genes in OA diagnosis. Conclusion: This study identified characteristic genes related to the immune microenvironment in OA, providing new insight into the risk factors of OA.

Understanding emotional influences on sustained attention: a study using virtual reality and neurophysiological monitoring.

Introduction: Emotion and attention regulation significantly influence various aspects of human functioning and behavior. However, the interaction between emotion and attention in affecting performance remains underexplored. This study aims to investigate how individual differences in sustained attention, influenced by varying emotional states. Methods: A total of 12 participants underwent emotion induction through Virtual Reality (VR) videos; completed an AX-CPT (continuous performance test) task to measure sustained attention, for which task performance is evaluated from two aspects, task accuracy and task reaction times; and reported their flow states. EEG and PPG data were collected throughout the sessions, as supporting evidence for sustained attention. Results: Our findings suggest that emotional valence and arousal significantly influence task reaction times and sustained attention, when gender differences are accounted for, but do not significantly impact task accuracy. Specifically, males responded faster under high-arousal negative emotions, while females responded faster under high-arousal positive emotions. Additionally, we find that flow experience is not significantly impacted by emotions states or sustained attention. Discussion: The study underscores the nuanced interplay between emotion, sustained attention, and task performance, suggesting that emotional states can differentially impact cognitive processes. Also, it support the use of VR, EEG, and PPG technologies in future research on related topics. Future research could expand upon this study by including larger sample sizes and a wider range of emotional inductions to generalize the findings.

Enhanced high-temperature energy storage performances in polymer dielectrics by synergistically optimizing band-gap and polarization of dipolar glass.

Polymer dielectrics play an irreplaceable role in electrostatic capacitors in modern electrical systems, and have been intensively studied with their polarization and breakdown strength (Eb) optimized for high discharged energy density (Ud) at elevated temperatures. Small molecules have been explored as fillers, yet they deteriorate thermal stability of matrix which limits their optimal loading to ~1 wt%. Herein, we develop a polymer blend dielectric consisting of common polyimide and a bifunctional dipolar glass polymer which are synthesized from two small molecule components with wide band-gap and large dipole moment. The bifunctional dipolar glass with large molecular weight not only maintains thermal stability of polymer blends even at a high loading of 10 wt%, but also induces substantial enhancement in polarization and Eb than any of individual components does, achieving an ultrahigh Ud of 8.34 J cm-3 (150 °C) and 6.21 J cm-3 (200 °C) with a charge-discharge efficiency of 90%.

Endovascular treatment of a large bone cement pulmonary embolism: Case report.

We report a case of endovascular treatment of bone cement embolism after percutaneous vertebroplasty. The patient underwent percutaneous vertebroplasty for acute L1 compression fracture. Two weeks later, the patient developed symptoms of pulmonary embolism. Computed tomography pulmonary angiogram confirmed the presence of a bone cement foreign body in the pulmonary artery. Endovascular treatment was performed, and the cement embolism was caught, pulled to the level of the iliac vein, and fixed with stents. At the 1-year follow-up, the patient did not have any complaints, postoperative computed tomography pulmonary angiogram showed no obvious manifestations of pulmonary embolism, and angiography showed that the bone cement was fixed in place and that the iliac veins were normal.

Long-Term Resistance to Phase Change-Induced Wetting Transition on Biphilic Armored Superhydrophobic Surfaces.

Material surfaces maintaining a liquid super-repellent is crucial in fields such as anti-fouling, drag reduction, and heat transfer. Superhydrophobic surfaces provide an effective approach but suffer from phase change-induced wetting transitions, hindering their practical applications. In this work, Biphilic armored superhydrophobic surfaces (BASS) are designed by integrating hydrophilic interconnected surface frames with superhydrophobic nanostructures. The hydrophilic top of the frame provides spatial selectivity for condensate droplet nucleation, and superhydrophobic nanostructures enable staying dry. Further growth, coalescence, jumping, and roll-off of the condensate droplets on BASS, show remarkable resistance to phase change-induced wetting transition. It still maintains stable superhydrophobicity when exposed to 100 °C of steam for 240 h, at least two orders of magnitude improvement over traditional superhydrophobic surfaces. Such a designing BASS provides an effective approach to address the phase change-induced wetting transition, thereby extending the practical application in the fields of condensation heat transfer, anti-fouling, and fluid transportation of superhydrophobic surfaces.

Differences in progressive supranuclear palsy in patients of Asian ancestry?

Recent studies highlight an over-representation of progressive supranuclear palsy, with atypical features, in South Asians. We offer additional insights, including an over-representation of PSP among Malaysian patients of Indian compared to other Asian ancestries. However, RBD symptoms, hallucinations, and early onset were not more frequent in Indians vs. Chinese.

Bereavement coping strategies among healthcare professionals: A qualitative systematic review and meta-synthesis.

OBJECTIVES: Coping with a patient's death is one of the most challenging events faced by healthcare professionals in clinical practice. A broad understanding of the coping strategies used by healthcare professionals is fundamental to the development of effective interventions and the provision of good bereavement care. This review aims to systematically synthesize the coping experience of healthcare professionals in the course of their work when they are confronted with patient deaths. METHODS: PubMed, Embase, ScienceDirect, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Wiley online library were searched in April 2023 with no restriction on publication date. A 3-stage thematic synthesis method was applied for data integration and analysis. RESULTS: Thirty studies involving 545 participants met the inclusion criteria and scored a high level on quality assessment ranging from 9.0 to 10.0. Six themes were identified: emotional coping, cognitive coping, behavioral coping, relational coping, spiritual coping, and occupational coping. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RESULTS: Overall, the coping strategies used by healthcare professionals in response to bereavement were found to be unique and multidimensional. Understanding how healthcare practitioners use emotional, cognitive, behavioral, relational, spiritual, and professional strategies to cope with bereavement will prove extremely beneficial in helping them to manage their grief, and can furthermore promote their professional growth and ensure the provision of excellent bereavement care for patients.

Energy-Transfer-Enhanced Cr3+/Ni2+ Co-doped Broadband Near-Infrared Phosphor for Fluorescence Thermometers and Near-Infrared Window Imaging.

Here, near-infrared broad dual-band emission phosphors were achieved through energy transfer between Cr3+ and Ni2+ ions in the ß-Ga2O3 host. All samples co-doped with Cr3+ and Ni2+ exhibit dual-band emission covering 600-1700 nm under 430 nm excitation. Thanks to the doping of Cr3+ ions, the emission intensity of Ga2O3:Cr3+, Ni2+ phosphors has increased by about 2.4 times and the internal quantum efficiency has increased by 83.2% compared to Ga2O3:Ni2+ phosphors. Meanwhile, when the fluorescence lifetime was monitored at 745 nm, an efficient energy transfer between Cr3+ and Ni2+ ions in the ß-Ga2O3 host was verified. Due to the significant differences in the emission temperature-sensitive properties of Cr3+ and Ni2+ ions, a thermometer was designed utilizing fluorescence intensity ratio technology, achieving a maximum relative sensitivity of 5.26% K-1, which surpasses most optical temperature measurement phosphors. This suggests that Ga2O3:Cr3+, Ni2+ samples hold promise as potential candidates for optical thermometer materials. Additionally, the broadband near-infrared emission of the Ga2O3:Cr3+, Ni2+ sample has been investigated for potential applications in component analysis and night vision, demonstrating its versatility for multifunctional applications.

Investigation of the potential regulation of the UDP-glycosyltransferase genes on rice grain size and abiotic stress response.

Uridine diphosphate (UDP) glycosyltransferases (UGTs) are widely involved in various metabolic processes. In the present study, we performed a genome-wide survey and identified 199 Oryza sativa UGT genes (OsUGTs), which were classified into 17 groups. We showed that tandem duplication played a major role in the expansion of the OsUGT family, which experienced purifying selection during the evolution process. 163 OsUGTs were expressed in at least one of the six tested tissues, and were clustered into three groups according to their tissue expression profiles. By using the RFGB database, we identified different haplotypes of seven OsUGTs that were highly expressed in seeds, and showed significant differences in grain size among different haplotypes. Moreover, our results also uncovered differential responses of OsUGTs expression to abiotic stresses and hormone treatments, including drought, salt, cold, heat, ABA, JA and AUXIN. By using quantitative real-time PCR, we further confirmed the differential expression of nine selected OsUGTs under ABA, JA, salt, drought and cold treatments, among which OsUGT5 and OsUGT182 were induced by all these five treatments. Our results provide insight into the role of several UGT genes for physiological responses, which will facilitate to investigate their function in regulating rice development and abiotic stress responses.

IGFALS suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma progression by stabilizing PPAR-γ.

IGFALS forms stable ternary complexes with insulin-like growth factors (IGF1 and IGF2) and IGF-binding proteins (IGFBP3 and IGFBP5), which prolong the half-lives of IGFs. Through immunohistochemical analysis of 90 pairs of clinical samples and bioinformatics analysis, we observed downregulation of IGFALS in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues, which was associated with poor patient prognosis. This prompted us to explore the specific molecular mechanism of action of IGFALS in the inhibition of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which could be a potential new target for the treatment of HCC. In vitro experiments demonstrated that IGFALS inhibits the proliferation, invasion, and migration of hepatocellular carcinoma cells and suppresses epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) revealed a positive correlation between IGFALS and the activation of the PPAR pathway. Western blotting, immunofluorescence colocalization, and co-immunoprecipitation assays confirmed that IGFALS binds to PPAR-γ and stabilizes it through deubiquitination. Inhibition of PPAR-γ reversed the anticancer effects of IGFALS. Furthermore, we showed that IGFALS/PPAR-γ upregulates the expression of HMGCS2. The tumor xenograft model supported our findings. Mass spectrometry analysis and co-immunoprecipitation assays indicated that IGFALS promotes the binding of PPAR-γ with USP9X, a deubiquitinating enzyme, thereby facilitating the deubiquitination of PPAR-γ. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that IGFALS can suppress hepatocellular carcinoma via the PPAR-γ/HMGCS2 pathway.

Early colorectal cancer detection: a serum analysis platform combining SERS and machine learning.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the deadliest malignancies globally, with high incidence and mortality rates. Early detection is crucial for improving treatment success rates and patient survival. However, due to the difficulty in detecting early symptoms, many cases are diagnosed at advanced stages, necessitating more sensitive and accurate detection methods. This study proposes a novel approach combining the Principal Component Analysis (PCA)-Dynamic Weighted Nearest Neighbor (DWNN) model with Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) technology to detect the serum of CRC mice at different stages. Establishing the CRC mice model, serum samples were collected for further analysis. An Au Nanocluster (AuNC) substrate was synthesized to ensure optimal SERS enhancement. The PCA-DWNN recognition model was constructed to classify the SERS spectra of CRC at different stages. The synthesized AuNC substrate has high sensitivity, good reproducibility, uniformity, and stability, making it a high-performance nanomaterial. The PCA-DWNN model has significant advantages in identifying high-dimensional and complex SERS spectra, offering excellent classification accuracy and robustness, with an accuracy rate of 97.5%. By analyzing the PCA loading plot, it was observed that as CRC progressed, the content and structure of proteins, lipids, amino acids, and carbohydrates in the serum changed, reflected in different characteristic peaks in the SERS spectra. This study suggests that SERS combined with PCA-DWNN has potential in the early detection of CRC, possibly providing a novel approach for clinical diagnostics.

Characteristics of the fundus and optical coherence tomography angiography metrics in myopic patients with myelinated retinal nerve fibers.

AIMS: To investigate the fundus characteristics and macular optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) metrics in patients with myelinated retinal nerve fibers (MRNF) and to identify the associations among myopic parameters, fundus metrics, and OCTA metrics. METHODS: The single-center case-control study included 15 patients with monocular MRNF and 15 patients without MRNF, matched for age, affected eyes' spherical equivalent error (SER), and axial length (AL) between May 2021 and December 2021. Fundus features, including the entire MRNF area (Area1), the denser MRNF area (Area2), and the shortest distance from the fovea to the MRNF border (Df-m), along with ocular parameters, including SER, AL, best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), and OCTA metrics at the fovea, including choroidal (ChT) and retinal (ReT) thicknesses at the fovea, the foveal avascular zone area (FAZ), foveal avascular zone perimeter (FAZP), FAZ-circularity index (FAZ-CI), and foveal vessel density in a 300-µm wide region (FD-300), were assessed. RESULTS: The SER, AL, and BCVA were significantly different, and the ChT was thinner in the affected eyes than in the contralateral eyes. Compared with matched eyes, affected eyes had reduced BCVA and thinner ReT. In the affected eyes, both Area1 and Area2 were negatively correlated with SER (r1 = -0.84, r2 = -0.65), △SER (r1 = -0.86, r2 = -0.61), ReT at the vertical superior 3 mm (VS) (r1 = -0.78, r2 = -0.67), and ChT_VS (r1 = -0.64, r2 = -0.62), and positively correlated with AL (r1 = 0.82, r2 = 0.52) and BCVA (r1 = 0.54, r2 = 0.59). Df-m was negatively correlated with BCVA (r = -0.57). CONCLUSION: The presence of MRNF affects BCVA and ReT at the fovea. The area of the MRNF, as well as the distance from the MRNF to the fovea, are closely associated with the affected eyes' BCVA, SER, AL, and the degree of anisometropia.

van der Waals ZnO/HfSn2N4 Heterojunction with Exceptional Photoresponse for Photodetectors.

Two-dimensional van der Waals heterojunctions represent a promising avenue for a spectrum of optoelectronic endeavors. Nonetheless, their deployment has been somewhat constrained by the suboptimal efficiency of the photocurrent generated. In this article, a ZnO/HfSn2N4 heterojunction is proposed to achieve high photoresponse efficiency. First-principles calculations are utilized to confirm that this heterojunction possesses thermal stability with a direct bandgap (1.36 eV). It exhibits a high light absorption coefficient and high carrier mobility (2.51 × 103 cm2 V-1 s-1), and biaxial strain has a significant effect on the modulation of the band structure. As the tensile strain increases, the bandgap changes nonlinearly, transitioning from a type-II to a type-I heterojunction. When compressive strain increases, the bandgap decreases. Quantum transport simulations are employed to calculate the density of states and transmission spectrum of the ZnO/HfSn2N4 model, verifying its excellent photoresponse (a photocurrent peak reaching 4.93 a02/photon and an extinction ratio peak of 75.1). It shows that the ZnO/HfSn2N4 heterojunction is a potentially efficient photodetector.

Uncovering the genetic basis of Parkinson's disease globally: from discoveries to the clinic.

Knowledge on the genetic basis of Parkinson's disease has grown tremendously since the discovery of the first monogenic form, caused by a mutation in α-synuclein, and with the subsequent identification of multiple other causative genes and associated loci. Genetic studies provide insights into the phenotypic heterogeneity and global distribution of Parkinson's disease. By shedding light on the underlying biological mechanisms, genetics facilitates the identification of new biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Several clinical trials of genetics-informed therapies are ongoing or imminent. International programmes in populations who have been under-represented in Parkinson's disease genetics research are fostering collaboration and capacity-building, and have already generated novel findings. Many challenges remain for genetics research in these populations, but addressing them provides opportunities to obtain a more complete and equitable understanding of Parkinson's disease globally. These advances facilitate the integration of genetics into the clinic, to improve patient management and personalised medicine.

Comprehensive analysis of a necroptosis-associated diagnostic signature for myelodysplastic syndromes based on single-cell RNA-seq and bulk RNA-seq.

BACKGROUND: Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are heterogeneous and clonal hematological disorders. The role and mechanism of necroptosis in MDS remain poorly understood. METHODS: mRNA expression profiles and single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) data were sourced from the GEO database. ScRNA-seq data were processed using the "Seurat" package. After cell annotation, necroptosis-related scores (NRscores) for each cell were calculated using the "UCell" package. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and their associated biological functions in NRscore-related cell populations were identified. Additionally, DEGs and necroptosis-related genes (DE-NRGs) between MDS patients and healthy controls were identified. Consensus clustering was employed to classify MDS patients into distinct subclusters based on DE-NRGs. The biological functions and immune characteristics of these classifications were analyzed. Prognostic gene signatures were determined using LASSO and SVM-RFE analyses, and a nomogram was constructed based on the prognostic gene signature. RESULTS: A total of 12 cell types were identified in MDS and healthy controls. NRscore was found to be elevated in monocytes and common lymphoid precursors (CLPs). Enrichment analysis revealed that monocytes and CLPs with high NRscore were associated with mitochondria-related and immune-related pathways. Eleven DEGs in monocytes and CLPs between MDS patients and healthy controls were identified. Additionally, 13 DE-NRGs were identified from 951 DEGs between MDS and healthy controls. MDS patients were classified into two distinct subclusters based on these 13 DE-NRGs, revealing several immune-related processes and signaling pathways. Differences in immune subpopulations between the two subclusters were observed. A necroptosis-related diagnostic gene signature (IRF9, PLA2G4A, MLKL, BAX, JAK2, and STAT3) was identified as predictive of MDS prevalence. CONCLUSION: Necroptosis plays a role in MDS progression by inducing inflammation. A novel necroptotic gene signature has been developed to distinguish and diagnose MDS at early stages of the disease.

Comparison of the quantitative contrast sensitivity function between early keratoconus and normal eyes.

PURPOSE: To compare the characteristics of the quantitative contrast sensitivity function (qCSF) in eyes with early keratoconus (Early-KC) and normal control (NC) eyes and investigate the associated factors. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. METHODS: This study included 43 eyes of 43 patients with Early-KC (including subclinical keratoconus [SKC] and forme fruste keratoconus [FFKC]) and 77 NC eyes of 77 participants with corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) all ≥ 20/20. Contrast sensitivity (CS) was assessed using the qCSF tests. Subgroup analysis was performed according to keratoconus type(SKC and FFKC) and astigmatism(cylindrical refraction >-1.0D or ≤-1.0D). RESULTS: Sex ratio, spherical refraction, and spherical equivalent (SE) varied significantly between the two groups (all P < 0.01). The area under log CSF (AULCSF), CSF Acuity, and CS at low (1.0 and 1.5 cycles per degree [cpd]) and high (12.0 and 18.0 cpd) spatial frequencies decreased significantly in the Early-KC group than that in the NC group (all P < 0.05). The subgroup analysis revealed a similar decrease in the SKC group (all P < 0.05). AULCSF, CSF Acuity, and CS at high spatial frequencies of patients with cylindrical refraction ≤-1.0D in the Early-KC group decreased significantly (all P < 0.05) than those in the NC group. The index of vertical asymmetry and index of height decentration correlated negatively with CS at 1.5 cpd (r= -0.321 and -0.306; both P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: CS decreased significantly at low and high spatial frequencies in Early-KC, though with normal CDVA. The qCSF test can sensitively reflect visual performance in early keratoconus.

Matrix stiffness-related extracellular matrix signatures and the DYNLL1 protein promote hepatocellular carcinoma progression through the Wnt/ß-catenin pathway.

BACKGROUND: In hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment, first-line targeted therapy in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has improved patient prognosis, but the 5-year survival rate is far from satisfactory. Studies have shown that the extracellular matrix (ECM) is an essential part of the tumour microenvironment (TME) and participates in the progression of malignant tumours. ECM remodelling can enhance matrix stiffness in cirrhosis patients, induce an immunosuppressive microenvironment network, and affect the efficacy of targeted therapies and ICIs for treating HCC. However, the exact mechanism is still unclear. METHODS: We downloaded data from public databases, selected differentially expressed ECM proteins associated with matrix stiffness, constructed and validated a prognostic model of HCC using Lasso Cox regression, and investigated the roles and mechanism of one of the ECM proteins, dynein light chain LC8-type 1 (DYNLL1), in HCC proliferation, migration, and apoptosis via in vitro experiments. RESULTS: In this study, the risk score of the matrix stiffness-related ECM protein model effectively predicted the prognosis of HCC patients. The high- and low-risk subgroups of the model also showed differences in immune cells, immune functions, and drug sensitivity. DYNLL1 promoted HCC cell progression and migration and inhibited HCC cell apoptosis through the Wnt/ß-catenin pathway in vitro. CONCLUSION: The expression of matrix stiffness-related ECM proteins could be an independent predictor of HCC prognosis. DYNLL1, an oncogenic gene in HCC, has the potential to be a new target for HCC treatment.

Exosomal lncRNA TUG1 derived from BMSC ameliorate collagen-induced arthritis via BLIMP1-mediated Th17/Treg balance.

BACKGROUND: Aberrant differentiation of Th17 cells has been identified as a critical factor in the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). BLIMP1 plays a key role in regulating plasma cell differentiation, T helper cell differentiation and Treg cell differentiation. Treatment with exosome injection or bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) transplantation reduce joint damage in RA. But the precise regulatory mechanisms remain unclear. METHODS: We injected BMSC-derived exosomes into RA mice, and then performed histological analysis on mouse ankle joints. We cultured CD4+ T cells in vitro, then added exosomes with or without si-TUG1 and induced the differentiation of Th17 cells and Treg cells, and then we used flow cytometry to detect the ratio of Th17 cells and Treg cells. Furthermore, we injected exosomes into sh-NC or sh-BLIMP1-treated RA mice, and then performed histological analysis on the ankle joints. RESULT: The results of our study demonstrate that exosome treatment decreased the proportion of differentiated Th17 cells, while increasing the proportion of Treg cells. And we observed that the Exo si-TUG1 group had an increased proportion of Th17 cells and a decreased proportion of Treg cells. We observed an increase in BLIMP1 expression in both the peripheral blood of mice and in CD4+ T cells cultured in vitro in the Exo group. Conversely, the Exo si-TUG1 group showed a decrease in BLIMP1 expression. Notably, inhibiting BLIMP1 expression led to the reversal of the therapeutic effects of exosomes. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that BMSC-derived exosomes promote the expression of BLIMP1 through Lnc TUG1-carrying exosomes, which may modulate the balance between Th17 cells and Treg cells. This mechanism ultimately alleviates damage caused by RA, suggesting that BMSC-derived exosomes enriched in Lnc TUG1 hold promise as a potential therapeutic approach for treating RA.

Efficient and Stable Red Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes via Thermodynamic Crystallization Control.

Efficient and stable red perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) demonstrate promising potential in high-definition displays and biomedical applications. Although significant progress has been made in device performance, meeting commercial demands remains a challenge in the aspects of long-term stability and high external quantum efficiency (EQE). Here, an in situ crystallization regulation strategy is developed for optimizing red perovskite films through ingenious vapor design. Mixed vapor containing dimethyl sulfoxide and carbon disulfide (CS2) is incorporated to conventional annealing, which contributes to thermodynamics dominated perovskite crystallization for well-aligned cascade phase arrangement. Additionally, the perovskite surface defect density is minimized by the CS2 molecule adsorption. Consequently, the target perovskite films exhibit smooth exciton energy transfer, reduced defect density, and blocked ion migration pathways. Leveraging these advantages, spectrally stable red PeLEDs are obtained featuring emission at 668, 656, and 648 nm, which yield record peak EQEs of 30.08%, 32.14%, and 29.04%, along with prolonged half-lifetimes of 47.7, 60.0, and 43.7 h at the initial luminances of 140, 250, and 270 cd m-2, respectively. This work provides a universal strategy for optimizing perovskite crystallization and represents a significant stride toward the commercialization of red PeLEDs.

Broadband Spin and Orbital Momentum Modulator Using Self-Assembled Nanostructures.

The structural symmetry of solids plays an important role in defining their linear and nonlinear optical properties. The quest for versatile, cost-effective, large-scale, and defect-free approaches and materials platforms for tailoring structural and optical properties on demand is underway since decades. A self-assembled spherulite material comprised of synthesized molecules with large dipole moments aligned azimuthally, forming a vortex polarity with spontaneously broken symmetry, is experimentally demonstrated. This unique self-assembled structure enables new linear and nonlinear light-matter interactions, including generating optical vortex beams with complex spin states and on-demand topological charges at the fundamental, doubled, and tripled frequencies. This work will likely enable numerous applications in areas such as high-dimensional quantum information processing with large capacity and high security, spatiotemporal optical vortices, and a novel optical manipulation and trapping platform.