Effects of surfactants on the photolysis of chlorothalonil on pepper (Capsicum annuum var. grossum Sendt).

Chlorothalonil is a widely used fungicide on pepper and other vegetables in China. The present study was aimed to evaluate effects of three different surfactants, sodium dodecyl sulfonate (SDS), Span-20, and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), on the photolysis of chlorothalonil on peppers under irradiation of either high-pressure mercury lamp (HPML) or sunlight inside and outside greenhouse. Results showed that both SDS and Span-20 at a low concentration exhibited a photosensitization effect on the photolysis of chlorothalonil under HPML. Such effect gradually decreased with increasing concentrations of either surfactant prior to photoquenching effects observed. In contrast, CTAB showed a photoquenching effect on chlorothalonil photolysis, which was gradually enhanced with an increasing CTAB concentration. SDS, Span-20, and CTAB had consistent effects on the photolysis of chlorothalonil under sunlight as those observed under HPML irradiation. The use of appropriate surfactants as pesticide additives at optimal concentrations could decrease the residue of pesticide in agricultural food and improve food safety.

[Therapeutic effect of carboplatin and etoposide combinative therapy on 123 lung cancer cases].

The clinical effect of Carboplatin and Etoposide (CE regimen) on 58 cases of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and 65 cases of non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) was observed, and its influence on immunity was investigated simultaneously. The result showed that the overall response rate of SCLC group was 72.4% (42/58). Among them, the response rate of primary treatment was 81.0% (31/38), and that of secondary treatment was 30.0% In NSCLC group, the response rate of primary treatment was 30.0% (6/20). In NSCLS group, the rate of primary treatment was 22.9% (8/35), and that of secondary treatment was 13.3% (4/30). From the result it was found that the response rate of primary treatment was higher than that of secondary treatment, and that the main side-effect of CE regimen was mild leukopenia, and the other side-effects included gastrointestinal symptoms, alopecia and mild hepatic function changes. The influence of CE regimen on immunity was temporary, and will soon recover. Repeating the regimen is reasonable. So we think that CE regimen is one of the best regimens for SCLC patients.

Morphopathologic observations on high-velocity steel bullet wounds at various intervals after wounding.

Soft-tissue wounds of both hind legs in 15 dogs were inflicted by spherical steel bullets. Histologic and ultrastructural changes were observed in the contusion zone and the concussion zone at 6, 12, and 24 hr after wounding. Histologically, it was shown that at 6 hr after wounding, there were degeneration and necrosis of myofibers and interstitial hemorrhage and edema in the contusion zone, while some fibers still appeared to have normal structure in the outer layers. In the inner layers of the concussion zone close to the entrance, there was focal necrosis of myofibers. Histologic changes at 12 and 24 hr after wounding were similar to those at 6 hr but there were more inflammatory reactions. A considerable number of ultrastructural changes were seen in the contusion zone at 6 hr after wounding, such as loss of sarcomeres, vacuolization and pyknosis of mitochondria, swelling of sarcoplasmic reticulum, irregular arrangement of Z-lines, breaking of some capillary endothelial cells, etc. However, in the concussion zone, the changes were much less than those above mentioned, although karyons and karyomeres of some monocytes appeared to be gathering to the side of cytoblast. On the whole, the ultrastructural changes were not so severe at 12 and 24 hr as those at 6 hr after wounding. Also, the characteristic features of the wound caused by high-velocity steel bullets were not similar to those caused by 5.56-mm high-velocity missiles. The severity of damage at the entrance of wound track caused by steel bullet was more marked than that at the exit.

Early pathomorphologic characteristics of the wound track caused by fragments.

Soft-tissue wounds were inflicted on the upper parts of both hind legs of dogs by fragments which were shot with a smooth-bore testing rifle. Three impact velocities were used: "high" (1,500 m/s, six dogs), "middle" (1,000 m/s, eight dogs) and "low" (700 m/s, seven dogs). Debridement and gross examination were carried out 6 hours after wounding. The main conclusions were as follows: 1) Grossly, most of the wound tracks were blind. The primary wound track in the "high"-velocity group looked like a funnel in shape. The wound cavity close to the entrance had the largest diameter. 2) The severity of the tissue damage depended on the impact velocity. The higher the velocity, the larger were the wound cavities, the more tissues damaged, and the wider was the area of tissue damage around the cavity. 3) Based on the gross, light microscopy (LM), and electron microscopy (EM) observations it was found that one of the predominant characteristics of the tissue damage caused by fragments was the irregularity or unevenness. This was especially true in the case of the "high"-velocity group. The distribution of tissue damage seemed to be "jumping" or "mosaic." This probably resulted from the irregularity of the energy delivery from fragments with high velocity and low mass. 4) The differences in morphologic characteristics between wound tracks caused by bullets and those by fragments are discussed.

Pathological changes of gunshot wounds at various intervals after wounding.

Pathological changes of soft tissue wounds inflicted by high-velocity bullets (M 193, 5.56 mm in calibre) and middle-velocity bullets (T 56, 7.62 mm in calibre) were observed 6, 24 and 72 hrs after wounding in 40 dogs. It was noted that the extent of tissue damage would not increase further with the passage of time. Pathological changes of gunshot wounds caused by either high-velocity or middle-velocity bullet were essentially the same. However, in the high-velocity gunshot wounds, there were larger primary wound tracks, more damages to the contusion zone and more marked destructions of ultrastructures in the concussion zone.