[Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Report of a case]. / Proteinosis alveolar pulmonar. Reporte de un caso.

BACKGROUND: The pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is characterized by the accumulation of lipoprotein material in the alveoli. It is classified as primary, secondary and congenital. The primary form, of autoimmune origin, is characterized by antibodies against granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). The aim of this article is to present a case of PAP with adequate response to treatment with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and GM-CSF. CLINICAL CASE: A 28-year-old female patient who started with mild to moderate effort dyspnea, distal cyanosis and lower respiratory tract infection. We found restrictive pattern respiratory function tests, chest X-ray with bilateral nodular reticulum pattern and high-resolution tomography with ground glass image and bronchiectasis, besides video bronchoscopy with inflammatory process. The open biopsy revealed data of alveolar proteinaceous material and mononuclear infiltrate. Treatment was given with BAL and GM-CSF which was suspended by dermal reaction. The patient had a satisfactory evolution and is currently asymptomatic. CONCLUSION: The present case had clinical, imaging and histological manifestations for the diagnosis of autoimmune PAP with a satisfactory response to treatment. Although PAP is a low prevalence entity, the diagnosis and therapeutic options must be taken into account, including BAL and GM-CSF, since this factor is required for surfactant factor homeostasis.

INTRODUCCIÓN: la proteinosis alveolar pulmonar (PAP) se caracteriza por la acumulación de material lipoproteináceo en los alveolos, y se clasifica en primaria, secundaria y congénita. La primaria, de origen autoinmune, se caracteriza por anticuerpos contra el factor estimulante de colonia de granulocitos y macrófagos (GM-CSF). El objetivo del presente trabajo es presentar un caso de PAP con buena respuesta al tratamiento con lavado broncoalveolar (LBA) y GM-CSF. CASO CLÍNICO: Caso clínico: distal e infección de vías respiratorias bajas. Se efectuaron pruebas de función respiratoria con patrón restrictivo, radiografía de tórax con patrón retículo nodular bilateral y tomografía de alta resolución con imagen de vidrio despulido y bronquiectasias, así como video broncoscopía con proceso inflamatorio. La biopsia a cielo abierto evidenció datos de material proteináceo alveolar e infiltrado mononuclear. Se dio tratamiento con LBA y GM-CSF, el cual fue suspendido por reacción dérmica. Tuvo evolución satisfactoria y actualmente se encuentra asintomática. CONCLUSIÓN: el presente caso tuvo manifestaciones clínicas, de imagen e histológicas para el diagnóstico de PAP autoinmune con respuesta satisfactoria. Para el tratamiento de la PAP, aunque es una entidad de baja prevalencia, se debe tener en cuenta el diagnóstico y las opciones terapéuticas, entre ellas, el LBA y el GM-CSF, puesto que este factor se requiere para la homeostasis del factor surfactante.

Norepinefrina/vasopresina versus norepinefrina en pacientes politraumatizados con traumatismo craneoencefálico severo / Norepinephrine/vasopressin versus norepinephrine, in polytraumatized patients with severe traumatic brain injury / Norepinefrina/vasopressina vs norepinefrina em pacientes com traumatismo cranioencefálico grave

Resumen: Introducción: Los pacientes politraumatizados desarrollan una respuesta inflamatoria sistémica y sucesos quimiotácticos similares a los observados en procesos infecciosos; de éstos los que además presentan TCE severo requieren mantenimiento de presión arterial media (TAM) ≥ 90 mmHg, lo que conlleva la necesidad de dosis altas de vasopresores. Objetivo: Evaluar los efectos hemodinámicos de la administración de norepinefrina/vasopresina (grupo experimental) versus norepinefrina (grupo control) en pacientes politraumatizados con traumatismo craneoencefálico severo hemodinámicamente inestables. Material y métodos: Ensayo clínico controlado, no aleatorizado, abierto y de grupos paralelos. Resultados: Se obtuvo una muestra homogénea de 20 pacientes; ambos grupos mantuvieron las medianas de TAM similares [experimental 90 versus control 93 mmHg, p = 0.516]. Los efectos hemodinámicos a favor del grupo experimental fueron: presión arterial sistólica (PAS) [primera hora, p = .041], frecuencia cardiaca (FC) [primera hora p = .029] así como lactato [hora 5, p = .015]. En cuanto al balance hídrico, la mediana del grupo control fue de +1,516 mL versus +553 mL del grupo experimental [p = 0.579]. Conclusión: No existe diferencia significativa en la TAM en la reanimación y neuroprotección de ambos grupos. Hubo mejoría estadísticamente significativa en la TAS y FC en la primera hora a favor del grupo experimental.

Abstract: Introduction: The politraumatized patients develop a systemic inflammatory response and quimiotaxis cascade like the infectious diseases; from this kind of patients, those with severe traumatic brain injury, need to hold medium arterial pressure ≥ 90 mmHg, that triggers high doses of vasopressor. Objective: Evaluate hemodynamic repercussion, of infusion Vasopressin/Norepinephrine (experimental group) vs Norepinephrine (control group) in politraumatized patients with severe traumatic brain injury whom present hemodynamic instability. Material and methods: Controlled, non randomized and open trial, with parallel groups. Results: We got a standardized sample of 20 patients; both groups had the same median of mean arterial pressure (MAP) [experimental group 90 versus control group 93 mmHg, p = 0.516]. There were better hemodynamic effect in experimental group, in systolic arterial pressure (SAP) [first hour, p = .041], heart rate (HR) [first hour p = .029], and lactate [hour 5, p = .015]. The fluid balance's median in control group was +1,516 mL versus +553 mL in experimental group [p = 0.579]. Conclusion: There was no significant difference in MAP of both groups, in reanimation period either neurological protection therapy. There was statistically significant improvement in SAP and HR, in experimental group.

Resumo: Introdução: Os pacientes politraumatizados desenvolvem uma resposta inflamatória sistêmica e eventos quimiotáticos semelhantes aos observados em processos infecciosos; destes, os que además apresentam TCE grave requerem manter a pressão arterial média (PAM) ≥ 90 mmHg, o que leva à necessidade de altas doses de vasopressores. Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos hemodinâmicos da administração de norepinefrina/vasopressina (grupo experimental) contra norepinefrina (grupo controle), em pacientes politraumatizado com traumatismo cranioencefálico grave, que apresentam instabilidade hemodinâmica. Material e métodos: Ensaio clínico controlado, não randomizado, aberto e com grupos paralelos. Resultados: Obteve-se uma amostra homogênea de 20 pacientes; ambos os grupos mantiveram médias PAM similares [experimental 90 versus controle 93 mmHg, p = 0.516]; Os efeitos hemodinâmicos a favor do grupo experimental foram: pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) [1o hora, p = .041], freqüência cardíaca (FC) [1o hora p = 0.029], bem como lactato [5o, p = 0.015]; Em relação ao balanço hídrico, a mediana do grupo controle foi +1,516 ml vs + 553 ml do grupo experimental [p = 0.579]. Conclusão: Não há diferença significativa na PAM, na ressuscitação e neuroproteção de ambos os grupos. Houve melhora estatisticamente significativa na PAS e FC na primeira hora a favor do grupo experimental.

Influenza A (H1N1pdm09)-Related Critical Illness and Mortality in Mexico and Canada, 2014.

OBJECTIVES: The 2009-2010 influenza A (H1N1pdm09) pandemic caused substantial morbidity and mortality among young patients; however, mortality estimates have been confounded by regional differences in eligibility criteria and inclusion of selected populations. In 2013-2014, H1N1pdm09 became North America's dominant seasonal influenza strain. Our objective was to compare the baseline characteristics, resources, and treatments with outcomes among critically ill patients with influenza A (H1N1pdm09) in Mexican and Canadian hospitals in 2014 using consistent eligibility criteria. DESIGN: Observational study and a survey of available healthcare setting resources. SETTING: Twenty-one hospitals, 13 in Mexico and eight in Canada. PATIENTS: Critically ill patients with confirmed H1N1pdm09 during 2013-2014 influenza season. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The main outcome measures were 90-day mortality and independent predictors of mortality. Among 165 adult patients with H1N1pdm09-related critical illness between September 2013 and March 2014, mean age was 48.3 years, 64% were males, and nearly all influenza was community acquired. Patients were severely hypoxic (median PaO2-to-FIO2 ratio, 83 mm Hg), 97% received mechanical ventilation, with mean positive end-expiratory pressure of 14 cm H2O at the onset of critical illness and 26.7% received rescue oxygenation therapy with prone ventilation, extracorporeal life support, high-frequency oscillatory ventilation, or inhaled nitric oxide. At 90 days, mortality was 34.6% (13.9% in Canada vs 50.5% in Mexico, p < 0.0001). Independent predictors of mortality included lower presenting PaO2-to-FIO2 ratio (odds ratio, 0.89 per 10-point increase [95% CI, 0.80-0.99]), age (odds ratio, 1.49 per 10 yr increment [95% CI, 1.10-2.02]), and requiring critical care in Mexico (odds ratio, 7.76 [95% CI, 2.02-27.35]). ICUs in Canada generally had more beds, ventilators, healthcare personnel, and rescue oxygenation therapies. CONCLUSIONS: Influenza A (H1N1pdm09)-related critical illness still predominantly affects relatively young to middle-aged patients and is associated with severe hypoxemic respiratory failure. The local critical care system and available resources may be influential determinants of patient outcome.