Understanding homologous recombination repair deficiency in biliary tract cancers: clinical implications and correlation with platinum sensitivity.

BACKGROUND: Biliary tract cancers (BTCs) exhibit high mortality rates and significant heterogeneity in both clinical and molecular characteristics. This study aims to molecularly characterize a cohort of patients with BTC, with a specific focus on genomic alterations within homologous recombination repair (HRR) genes in a real-world setting. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We carried out a retrospective analysis on 256 patients with BTC treated at five Austrian centers and one German comprehensive cancer center between 2016 and 2023 utilizing comprehensive genomic profiling platforms to assess HRR status and its correlation with clinical outcomes after platinum-based chemotherapy. RESULTS: A total of 67 patients (27.5%) exhibited HRR gene mutations (HRRm), with the most common pathogenic alterations in BAP1 (9%), ARID1A (7.8%), and ATM (6.1%). Time to failure of the first-line strategy (TFS) between patients with HRRm and non-HRRm treated with platinum agents was 7.9 and 6.7 months, respectively [hazard ratio (HR) 0.89; P = 0.49]. The overall survival (OS) estimates at 6, 18, and 24 months were 82%, 45%, and 39% in the HRRm group (median 16.01 months) and 81%, 42%, and 22% in the HRR group (median 15.68 months), respectively (Fleming-Harrington test P = 0.0004; log-rank P = 0.022). Significance did not persist in the multivariate analysis (HR 0.72; 95% confidence interval 0.489-1.059; P = 0.095). An interaction between HRRm status and molecular-informed therapeutic strategies in later lines was noted. In the second-line treatment, OS following an irinotecan-based regimen was comparable to re-exposure to platinum-based agents (12.36 versus 10.13 months; HR 0.92; P = 0.85). No better outcome was noted for patients with HRRm versus patients with non-HRRm with second-line platinum agents (HR 1.45; P = 0.35). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with HRRm with BTC showed a potential advantage in OS following platinum-based first-line chemotherapy, presumably attributed to enhanced opportunities for targetable coalterations. Further investigation is needed to outline HRR within the scope of BTCs and detail a clinically meaningful sensitivity to platinum agents or targeted approaches with poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors.

Changes over time in the course of advanced pancreatic cancer treatment with systemic chemotherapy: a pooled analysis of five clinical trials from two decades of the German AIO study group.

BACKGROUND: Over the past two decades, our group has conducted five multicenter trials focusing on first-line systemic therapy for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. The current pooled analysis was designed to evaluate prognosis over time and the impact of clinical characteristics on survival. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Individual patient data were derived from five prospective, controlled, multicenter trials conducted by the 'Arbeitsgemeinschaft Internistische Onkologie' (AIO): 'Gem/Cis', 'Ro96', 'RC57', 'ACCEPT' and 'RASH', which recruited patients between December 1997 and January 2017. RESULTS: Overall, 912 patients were included. The median overall survival (OS) for all assessable patients was 7.1 months. OS significantly improved over time, with a median OS of 8.6 months for patients treated from 2012 to 2017 compared with 7.0 months from 1997 to 2006 [hazard ratio (HR) 1.06; P < 0.004]. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (HR 1.48; P < 0.001), use of second-line treatment (HR 1.51; P < 0.001), and Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) stage (III versus IV) (HR 1.34, P = 0.002) had a significant impact on OS. By contrast, no influence of age and gender on OS was detectable. Comparing combination therapy with single-agent chemotherapy did not demonstrate a survival benefit, nor did regimens containing epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) such as afatinib or erlotinib, compared with chemotherapy-only arms. Patients with early-onset pancreatic cancer (age at study entry of ≤50 years, n = 102) had a similar OS compared with those >50 years (7.1 versus 7.0 months; HR 1.13; P = 0.273). The use of a platinum-containing regimen was not associated with better outcomes in patients with early-onset pancreatic cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Within this selected group of patients treated within prospective clinical trials, survival has shown improvement over two decades. This effect is likely attributable to the availability of more effective combination therapies and treatment lines, rather than to any specific regimen, such as those containing EGFR-TKIs. In addition, concerning age and sex subgroups, the dataset did not provide evidence for distinct clinical behavior.

Prognostic value of deep learning-derived body composition in advanced pancreatic cancer-a retrospective multicenter study.

BACKGROUND: Despite the prognostic relevance of cachexia in pancreatic cancer, individual body composition has not been routinely integrated into treatment planning. In this multicenter study, we investigated the prognostic value of sarcopenia and myosteatosis automatically extracted from routine computed tomography (CT) scans of patients with advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed clinical imaging data of 601 patients from three German cancer centers. We applied a deep learning approach to assess sarcopenia by the abdominal muscle-to-bone ratio (MBR) and myosteatosis by the ratio of abdominal inter- and intramuscular fat to muscle volume. In the pooled cohort, univariable and multivariable analyses were carried out to analyze the association between body composition markers and overall survival (OS). We analyzed the relationship between body composition markers and laboratory values during the first year of therapy in a subgroup using linear regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, and American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage. RESULTS: Deep learning-derived MBR [hazard ratio (HR) 0.60, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.47-0.77, P < 0.005] and myosteatosis (HR 3.73, 95% CI 1.66-8.39, P < 0.005) were significantly associated with OS in univariable analysis. In multivariable analysis, MBR (P = 0.019) and myosteatosis (P = 0.02) were associated with OS independent of age, sex, and AJCC stage. In a subgroup, MBR and myosteatosis were associated with albumin and C-reactive protein levels after initiation of therapy. Additionally, MBR was also associated with hemoglobin and total protein levels. CONCLUSIONS: Our work demonstrates that deep learning can be applied across cancer centers to automatically assess sarcopenia and myosteatosis from routine CT scans. We highlight the prognostic role of our proposed markers and show a strong relationship with protein levels, inflammation, and anemia. In clinical practice, automated body composition analysis holds the potential to further personalize cancer treatment.

Smaller panel, similar results: genomic profiling and molecularly informed therapy in pancreatic cancer.

BACKGROUND: Pancreatic cancer has a dismal prognosis. One reason is resistance to cytotoxic drugs. Molecularly matched therapies might overcome this resistance but the best approach to identify those patients who may benefit is unknown. Therefore, we sought to evaluate a molecularly guided treatment approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical outcome and mutational status of patients with pancreatic cancer who received molecular profiling at the West German Cancer Center Essen from 2016 to 2021. We carried out a 47-gene DNA next-generation sequencing (NGS) panel. Furthermore, we assessed microsatellite instability-high/deficient mismatch repair (MSI-H/dMMR) status and, sequentially and only in case of KRAS wild-type, gene fusions via RNA-based NGS. Patient data and treatment were retrieved from the electronic medical records. RESULTS: Of 190 included patients, 171 had pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (90%). One hundred and three patients had stage IV pancreatic cancer at diagnosis (54%). MMR analysis in 94 patients (94/190, 49.5%) identified 3 patients with dMMR (3/94, 3.2%). Notably, we identified 32 patients with KRAS wild-type status (16.8%). To identify driver alterations in these patients, we conducted an RNA-based fusion assay on 13 assessable samples and identified 5 potentially actionable fusions (5/13, 38.5%). Overall, we identified 34 patients with potentially actionable alterations (34/190, 17.9%). Of these 34 patients, 10 patients (10/34, 29.4%) finally received at least one molecularly targeted treatment and 4 patients had an exceptional response (>9 months on treatment). CONCLUSIONS: Here, we show that a small-sized gene panel can suffice to identify relevant therapeutic options for pancreatic cancer patients. Informally comparing with previous large-scale studies, this approach yields a similar detection rate of actionable targets. We propose molecular sequencing of pancreatic cancer as standard of care to identify KRAS wild-type and rare molecular subsets for targeted treatment strategies.

A prognostic systemic inflammation score (SIS) in patients with advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.

PURPOSE: Systemic-inflammatory response parameters (SIR) are known prognostic markers in different tumour entities, but have not been evaluated in patients with iCCA treated with systemic chemotherapy. Therefore, we evaluated the impact of different SIR markers on the clinical course of patients with advanced iCCA treated at our center. METHODS: SIR markers were retrospectively evaluated in 219 patients with iCCA at the West-German-Cancer-Center Essen from 2014 to 2019. Markers included neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), lymphocyte/monocyte ratio (LMR), CRP, and the modified Glasgow-Prognostic-Score (mGPS), which were correlated with clinico-pathological findings, response to chemotherapy (ORR), progression-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS) using Kaplan-Meier analyses, and Cox proportional models. RESULTS: Median overall survival (OS) of the entire cohort was 14.8 months (95% CI 11.2-24.4). Median disease-free survival (DFS) in 81 patients undergoing resection was 12.3 months (95% CI 9.7-23.1). The median OS from start of palliative CTX (OSpall) was 10.9 months (95% 9.4-14.6). A combined Systemic Inflammatory Score (SIS) comprising all evaluated SIR markers correlated significantly with ORR, PFS, and OSpall. Patients with a high SIS (≥ 2) vs. SIS 0 had a significantly inferior OSpall (HR 8.7 95% CI 3.71-20.38, p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis including known prognostic markers (ECOG, CA19-9, LDH, and N- and M-status) identified the SIS as an independent prognostic factor. CONCLUSIONS: Inflammatory markers associate with inferior survival outcomes in patients with iCCA. A simple SIS may guide treatment decisions in patients treated with systemic chemotherapy.

Multimodal survival prediction in advanced pancreatic cancer using machine learning.

BACKGROUND: Existing risk scores appear insufficient to assess the individual survival risk of patients with advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and do not take advantage of the variety of parameters that are collected during clinical care. METHODS: In this retrospective study, we built a random survival forest model from clinical data of 203 patients with advanced PDAC. The parameters were assessed before initiation of systemic treatment and included age, CA19-9, C-reactive protein, metastatic status, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and total serum protein level. Separate models including imaging and molecular parameters were built for subgroups. RESULTS: Over the entire cohort, a model based on clinical parameters achieved a c-index of 0.71. Our approach outperformed the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system and the modified Glasgow Prognostic Score (mGPS) in the identification of high- and low-risk subgroups. Inclusion of the KRAS p.G12D mutational status could further improve the prediction, whereas radiomics data of the primary tumor only showed little benefit. In an external validation cohort of PDAC patients with liver metastases, our model achieved a c-index of 0.67 (mGPS: 0.59). CONCLUSIONS: The combination of multimodal data and machine-learning algorithms holds potential for personalized prognostication in advanced PDAC already at diagnosis.

Prognostic and predictive value of CA 19-9 in locally advanced pancreatic cancer treated with multiagent induction chemotherapy: results from a prospective, multicenter phase II trial (NEOLAP-AIO-PAK-0113).

BACKGROUND: The prognostic and predictive value of carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9) in locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) has not yet been defined from prospective randomized controlled trials (RCTs). PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 165 LAPC patients were treated within the NEOLAP RCT for 16 weeks with multiagent induction chemotherapy [ICT; either nab-paclitaxel/gemcitabine alone or nab-paclitaxel/gemcitabine followed by FOLFIRINOX (combination of fluorouracil, leucovorin, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin)] followed by surgical exploration of all patients without evidence of disease progression. CA 19-9 was determined at baseline and after ICT and correlated with overall survival (OS) and secondary R0 resection rate. RESULTS: From the NEOLAP study population (N = 165) 133 patients (81%) were evaluable for CA 19-9 at baseline and 81/88 patients (92%) for post-ICT CA 19-9 response. Median OS (mOS) in the CA 19-9 cohort (n = 133) was 16.2 months [95% confidence interval (CI) 13.0-19.4] and R0 resection (n = 31; 23%) was associated with a significant survival benefit [40.8 months (95% CI 21.7-59.8)], while R1 resected patients (n = 14; 11%) had no survival benefit [14.0 (95% CI 11.7-16.3) months, hazard ratio (HR) 0.27; P = 0.001]. After ICT most patients showed a CA 19-9 response (median change from baseline: -82%; relative decrease ≥55%: 83%; absolute decrease to ≤50 U/ml: 43%). Robust CA 19-9 response (decrease to ≤50U/ml) was significantly associated with mOS [27.8 (95% CI 18.4-37.2) versus 16.5 (95% CI 11.7-21.2) months, HR 0.49; P = 0.013], whereas CA 19-9 baseline levels were not prognostic for OS. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that a robust CA 19-9 response was an independent predictive factor for R0 resection. Using a CA 19-9 decrease to ≤61 U/ml as optimal cut-off (by receiver operating characteristic analysis) yielded 72% sensitivity and 62% specificity for successful R0 resection, whereas CA 19-9 nonresponders (<20% decrease or increase) had no chance for successful R0 resection. CONCLUSIONS: CA 19-9 response after multiagent ICT provides relevant prognostic and predictive information and is useful in selecting LAPC patients for explorative surgery. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: ClinicalTrials.govNCT02125136; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02125136; EudraCT 2013-004796-12; https://www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr-search/trial/2013-004796-12/results.

Prognosis and tumor biology of pancreatic cancer patients with isolated lung metastases: translational results from the German multicenter AIO-YMO-PAK-0515 study.

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary metastasis (M1-PUL) as first site of dissemination in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a rare event and may define a distinct biological subgroup. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Arbeitsgemeinschaft Internistische Onkologie-Young Medical Oncologists-Pankreas-0515 study (AIO-YMO-PAK-0515) was a retrospective German multicenter study investigating clinical and molecular characteristics of M1-PUL PDAC patients; 115 M1-PUL PDAC patients from 7 participating centers were included. Clinical characteristics and potential prognostic factors were defined within the M1-PUL cohort. Archival tumor samples were analyzed for Her2/neu, HNF1A and KRT81 expression. Additionally, messenger RNA (mRNA) expression analysis (using a 770-gene immune profiling panel) was carried out in the M1-PUL and in a control cohort (M1-ANY). RESULTS: Median overall survival in the entire M1-PUL cohort was 20 months; the most favorable prognosis (median survival: 28 months) was observed in the subgroup of 66 PDAC patients with metachronous lung metastases after previous curative-intent surgery. The number of metastatic lesions, uni- or bilateral lung involvement as well as metastasectomy were identified as potential prognostic factors. Her2/neu expression and PDAC subtyping (by HNF1A and KRT81) did not differ between the M1-PUL and the M1-ANY cohort. mRNA expression analysis revealed significant differentially expressed genes between both cohorts: CD63 and LAMP1 were among the top 20 differentially expressed genes and were identified as potential mediators of organotropism and favorable survival outcome of M1-PUL patients. CONCLUSION: M1-PUL represents a clinically favorable cohort in PDAC patients. Site of relapse might already be predetermined at the time of surgery and could potentially be predicted by gene expression profiling.

Combined systemic inflammation score (SIS) correlates with prognosis in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer receiving palliative chemotherapy.

PURPOSE: The prognosis of patients with advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains dismal. New cytotoxic agents such as nab-paclitaxel and liposomal irinotecan (nal-Iri) have extended the armamentarium of therapeutic options in the last years. Nowadays, sequential therapeutic strategies with moderately toxic chemotherapeutic protocols can be administered to the patients. However, prognostic and predictive biomarkers are still missing to identify those patients, which profit most from a "continuum of care" concept rather than receiving intensive first-line protocols such as FOLFIRINOX. To this end, we retrospectively evaluated the impact of the systemic inflammation as one essential hallmark of cancer in patients with advanced PDAC treated with sequential systemic. METHODS: A cohort of 193 PDAC patients treated at our center from January 2005 to August 2011 were retrospectively evaluated for the following systemic inflammatory response (SIR) markers: neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), lymphocyte-monocyte ratio (LMR) C-reactive protein (CRP), and the modified Glasgow Prognostic Score (mGPS). SIR markers were correlated with clinico-pathological findings, response to chemotherapy and overall survival (OS) using Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional models. RESULTS: All evaluated SIR markers were significantly associated with OS in patients with metastatic disease but not in patients with locally advanced PDAC. Interestingly, all SIR markers were only prognostic in patients not receiving antibiotics as surrogate marker for systemic bacterial infections. Based on the evaluated SIR markers, we propose a new Systemic Inflammation Score (SIS), which significantly correlated with reduced OS (HR: 3.418 (1.802-6.488, p < 0.001)) and the likelihood of receiving further-line systemic therapies (p = 0.028). CONCLUSION: Routinely assessed SIR biomarkers have potential to support therapeutic decision making in patients with metastatic PDAC.

Cardiac fibroblast activation detected by Ga-68 FAPI PET imaging as a potential novel biomarker of cardiac injury/remodeling.

BACKGROUND: Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) as a specific marker of activated fibroblasts can be visualized by positron emission tomography (PET) using Ga-68-FAP inhibitors (FAPI). Gallium-68-labeled FAPI is increasingly used in the staging of various cancers. In addition, the first cases of theranostic approaches have been reported. In this work, we describe the phenomenon of myocardial FAPI uptake in patients who received a Ga-68 FAPI PET for tumor staging. METHOD AND RESULTS: Ga-68 FAPI PET examinations for cancer staging were retrospectively analyzed with respect to cardiac tracer uptake. Standardized uptake values (SUV) were correlated to clinical covariates in a univariate regression model. From 09/2018 to 11/2019 N = 32 patients underwent FAPI PET at our institution. Six out of 32 patients (18.8%) demonstrated increased localized myocardial tracer accumulation, with remote FAPI uptake being significantly higher in patients with vs without localized focal myocardial uptake (SUVmax 2.2 ± .6 vs 1.5 ± .4, P < .05 and SUVmean 1.6 ± .4 vs 1.2 ± .3, P < .05, respectively). Univariate regression demonstrated a significant correlation of coronary artery disease (CAD), age and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) with remote SUVmean uptake, the latter with a very strong correlation with remote uptake (R2 = .74, P < .01). CONCLUSION: Our study indicates an association of CAD, age, and LVEF with FAPI uptake. Further studies are warranted to assess if fibroblast activation can be reliably measured and may be used for risk stratification regarding early detection or progression of CAD and left ventricular remodeling.

ANTECEDENTES: Proteína de activación de fibroblastos (FAP) como marcador específico de fibroblastos maduros activados se puede visualizar mediante tomografía por emisión de positrones (PET) usando inhibidores de Ga-68-FAP (FAPI). El FAPI marcado con galio 68 se usa cada vez más en la estatificación de varios tipos de cáncer.Además, se han reportado los primeros casos de abordajes teranósticos. En este trabajo describimos el fenómeno de la captación de FAPI miocárdica en pacientes que recibieron Ga-68 FAPI PET para estatificación tumoral. MéTODO Y RESULTADOS: Los exámenes de PET Ga-68 FAPI para estadificación de cáncer se analizaron retrospectivamente con respecto a la captación del marcador cardíaco. Los valores de absorción estandarizados (SUV) se correlacionaron con covariables clínicas en un modelo de regresión univariante. Del 09/2018 al 11/2019 con una n = 32 pacientes fueron sometidos a PET FAPI en nuestra institución. Seis de 32 pacientes (18.8%) demostraron un aumento de acumulación del marcador localizado en el miocardio, con la captación remota de FAPI siendo significativamente mayor en pacientes con aumento de la captación vs sin captación focalizada de miocardio (SUVmax 2.2 ± 0.6 vs. 1.5 ± 0.4, p <0.05 y SUV mean 1.6 ± 0.4 vs. 1.2 ± 0.3, p <0.05, respectivamente). La regresión univariante demostró una correlación significativa de la enfermedad de la arteria coronaria (CAD), la edad y la fracción de eyección ventricular izquierda (FEVI) con absorción SUV remota, esta última con una muy fuerte correlación con la captación remota (R² = 0.74, p <0.01). CONCLUSIóN: Nuestro estudio indica una asociación de CAD, edad y FEVI con la captación de FAPI. Se necesitan más estudios para evaluar si la activación de fibroblastos se puede medir de manera confiable y se puede usar para la estratificación de riesgo con respecto a la detección temprana o la progresión de la CAD y la remodelación ventricular izquierda.

CONTEXTE: La protéine d'activation des fibroblastes (FAP) activés et matures peut être visualisée par tomographie à émission de positons (TEP) à l'aide d'inhibiteurs de l'activation des fibroblastes (FAPI). FAPI marqué au gallium 68 est de plus en plus utilisé dans la stratification de divers cancers. De plus, les premiers exemples d'approches théranostiques ont été rapportés. Dans ce travail nous décrivons la captation myocardique de FAPI chez les patients qui bénéficié d'une TEP au Ga-68 FAPI pour stratification tumorale. MéTHODE ET RéSULTATS: Les examens TEP Ga-68 FAPI pour la stratification oncologique ont été analysés rétrospectivement pour l'absorption du traceur au niveau cardiaque. Les valeurs d'absorption normalisées (SUV) font été corrélées aux variables cliniques selon un modèle de régression univarié. A partir de septembre 2018 jusqu'en novembre 2019, 32 patients ont bénéficié d'une TEP FAPI dans notre établissement. Six de nos 32 patients (18,8%) ont démontré une augmentation focale de captation du tracer au niveau myocardique. Les foyers systémiques se sont révélés significativement plus élevé chez les patients avec foyers myocardiques localisés (SUV max 2,2 ± 0,6 vs 1,5 ± 0,4, p <0,05 et SUV mean 1,6 ± 0,4 vs 1,2 ± 0,3, p <0,05, respectivement). Nous avons observé une corrélation significative entre la maladie coronarienne, l'âge, la fraction d'éjection du ventricule gauche et la présence de foyer myocardiques FAPI (R² = 0,74, p <0,01) CONCLUSION: Notre étude indique une association entre la maladie cardiovasculaire coronarienne, l'âge et la FEVG et la captation myocardique de FAPI. Des études additionnelles sont nécessaires pour déterminer si l'activation des fibroblastes peut être mesurée de manière fiable et utilisée pour la détection et la progression de la maladie coronarienne et le remodelage du ventricule gauche.

The predictive and prognostic significance of cell-free DNA concentration in melanoma.

BACKGROUND: Melanoma is the leading cause of skin cancer-related deaths worldwide. While there have been significant improvements in the treatment of advanced melanoma in the past decade, biomarker development lagged behind. OBJECTIVES: The majority of liquid biopsy biomarkers rely on the analyses of oncogenic mutations; however, about 20% of melanoma patients are wild type. Therefore, validation of universal predictive and prognostic biomarkers is urgently needed. METHODS: We analysed plasma samples in a discovery cohort (n = 20) and expansion cohort (n = 166) of metastatic melanoma patients and healthy donors (n = 116). Total plasma circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) concentrations were measured on the Qubit® platform using assays for single-(ss) and double (ds)-stranded DNA, DNA spectrophotometry and RNase P qPCR. We explored the diagnostic, predictive and prognostic potential of cfDNA concentration by bio-statistical methods and established a cfDNA threshold for risk stratification. RESULTS: Our selected best method was Qubit® dsDNA assay which quantified higher plasma cfDNA concentrations in melanoma patients than in healthy controls (AUC 72%). Measurement of baseline cfDNA concentration revealed that high cfDNA was associated with presence of metastases and higher AJCC stage (P < 0.05). Furthermore, high baseline cfDNA was an indicator of shorter overall survival in patients with oncogenic mutations (HR 2.12, P = 0.0008), and in wild-type patients (HR 5.55, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: We provide evidence that total cfDNA can be used as a biomarker for melanoma irrespective of the tumour genotype and can provide information on tumour load, risk of progression and risk of death.

Neurotrophic tropomyosin receptor kinase (NTRK) and nerve growth factor (NGF) are not expressed in Caucasian patients with biliary tract cancers: pooled data from three independent cohorts.

BACKGROUND: Neuronal signaling has been implicated in the pathophysiology of multiple malignancies. In biliary tract cancers (BTCs), tumor cell expression of nerve growth factor (NGF) and its receptor neurotrophic tropomyosin receptor kinase (NTRK) has been reported in Asian patients and linked to inferior clinical outcome. Furthermore, NTRK fusions have emerged as a promising target in various cancers. Expression patterns of these markers in Caucasian patients remain unknown. METHODS: In this study, 106 patients with BTCs were included. Immunohistochemistry for pan-NTRK and NGF-beta was performed on > 90 samples of this cohort. Additionally, samples from two independent cohorts, incorporating 254 cases, were used to confirm the findings of the original cohort. RESULTS: While expression of pan-NTRK and NGF-beta was readily detectable in peri-tumoral nerves, these markers were not detectable in malignant epithelial cells in our cohort. CONCLUSIONS: In a large cohort of Caucasian patients with BTC, NTRK and NGF-beta were not detectable, underscoring potential differences between Caucasian and Asian patient populations.

Efficacy of gemcitabine plus erlotinib in rash-positive patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer selected according to eligibility for FOLFIRINOX: A prospective phase II study of the 'Arbeitsgemeinschaft Internistische Onkologie'.

INTRODUCTION: In metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (mPDAC) treatment, erlotinib is known to be more effective in patients developing skin rash. Treatment with the FOLFIRINOX regimen is only performed in fit patients following defined inclusion criteria. The present study investigates the efficacy of gemcitabine plus erlotinib (gem/erlotinib) in rash-positive patients fit for FOLFIRINOX. PATIENTS AND METHODS: For this prospective phase II study, 150 patients were recruited in 20 centres. All patients received gem/erlotinib for 4 weeks (run-in phase); the subsequent treatment was determined by the development of skin rash: patients with rash grades 1-4 continued with gem/erlotinib, rash-negative patients were switched to FOLFIRINOX. Primary study end-point was to achieve a 1-year survival rate in rash-positive patients ≥40%. RESULTS: Ninety patients were deemed positive for skin rash by the end of the run-in phase, showing a 1-year survival rate of 40.0% (95% confidence interval [CI] 29.8-50.9). Median overall survival (OS) was 10.1 months, progression-free survival (PFS) was 3.8 months and overall response rate (ORR) was 23.3%. Patients switched to FOLFIRINOX (n = 27) had a 1-year survival rate of 48.1% (95% CI 28.7-68.1), a median OS of 10.9 months, a median PFS of 6.6 months and an ORR of 33.3%. Rash-negative patients had a lower quality of life at baseline but seemed to experience an improved control of pain during FOLFIRINOX. CONCLUSIONS: First-line treatment with gem/erlotinib was effective in fit, rash-positive mPDAC patients achieving a 1-year survival rate comparable to previous reports for FOLFIRINOX. The study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT0172948) and Eudra-CT (2011-005471-17).

Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC) predicts therapy response in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

Recent advances in molecular subtyping of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) support individualization of therapeutic strategies in this most aggressive disease. With the emergence of various novel therapeutic strategies and neoadjuvant approaches in this quickly deteriorating disease, robust approaches for fast evaluation of therapy response are urgently needed. To this aim, we designed a preclinical imaging-guided therapy trial where genetically engineered mice harboring endogenous aggressive PDAC were treated with the MEK targeting drug refametinib, which induces rapid and profound tumor regression in this model system. Multi-parametric non-invasive imaging was used for therapy response monitoring. A significant increase in the Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging derived Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC) was noted already 24 hours after treatment onset. Histopathological analyses showed increased apoptosis and matrix remodeling at this time point. Our findings suggest the ADC parameter as an early predictor of therapy response in PDAC.

Gemcitabine combined with the monoclonal antibody nimotuzumab is an active first-line regimen in KRAS wildtype patients with locally advanced or metastatic pancreatic cancer: a multicenter, randomized phase IIb study.

BACKGROUND: This randomized study was designed to investigate the superiority of gemcitabine (gem) plus nimotuzumab (nimo), an anti-epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody, compared with gem plus placebo as first-line therapy in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with previously untreated, unresectable, locally advanced or metastatic pancreatic cancer were randomly assigned to receive gem: 1000 mg/m2, 30-min i.v. once weekly (d1, 8, 15; q29) and nimo: fixed dose of 400 mg once weekly as a 30-min infusion, or gem plus placebo, until progression or unacceptable toxicity. The primary end point was overall survival (OS), secondary end points included time to progression, overall response rate, safety and quality of life. RESULTS: A total of 192 patients were randomized, with 186 of them being assessable for efficacy and safety (average age 63.6 years). One-year OS/progression-free survival (PFS) was 34%/22% for gem plus nimo compared with 19%/10% for gem plus placebo (HR = 0.69; P = 0.03/HR = 0.68; P = 0.02). Median OS/PFS was 8.6/5.1 months for gem plus nimo versus 6.0/3.4 mo in the gem plus placebo group (HR = 0.69; P = 0.0341/HR = 0.68; P = 0.0163), with very few grade 3/4 toxicities. KRAS wildtype patients experienced a significantly better OS than those with KRAS mutations (11.6 versus 5.6 months, P = 0.03). CONCLUSION: This randomized study showed that nimo in combination with gem is safe and well tolerated. The 1-year OS and PFS rates for the entire population were significantly improved. Especially, those patients with KRAS wildtype seem to benefit. The study was registered as protocol ID OSAG101-PCS07, NCT00561990 and EudraCT 2007-000338-38.

Short-term effects and adverse events of endoscopically applied radiofrequency ablation appear to be comparable with photodynamic therapy in hilar cholangiocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a new endoscopic palliation therapy for malignant biliary obstruction. The aim of this study was to compare the short-term effects of biliary drainage and adverse events of this technique with the standard of endoscopical treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma, photodynamic therapy (PDT). PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively and since December 2012 prospectively investigated the efficacy and adverse events of RFA in patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma in two tertiary referral centers between November 2011 and January 2013. The approach of the study was prospective, but because of the large amount of retrospectively included patients, the design of the study is overall retrospective. A group of 20 patients treated with PDT between April 2005 and May 2011 served as a historical control. RESULTS: Fourteen patients received 31 biliary RFAs and 20 patients received 36 PDTs. Within the RFA group, a significant decrease (p = 0.046) of the bilirubin level was seen 14 days after the first RFA (3.3 ± 3.9 (mg/dl) versus 2.3 ± 2.6 (mg/dl)). In the PDT group no significant decrease (p = 0.67) of the bilirubin level was obtained (4.1 ± 6.9 (mg/dl) versus 3.5 ± 5.3 (mg/dl)). In the PDT group (13/20, 65%) a significantly higher number of premature stent replacements (<3 months) after the first intervention was noticed in comparison with the RFA group (four of 14, 29%) (p < 0.01). Between the first and fifth procedure, post-interventional adverse events tend to occur more frequently in patients with PDT (eight of 20, 40%) than with RFA (three of 14, 21%) (p = 0.277). CONCLUSIONS: Looking at the short-term effects, we conclude that RFA may present a therapeutic alternative to PDT for palliative treatment of malignant biliary obstruction because of its simple feasibility and moderate adverse event rate. To provide a definitive evaluation of the long-term effects and of overall median survival, a controlled trial with PDT must follow.

Kras(G12D) induces EGFR-MYC cross signaling in murine primary pancreatic ductal epithelial cells.

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling has a critical role in oncogenic Kras-driven pancreatic carcinogenesis. However, the downstream targets of this signaling network are largely unknown. We developed a novel model system utilizing murine primary pancreatic ductal epithelial cells (PDECs), genetically engineered to allow time-specific expression of oncogenic Kras(G12D) from the endogenous promoter. We show that primary PDECs are susceptible to Kras(G12D)-driven transformation and form pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas in vivo after Cdkn2a inactivation. In addition, we demonstrate that activation of Kras(G12D) induces an EGFR signaling loop to drive proliferation. Interestingly, pharmacological inhibition of EGFR fails to decrease Kras(G12D)-activated ERK or PI3K signaling. Instead our data provide novel evidence that EGFR signaling is needed to activate the oncogenic and pro-proliferative transcription factor c-MYC. EGFR and c-MYC have been shown to be essential for pancreatic carcinogenesis. Importantly, our data link both pathways and thereby explain the crucial role of EGFR for Kras(G12D)-driven carcinogenesis in the pancreas.

MYC in pancreatic cancer: novel mechanistic insights and their translation into therapeutic strategies.

Owing to its aggressiveness, late detection and marginal therapeutic accessibility, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains a most challenging malignant disease. Despite scientific progress in the understanding of the mechanisms that underly PDAC initiation and progression, the successful translation of experimental findings into effective new therapeutic strategies remains a largely unmet need. The oncogene MYC is activated in many PDAC cases and is a master regulator of vital cellular processes. Excellent recent studies have shed new light on the tremendous functions of MYC in cancer and identified inhibition of MYC as a likewise beneficial and demanding effort. This review will focus on mechanisms that contribute to deregulation of MYC expression in pancreatic carcinogenesis and progression and will summarize novel biological findings from recent in vivo models. Finally, we provide a perspective, how regulation of MYC in PDAC may contribute to the development of new therapeutic approaches.