The Latest Prevalence, Isolation, and Molecular Characteristics of Feline Herpesvirus Type 1 in Yanji City, China.

Epidemiological surveys revealed that 33 of the 93 samples were positive for FHV-1, with the gD gene of these 33 samples exhibiting low variation, high homology, and no critical amino acid mutation. Feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1), also known as feline viral rhinotracheitis (FVR) virus, is one of the main causes of URT disease in cats. All cats can become hosts of FHV-1, and the spread of this disease affects the protection of rare feline animals. Nasal swabs from cats with URT disease were collected at five veterinary clinics in Yanji City from 2022 to 2024. The purpose of this study was to isolate and investigate the epidemiology of FHV-1. The gD gene of the FHV-1 strain was cloned and inserted into the pMD-18T vector and transformed into a competent Escherichia coli strain. Subsequently, the gD gene of the positive samples was sequenced and phylogenetic analysis was performed to determine the genetic evolution relationship between the strains. We successfully isolated the FHV-1 strain YBYJ-1 in Yanji City for the first time. The diameter of the virus is approximately 150-160 nm. After 48 h of virus inoculation, the cells were round, isolated, and formed grape-like clusters. The gD gene of the virus was sequenced, and the length was 1125 bp, which proved the isolate was FHV-1. This study found that the genetic evolution of the FHV-1 gD gene was stable, expanding the molecular epidemiological data on FHV-1 in cats in Yanji City.

Evaluation of feline mesenchymal stem cell susceptibility to feline viruses.

Feline mesenchymal stem cells (fMSCs) are well known for their robust differentiation capabilities and are commonly used in studying immune-related diseases in cats. Despite their importance, the susceptibility of fMSCs to viral infections remains uncertain. This study aimed to assess the susceptibility of feline adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (fAD-MSCs) and feline umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (fUC-MSCs) to common feline viruses, including feline coronavirus (FCoV), feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1), and feline panleukopenia virus (FPV). The results demonstrated that both FCoV and FHV-1 were able to infect both types of cells, while FPV did not exhibit cytopathic effects on fUC-MSCs. Furthermore, all three viruses were successfully isolated from fAD-MSCs. These findings suggest that certain feline viruses can replicate in fMSCs, indicating potential limitations in using fMSCs for treating viral diseases caused by these specific viruses. This study has important clinical implications for veterinarians, particularly in the management of viral diseases.

Isolation of the Initial Bovine Alphaherpesvirus 1 Isolate from Yanbian, China.

Bovine infectious rhinotracheitis (IBR), caused by bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoAHV1), poses significant challenges to the global cattle industry due to its high contagiousness and economic impact. In our study, we successfully isolated a BoAHV1 strain from suspected infected bovine nasal mucus samples in Yanji city, revealing genetic similarities with strains from Sichuan, Egypt, and the USA, while strains from Xinjiang, Beijing, Hebei, and Inner Mongolia showed more distant associations, indicating potential cross-border transmission. Additionally, our investigation of BoAHV1 infection dynamics within host cells revealed early upregulation of gB, which is critical for sustained infection, while the expression of gC and gD showed variations compared to previous studies. These findings enhance our understanding of BoAHV1 diversity and infection kinetics, underscoring the importance of international collaboration for effective surveillance and control strategies. Furthermore, they lay the groundwork for the development of targeted therapeutics and vaccines to mitigate the impact of IBR on the cattle industry.

Tailoring the coordination environment of double-atom catalysts to boost electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction: a first-principles study.

Tailoring the coordination environment is an effective strategy to modulate the electronic structure and catalytic activity of atomically dispersed transition-metal (TM) catalysts, which has been widely investigated for single-atom catalysts but received less attention for emerging double-atom catalysts (DACs). Herein, based on first-principles calculations, taking the commonly studied N-coordinated graphene-based DACs as references, we explored the effect of coordination engineering on the catalytic behaviors of DACs towards the electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR), which is realized through replacing one N atom by the B or O atom to form B, N or O, N co-coordinated DACs. We found that B, N or O, N co-coordination could significantly strengthen N2 adsorption and alter the N2 adsorption pattern of the TM dimer active center, which greatly facilitates N2 activation. Moreover, on the studied DACs, the linear scaling relationship between the binding strengths of key intermediates can be attenuated. Consequently, the O, N co-coordinated Mn2 DACs, exhibiting an ultralow limiting potential of -0.27 V, climb to the peak of the activity volcano. In addition, the experimental feasibility of this DAC system was also identified. Overall, benefiting from the coordination engineering effect, the chemical activity and catalytic performance of the DACs for NRR can be significantly boosted. This phenomena can be understood from the adjusted electronic structure of the TM dimer active center due to the changes of its coordination microenvironment, which significantly affects the binding strength (pattern) of key intermediates and changes the reaction pathways, leading to enhanced NRR activity and selectivity. This work highlights the importance of coordination engineering in developing DACs for the electrocatalytic NRR and other important reactions.

Development and Application of nanoPCR Method for Detection of Feline Panleukopenia Virus.

Feline panleukopenia (FP) is a severe viral illness caused by the feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), putting sectors like companion cat breeding and endangered feline conservation at risk. The virus has a high morbidity and fatality rate and is found all over the world. We created a novel FPV assay using nanoPCR technology and assessed the method's specificity and sensitivity. The approach amplified a 345 bp nucleic acid fragment with a minimum detection limit of 7.97 × 102 copies/µL, which is about 100 times greater than traditional PCR. We collected anal swabs from 83 cats suspected of FPV infection for practical application, and the FPV-positive rate determined by the nanoPCR approach was 77.1%. In conclusion, the approach is more sensitive than conventional PCR and more convenient and cost-effective than qPCR methodology and may be utilized for the clinical detection of FPV.

Isolation of feline panleukopenia virus from Yanji of China and molecular epidemiology from 2021 to 2022.

BACKGROUND: Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) is a widespread and highly infectious pathogen in cats with a high mortality rate. Although Yanji has a developed cat breeding industry, the variation of FPV locally is still unclear. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to isolate and investigate the epidemiology of FPV in Yanji between 2021 and 2022. METHODS: A strain of FPV was isolated from F81 cells. Cats suspected of FPV infection (n = 80) between 2021 and 2022 from Yanji were enrolled in this study. The capsid protein 2 (VP2) of FPV was amplified. It was cloned into the pMD-19T vector and transformed into a competent Escherichia coli strain. The positive colonies were analyzed via VP2 Sanger sequencing. A phylogenetic analysis based on a VP2 coding sequence was performed to identify the genetic relationships between the strains. RESULTS: An FPV strain named YBYJ-1 was successfully isolated. The virus diameter was approximately 20-24 nm, 50% tissue culture infectious dose = 1 × 10-4.94/mL, which caused cytopathic effect in F81 cells. The epidemiological survey from 2021 to 2022 showed that 27 of the 80 samples were FPV-positive. Additionally, three strains positive for CPV-2c were unexpectedly found. Phylogenetic analysis showed that most of the 27 FPV strains belonged to the same group, and no mutations were found in the critical amino acids. CONCLUSIONS: A local FPV strain named YBYJ-1 was successfully isolated. There was no critical mutation in FPV in Yanji, but some cases with CPV-2c infected cats were identified.

Development and Evaluation of NanoPCR for the Detection of Goose Parvovirus.

Gosling plague (GP) is an acute and hemorrhagic infectious disease caused by goose parvovirus (GPV). The goose industry suffers significant economic losses as a result of GP, which is found to be widespread worldwide, with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Our group developed a novel technique for detecting GPV nanoparticle-assisted polymerase chain reaction (nanoPCR) and the characterization of its specificity and sensitivity. It was developed by using the traditional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and nanoparticles. The findings of this study revealed that GPV nanoPCR products were 389 bp in length, and the lower limit of the nanoPCR assay was 4.68 × 102 copies/µL, whereas that of the conventional PCR assay was 4.68 × 104 copies/µL. A total of 230 geese suspected of GPV were detected using nanoPCR, with a positive rate of 83.0% and a specificity of 73%, respectively. Overall, we present a hitherto undocumented method for identifying GPV by using nanoPCR to aid in the evaluation of subclinical illness.

Molecular epidemiology of canine parvovirus 2 from 2014, 2019, and 2021 shows CPV2 circulating and CPV2c increasing in Yanbian, China.

Canine parvovirus 2 (CPV2) causes one of the most serious canine viral infections, with high mortality in young dogs. In 2014, 2019, and 2021, we determined genetic sequences of CPV2 strains obtained from 39 fecal samples collected from the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture in the Jilin Province of China. Sequence alignments were performed using the major capsid protein (VP2) gene; protein sequences of these samples had high nucleotide (>97.4%) and amino acid (>95.6%) identity. All of the amino acid sequences contained Ser297Ala and Tyr324Ile mutations. Our survey indicated a high prevalence of CPV2 variants in Yanbian Prefecture, with the new CPV2a variant (26 of 39; 67%) being the most frequent. CPV2c, identified in 9 of 39 (23%) samples, had not been detected in this region previously, indicating the potential risk of CPV2 mutation. The sequences of our 39 CPV2 samples were more highly homologous to the published Chinese strains than to the CPV2 variant strains found in other countries.