Chemical composition, antioxidant, and enzyme inhibition activities of Crithmum maritimum essential oils: the first chemo-biological study for species grown in North Africa.

Crithmum maritimum (sea fennel), is a halophytic plant species found globally in coastal environments. This study is the first investigation into the chemical composition and biological activities of C. maritimum growing wildly in Jebel Akhdar, Libya. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was utilized to identify and profile the plant's volatile components; it resulted in the identification of twenty-four components, representing 99.17% of the total peaks in the GC-MS chromatogram. The analysis revealed that thymyl methyl ether, γ-terpinene, and ledene oxide, were the major volatile constituents of the plant at relative percentage levels of 56.86, 16.17, and 4.32%, respectively. The analysis also indicated substantial variations in the volatile composition of C. maritimum Libyan species compared to those from various geographic regions. The plant's volatile oil quality was evaluated by investigating its in vitro antioxidant activity and the oil's ability to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and tyrosinase enzymes. The oil markedly scavenged the free radicals and reduced the ferric ions in the DPPH and FRAP assays at levels of 34.30 ± 0.10 and 38.90 ± 0.51 Trolox equivalents, respectively. The plant's volatile oil has substantially reduced the AChE at the IC50 value of 34.43 ± 0.25 compared to its effect against tyrosinase (IC50 12.449 ± 0.68). The in silico approach was used to highlight the mechanisms underlying the enzyme inhibitory effect of the plant volatile oil. The stigmastene and γ-santonin demonstrate stronger binding affinity towards AChE and tyrosinase compared to the co-crystalized controls, donepezil and tropolone. The study provides significant information for the environmental changes effect on the volatile constituents of C. maritimum and highlights the plant's importance within the scope of its antioxidant and enzyme inhibition activities.

The dual role of autophagy in suppressing and promoting hepatocellular carcinoma.

The 5-year survival rate for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a deadly form of liver cancer, is quite low. Although drug therapy is successful, patients with advanced liver cancer frequently develop resistance because of the significant phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity of these cells. The overexpression of drug efflux transporters, downstream adaptive responses, malfunctioning DNA damage repair, epigenetic modification, the tumor microenvironment, and the extracellular matrix can all be linked to drug resistance. The evolutionary process of autophagy, which is in charge of intracellular breakdown, is intimately linked to medication resistance in HCC. Autophagy is involved in both the promotion and suppression of cancer by influencing treatment resistance, metastasis, carcinogenesis, and the viability of stem cells. Certain autophagy regulators are employed in anticancer treatment; however, because of the dual functions of autophagy, their use is restricted, and therapeutic failure is increased. By focusing on autophagy, it is possible to reduce HCC expansion and metastasis, and enhance tumor cell reactivity to treatment. Macroautophagy, the best-characterized type of autophagy, involves the formation of a sequestering compartment termed a phagophore, which surrounds and encloses aberrant or superfluous components. The phagophore matures into a double-membrane autophagosome that delivers the cargo to the lysosome; lysosomes and autophagosomes fuse to degrade and recycle the cargo. Macroautophagy plays dual functions in both promoting and suppressing cancer in a variety of cancer types.

Purified L-glutaminase effects against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in experimental vaginosis model: An immunological and histopathological observation.

The antimicrobial activity of crude and purified L-glutaminase (EC 3.5.1.2), obtained from Lactobacillus gasseri, was evaluated against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the in vivo vaginosis condition. The L-glutaminase possessed significant antimicrobial and anti-biofilm formation activity against multi-drug resistance P. aeruginosa, which were confirmed in the BALBc rat vaginosis model, together with its effects on the immunological and histopathological aspects. The untreated animals showed heavy vaginitis, characterized by sub-epithelial edema and infiltration of mononuclear leukocytes, perivascular heavy inflammatory cells infiltration in the vaginal tissue, and moderate stromal edema. However, the L-glutaminase treatment exhibited no changes in vaginal tissue structure with normal appearance of the epithelium and lamina propria with marked repair of the vaginal section when compared with normal, uninfected, control group A. The immunomodulatory actions of the L-glutaminase were confirmed by observance of higher concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-γ (TNF-γ), and interleukin -12 (IL-12) in treated animals, while the interleukin-10 (IL-10) was higher in the infected, untreated animals' sera samples. Therefore, the L-glutaminase showed corrective and healing actions, which were observed through histopathological observations of the vaginal tissue. The investigations led to imply that L-glutaminase may have the potential to be an effective antimicrobial agent for preventing and inhibiting bacterial growth, as well as inhibiting the biofilm formation in the P. aeruginosa-originated vaginosis. The observations may be of promising value for future clinical use.

Promising antibiofilm formation: Liquid phase pulsed laser ablation synthesis of Graphene Oxide@Platinum core-shell nanoparticles.

The increasing prevalence of multi-drug resistance in pathogenic bacteria has rendered antibiotics ineffective, necessitating the exploration of alternative antibacterial approaches. Consequently, research efforts have shifted towards developing new antibiotics and improving the efficacy of existing ones. In the present study, novel core shell graphene oxide@platinum nanoparticles (GRO@Pt-NPs) and their unchanging form have been synthesized using the two-step pulsed laser ablation in liquid (PLAL) technique. The first step involved using the graphene target to create graphene nanoparticles (GRO-NPs), followed by the ablation of GRO-NPs inside platinum nanoparticles (Pt-NPs). To characterize the nanoparticles, various methods were employed, including UV-VIS, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), mapping tests, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The anti-bacterial and anti-biofilm properties of the nanoparticles were investigated. TEM data confirm the creation of GRO@Pt-NPs. The average particle size was 11 nm for GRO-NPs, 14 nm for Pt-NPs, and 26 nm for GRO@Pt-NPs. The results demonstrate that the created GRO@Pt-NPs have strong antibacterial properties. This pattern is mostly produced through the accumulation of GRO@Pt-NPs on the bacterial surface of Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) and Enterococcus faecium (E. faecium). The inhibition zones against K. pneumoniae and E. faecium when GRO-NPs were used alone were found to be 11.80 mm and 11.50 mm, respectively. For Pt-NPs, the inhibition zones of E. faecium and K. pneumoniae were 20.50 mm and 16.50 mm, respectively. The utilization of GRO@Pt-NPs resulted in a significant increase in these values, with inhibitory rates of 25.50 mm for E. faecium and 20.45 mm for K. pneumoniae. The antibacterial results were more potent in the core-shell structure than the GRO-NPs alone or Pt-NPs alone. The current work uses, for the first time, a fast and effective technique to synthesize the GRO@Pt-NPs by PLAL method, and the preparation has high clinical potential for prospective use as an antibacterial agent.

The role of statins in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: protective or not?

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease of motor neurons characterized by muscle weakness, muscle twitching, and muscle wasting. ALS is regarded as the third-most frequent neurodegenerative disease, subsequent to Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). The World Health Organization (WHO) in 2007 declared that prolonged use of statins may induce development of ALS-like syndrome and may increase ALS risk. Subsequently, different studies have implicated statins in the pathogenesis of ALS. In contrast, results from preclinical and clinical studies highlighted the protective role of statins against ALS neuropathology. Recently, meta-analyses and systematic reviews illustrated no association between long-term use of statins and ALS risk. These findings highlighted controversial points regarding the effects of statins on ALS pathogenesis and risk. The neuroprotective effects of statins against the development and progression of ALS may be mediated by regulating dyslipidemia and inflammatory changes. However, the mechanism for induction of ALS neuropathology by statins may be related to the dysregulation of liver X receptor signaling (LXR) signaling in the motor neurons and reduction of cholesterol, which has a neuroprotective effect against ALS neuropathology. Nevertheless, the exact role of statins on the pathogenesis of ALS was not fully elucidated. Therefore, this narrative review aims to discuss the role of statins in ALS neuropathology.

Ameliorating orthodontic relapse using laser bio-stimulation and mesenchymal stem cells in rats.

BACKGROUND: Orthodontic relapse is a frequent problem that many patients experience. Although orthodontic therapy has advanced, recurrence rates can still reach 90%. We undertook a study to look at the possibilities of laser bio-stimulation and stem cells because they have showed promising outcomes in lowering recurrence rates. OBJECTIVES: Our objective was to analyze the effects of Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) alone and collectively on the rate of orthodontic relapse in rats radiographically and histologically. METHODS: Rat maxillary central incisors were moved distally for two weeks. One week later, the incisors were retained. Animals (n = 40) were split into four groups. Control group (C); laser treatment Group (L), Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells Group (BMSCs) and combination of Stem cells and laser-irradiation group (BMSCs-L). Removed retainer permitted relapse. Before stem cell application or laser irradiation, each animal underwent two CBCT scans. Rat maxillae were stained with Hx&E, Masson trichrome, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase antibody for histology, histochemistry, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: LLLT could reduce the relapse tendency, as shown by increased bone density and enhanced remodeling of hetero-formed periodontal ligament (PDL). Furthermore, the transfer of BMMSCs on the pressure side had positive effects on PDL remodeling and decreased, but did not inhibit, the relapse rate. Finally, the synergistic effects of the application of LLLT and BMMSC were better than the control but still moderate and long-lasting. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Based on the improved relapse rate as proven in the present study, the Application of both LLLT and stem cells can be adopted to reduce the relapse tendency either lonely or collectively.

Antibacterial and hemocompatibility potentials of nano-gold-cored alginate preparation against anaerobic bacteria from acne vulgaris.

Acne is a prevalent dermatological disease, with high global incidence, and is a health menace. The current study aimed to isolate and characterize the anaerobic bacteria responsible for the condition. Causes of a total of 70 acne-based bacterium isolates obtained from patients of mild, moderate, and severe acne, 24 were Clostridium innocuum, 21 were Lactobacillus plantarum, 13 were Anaerococcus prevotii, and 12 were Peptoniphilus asaccharolyticus. Nearly 69% of males were suffering, while the rest were females at 31%. The 15-30 years old age group was the most affected. The gold/alginate nanoparticles' nanopreparation (GANPs) produced from chloroauric acid and sodium alginate was an effective treatment against the acne conditions under the experimental conditions. The nanopreparation exhibited significant inhibitory activity against anaerobic bacterial isolates, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 200 µg/ml for A. prevotii and P. asaccharolyticus, and 400 µg/ml for C. innocuum and L. plantarum. The in vitro efficacy of the GANPs on human blood parameters was also assessed. The concurrent results suggested potential antibacterial activity and hemocompatibility of the product, which has promise to be used as a successful antibacterial agent for acne.

Defective autophagy and autophagy activators in myasthenia gravis: a rare entity and unusual scenario.

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) that results from autoantibodies against nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAchRs) at NMJs. These autoantibodies are mainly originated from autoreactive B cells that bind and destroy nAchRs at NMJs preventing nerve impulses from activating the end-plates of skeletal muscle. Indeed, immune dysregulation plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of MG. Autoreactive B cells are increased in MG due to the defect in the central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms. As well, autoreactive T cells are augmented in MG due to the diversion of regulatory T (Treg) cells or a defect in thymic anergy leading to T cell-mediated autoimmunity. Furthermore, macroautophagy/autophagy, which is a conserved cellular catabolic process, plays a critical role in autoimmune diseases by regulating antigen presentation, survival of immune cells and cytokine-mediated inflammation. Abnormal autophagic flux is associated with different autoimmune disorders. Autophagy regulates the connection between innate and adaptive immune responses by controlling the production of cytokines and survival of Tregs. As autophagy is involved in autoimmune disorders, it may play a major role in the pathogenesis of MG. Therefore, this mini-review demonstrates the potential role of autophagy and autophagy activators in MG.Abbreviations: Ach, acetylcholine; Breg, regulatory B; IgG, immunoglobulin G; MG, myasthenia gravis; NMJ, neuromuscular junction; ROS, reactive oxygen species; Treg, regulatory T; Ubl, ubiquitin-like.

Haplophyllum tuberculatum (Forssk.) A. Juss Essential Oils: Seasonal Contents Variation, Bioactivity of the Traditionally-favored, High-yield and Frequent-use Summer Season Oil.

Haplophyllum tuberculatum (Forssk.) A.Juss. volatile oils were obtained by distillation of the aerial parts of the plant growing in Libya during the summer and spring seasons. A yield and componential analysis revealed that the summer season oil, which is frequently used in traditional medicaments by North African communities, was high in yield (0.858%) compared to the spring season oil (0.47%), and distinguished by the presence of major and various diverse constituents, some of which are considered chemical markers. Owing to the traditional and high incidence of use of the summer-produced essential oil for the treatment of several disorders, including hepatic diseases, and fatigue, the oil was pharmacologically investigated for its varied bioactivities of anti-microbial, in vivo anti-oxidant, and in vitro anti-cancer properties. Thirty-three compounds were identified and represented 96.2% of the peaks in the GCchromatogram of the summer oil, in which the major volatile constituents were δ-3-carene (21.5%), bornyl acetate (16.9%), and limonene aldehyde (15.2%). The summer-based essential oil of the plant demonstrated moderate anti-bacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria and a relatively strong antibacterial effect against Gram-negative bacteria as compared to the positive antibacterial controls, ampicillin and gentamicin, respectively. Also, antifungal activity against Aspergillus sp. was observed. The summerproduced oil also exhibited in vivo antioxidant and in vitro anti-cancer activities.

Extremely efficient aerogels of graphene oxide/graphene oxide nanoribbons/sodium alginate for uranium removal from wastewater solution.

Waste-water pollution by radioactive elements such as uranium has emerged as a major issue that might seriously harm human health. Graphene oxide, graphene oxide nanoribbons, and sodium alginate nanocomposite aerogels (GO/GONRs/SA) were combined to create a novel nanocomposite using a modified Hummer's process and freeze-drying as an efficient adsorbent. Batch studies were conducted to determine the adsorption of uranium (VI) by aerogel. Aerogels composed of (GO/GONRs/SA) were used as an effective adsorbent for the removal of U (VI) from aqueous solution. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to describe the structure, morphologies, and characteristics of (GO/GONRs/SA) aerogels. The initial concentration of uranium (VI) and other environmental factors on U (VI) adsorption were investigated, period of contact, pH, and temperature. A pseudo-second-order kinetic model can be employed to characterize the kinetics of U (VI) adsorption onto aerogels. The Langmuir model could be applied to understand the adsorption isotherm, and the maximum adsorption capacity was 929.16 mg/g. The adsorption reaction is endothermic and occurs spontaneously.

The classical and non-classical axes of renin-angiotensin system in Parkinson disease: The bright and dark side of the moon.

Parkinson disease (PD) is a common brain neurodegenerative disease due to progressive degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Of note, the cardio-metabolic disorders such as hypertension are adversely affect PD neuropathology through exaggeration of renin-angiotensin system (RAS). The RAS affects the stability of dopaminergic neurons in the SNpc, and exaggeration of angiotensin II (AngII) is implicated in the development and progression of PD. RAS has two axes classical including angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)/AngII/AT1R, and the non-classical axis which include ACE2/Ang1-7/Mas receptor, AngIII, AngIV, AT2R, and AT4R. It has been shown that brain RAS is differs from that of systemic RAS that produce specific neuronal effects. As well, there is an association between brain RAS and PD. Therefore, this review aims to revise from published articles the role of brain RAS in the pathogenesis of PD focusing on the non-classical pathway, and how targeting of this axis can modulate PD neuropathology.

Liposome Nanocarriers Based on γ Oryzanol: Preparation, Characterization, and In Vivo Assessment of Toxicity and Antioxidant Activity.

The present study aimed to develop and characterize liposome nanocarriers based on γ oryzanol and evaluate their potential in vitro and in vivo toxicity and antioxidant effects. The liposomes were physicochemically characterized using various techniques, including dynamic light scattering (DLS) for size and polydispersity index (PDI) measurements and ζ-potential analysis. The in vitro toxicity assessments were performed using hemolysis and MTT assays on the HS5 cell line. In vivo, acute oral toxicity was evaluated by using LD50 assays in mice. Additionally, antioxidant activity was assessed through biochemical analysis of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels and liver tissue catalase, malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione (GSH) levels. The results revealed that the liposomes exhibited a uniform and spherical morphology with suitable physicochemical properties for drug delivery applications. The in vitro cytotoxicity and hemolysis assays and the in vivo LD50 experiment indicated the potential safety of γ oryzanol liposomes, especially at lower concentrations. In addition, the assessment of liver enzymes, i.e., ALT and AST, and the antioxidant markers further revealed the safety of the formulation, particularly for the liver as a highly sensitive soft organ. Overall, the liposome nanocarriers based on γ oryzanol were successfully formulated and expressed potential safety, supporting their application for the purposes of drug delivery and therapeutic interventions, particularly for hepatocellular and antioxidant therapies; however, further investigations for preclinical and clinical studies could be the future prospects for liposome nanocarriers based on γ oryzanol to explore the safety and efficacy of these nanocarriers in various disease models and clinical settings.

Anti-microbial efficacy of L-glutaminase (EC 3.5.1.2) against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection.

The aims of this study were isolation-purification and characterization of L-glutaminase from L. gasseri BRLHM clinical isolates and investigation of its efficiency as an antimicrobial agent against multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa. The MICs of L-glutaminase and gentamicin reference were evaluated by the well-diffusion method. The biofilm on the IUD contraceptive was visualized using atomic force microscopy (AFM) image analyses. The purified L-glutaminase possessed significant antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa isolates (p < 0.05), and the antibiofilm formation activity of the purified L-glutaminase was stronger than the antibiofilm activity of the referral standard drug, gentamicin (P < 0.05), which were checked by the inhibition of the biofilm formation on the IUD contraceptive device. Investigations indicated that L-glutaminase may have a crucial role in future clinical applications.

Polyphenol Fingerprint, Biological Activities, and In Silico Studies of the Medicinal Plant Cistus parviflorus L. Extract.

Cistus parviflorus L. (Cistaceae) is a medicinal plant with several folkloric applications, including being used for urinary tract infections and as a food additive. In this study, the polyphenolic diversity and the antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial activities of the C. parviflorus methanolic extract were evaluated. Spectrophotometric and HPLC-based analyses using standard polyphenolic compounds were conducted to measure the phenolics and flavonoids in the plant extract. The in vitro DPPH, ORAC, FRAP, and α-glucosidase assays were used to evaluate the plant's antioxidant and antidiabetic activities. Furthermore, disc diffusion and MIC-based microdilution tests were applied to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the plant against broad-spectrum microorganisms. The analysis revealed the existence of high phenolic and flavonoid quantities that were measured at 302.59 ± 0.6 µg GAE and 134.3 ± 0.5 µg RE, respectively. The HPLC-based analysis revealed the existence of 18 phenolic acids and 8 flavonoids. The major phenolic acid was ellagic acid (169.03 ppm), while catechin was the major flavonoid (91.80 ppm). Remarkable antioxidant activity was measured using three different assays: DPPH, ORAC, and FRAP. Furthermore, strong inhibition of α-glucosidase compared to acarbose was recorded for the plant extract (IC50 0.924 ± 0.6). The results showed that C. parviflorus's extract had a strong anti-Escherichia coli effect with MIC value of 0.98 µg\mL and IZD value of 32.2 ± 0.58 mm compared to 25.3 ± 0.18 mm for gentamycin, the positive control. Moreover, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Salmonella typhimurium all showed significant growth inhibition in response to the extract, a result that may be related to the use of the plant in traditional medicine to treat urinary tract infections. The docking study indicated the higher binding affinity of the major identified compounds, i.e., ellagic acid, rutin, naringin, catechin, and punicalagin, to the S. aureus gyrase-DNA complex, which might suggest the possible mechanisms of the plant as antimicrobial agents.

A novel facile synthesis of metal nitride@metal oxide (BN/Gd2O3) nanocomposite and their antibacterial and anticancer activities.

In this study, a novel core/shell nanocomposite structure (h-BN@Gd2O3 NCs) was created for the first time by combining hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) with doped gadolinium oxide (Gd2O3) using different laser pulse numbers, i.e., 150, 338, and 772 pulses. We employed various analytical techniques, including mapping analysis, FE-SEM, EDS, HRTEM, SAED, XRD, zeta potential analysis, DLS, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, and PL measurements, to characterize the synthesized h-BN, c-Gd2O3, and h-BN@Gd2O3 NCs (338 pulses). XRD results indicated hexagonal and cubic crystal structures for BN and Gd2O3, respectively, while EDS confirmed their chemical composition and elemental mapping. Chemical bonds between B-N-Gd, B-N-O, and Gd-O bands at 412, 455, 474, and 520 cm-1 were identified by FTIR analysis. The antimicrobial and anticancer activities of these NCs using agar well diffusion and MTT assays. They exhibited potent antibacterial properties against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. Furthermore, NCs have reduced the proliferation of cancerous cells, i.e., human colon adenocarcinoma cells (HT-29) and human breast cancer cells (MCF-7), while not affecting the proliferation of the normal breast cell line (MCF-10). The anticancer efficacy of NCs was validated by the AO/EtBr assay, which confirmed apoptotic cell death. Blood compatibility on human erythrocytes was also confirmed by hemolytic and in vitro toxicity assessments. The compiled results of the study proposed these nanoparticles could be used as a promising drug delivery system and potentially in healthcare applications.

Evaluation and targeting of amyloid precursor protein (APP)/amyloid beta (Aß) axis in amyloidogenic and non-amyloidogenic pathways: A time outside the tunnel.

In Alzheimer disease (AD), amyloid precursor protein (APP) and production of amyloid beta (Aß) which is generated by amyloidogenic pathway is implicated in neurotoxicity and neuronal cell deaths. However, physiological Aß level is essential to improves neuronal survival, attenuates neuronal apoptosis and has neuroprotective effect. In addition, physiological APP level has neurotrophic effect on the central nervous system (CNS). APP has a critical role in the brain growth and development via activation of long-term potentiation (LTP) and acceleration of neurite outgrowth. Moreover, APP is cleaved by α secretase to form a neuroprotective soluble APP alpha (sAPPα) in non-amyloidogenic pathway. Consequently, this mini-review purposes to highlight the possible beneficial role of APP and Aß. In addition, this mini-review discussed the modulation of APP processing and Aß production.

Silver-cored Ziziphus spina-christi extract-loaded antimicrobial nanosuspension: overcoming multidrug resistance.

Aims: To synthesize a silver-cored nanosuspension utilizing Ziziphus spina-christi fresh-leaf extract and evaluate their antimicrobial activity against multidrug-resistant pathogenic microbes. Materials and Methods: The prepared nanosuspension was analyzed by spectro-analytical techniques and tested for antimicrobial activity and resistance to biofilm formation. The leaf extract and nanosuspension were tested separately and together as a mixture. Results: Constituent nanoparticles were average-sized (∼34 nm) and were active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative microbes and yeast. Candida albicans showed a 24.50 ± 1.50 mm inhibition zone, followed by Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Increased bioactivity with the highest multifold increments, 150%, for erythromycin against all tested microbes was observed. Carbenicillin and trimethoprim showed 166%- and 300%-fold increments for antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively. Conclusion: The nanosuspension exhibited strong potential as an antimicrobial agent and overcame multidrug resistance.

Ziziphus spina-christi leaf extract-coated silver nanoparticles were synthesized using an environment-friendly method, and the preparation was effective against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. The prepared formulation showed increased antimicrobial activity at a 150­300% increase compared with leaf extract-only activity. The prepared suspension was also active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the multidrug-resistant microbe, and has the potential to treat drug-resistant microbial infections.

Combined oncolytic virotherapy gold nanoparticles as synergistic immunotherapy agent in breast cancer control.

Combining viruses and nanoparticles may be a way to successfully treat cancer and minimize adverse effects. The current work aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a specific combination of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) to enhance the antitumor effect of breast cancer in both in vitro and in vivo models. Two human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and AMJ-13) and a normal epithelial cell line (HBL-100) were used and treated with NDV and/or GNPs. The MTT assay was used to study the anticancer potentials of NDV and GNP. The colony formation assay and apoptosis markers were used to confirm the killing mechanisms of NDV and GNP against breast cancer cell lines. p53 and caspase-9 expression tested by the qRT-PCR technique. Our results showed that combination therapy had a significant killing effect against breast cancer cells. The findings demonstrated that NDV and GNPs induced apoptosis in cancer cells by activating caspase-9, the p53 protein, and other proteins related to apoptosis, which holds promise as a combination therapy for breast cancer.

Characterization of Silver Carbonate Nanoparticles Biosynthesized Using Marine Actinobacteria and Exploring of Their Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activity.

Bacterial resistance to different antimicrobial agents is growing with alarming speed, especially when bacterial cells are living in biofilm. Hybrid nanoparticles, synthesized through the green method, hold promise as a potential solution to this challenge. In this study, 66 actinomycete strains were isolated from three distinct marine sources: marine sediment, the algae Codium bursa, and the marine sponge Chondrosia reniformis. From the entirety of the isolated strains, one strain, S26, identified as Saccharopolyspora erythrea, was selected based on its taxonomic position and significant antimicrobial activity. Using the biomass of the selected marine Actinobacteria, the green synthesis of eco-friendly silver carbonate nanoparticles (BioAg2CO3NPs) is reported for the first time in this pioneering study. The BioAg2CO3NPs were characterized using different spectroscopic and microscopic analyses; the synthesized BioAg2CO3NPs primarily exhibit a triangular shape, with an approximate size of 100 nm. Biological activity evaluation indicated that the BioAg2CO3NPs exhibited good antimicrobial activity against all tested microorganisms and were able to remove 58% of the biofilm formed by the Klebsiella pneumoniae kp6 strain.