Seasonal variations of macrozoobenthic community trophic structure in the waters adjacent to the seaweed beds of Dalian Island in the North Yellow Sea.

To investigate the effects of algal detritus export on the trophic structure of macrozoobenthic community in the adjacent benthic habitat during the bloom and decline of macroalgae, we collected macrozoobenthos from the adjacent sea area of Dalian Island in the North Yellow Sea in May (the algal bloom period) and August (the algal decay period) of 2020. We quantifyied the seasonal changes in the trophic structure of macrozoobenthic community by using carbon and nitrogen stable isotope techniques. Results showed that δ13C and δ15N values of macrozoo-benthos in May ranged from -23.14‰ to -14.24‰, 6.21‰ to 12.90‰, respectively, and -22.36‰ to -14.13‰, 5.33‰ to 12.00‰, respectively in August. Results of PERMANOVA analysis showed that δ13C values of macrozoobenthos differed significantly between the two months, while δ15N values were not significantly different. Based on the Euclidean distance, the macrozoobenthic communities in both months could be classified into five trophic functional groups. The trophic levels of macrozoobenthos ranged from 2.00 (Nitidotellina minuta) to 3.97 (Glycera onomichiensis) in May and from 2.00 (N. minuta) to 3.96 (G. onomichiensis) in August. The δ13C range, δ15N range, mean centroid distance, total area and corrected standard ellipse areas which represented community trophic structure indices in August were higher than those in May. Our results indicated that the trophic diversity level and trophic niche width of the macrozoobenthic community in the adjacent sea area of the seaweed bed were higher in the algal decline season.

Antibody responses to an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in individuals aged from 50 to 102 years.

Objectives: To assess antibody responses to an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in individuals aged 50 and older. Methods: We conducted a post-market cross-sectional seroepidemiology study. We recruited 4,632 vaccinated individuals aged 50 and older, measured their total serum SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody (TA), and collected correlates. The primary outcome was the geometric mean titer (GMT) of TA, and the secondary outcome was the decline of TA with age. Univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analyses were used to examine the associations of the TA GMT with age, and trend analyses were used to test whether their associations were significant. Results: All participants had a detectable TA, which was generally at a low level across all age groups. The TA GMT (95% CI) in AU/mL was 3.05 (2.93, 3.18); the corresponding arithmetic mean (95% CI) was 17.77 (16.13, 19.42) in all participants and 4.33 (3.88, 4.84), 3.86 (3.49, 4.28), 3.24 (2.92, 3.59), 2.77 (2.60, 2.96), and 2.65 (2.48, 2.83) in the age groups of 50-54, 55-59, 60-64, 65-74, and 75 years or older, respectively. The TA GMT decreased with age with a P trend < 0.001. The TA GMT was significantly lower in those with hypertension or diabetes compared to those with neither. Conclusion: The inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine is effective in individuals aged 50 and older. This is the first study that has found an inverse dose-response relationship between ages and the low-level TAs. Older people, especially those with chronic diseases, should get the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, and their vaccination frequency, dose, and method may need to be different from those of younger people.

Nickel-Catalyzed Three-Component Tandem Radical Cyclization 1,5-Difunctionalization of 1,3-Enynes and Alkyl Bromide.

A nickel-catalyzed three-component tandem radical cyclization reaction of aryl bromides with 1,3-enynes and aryl boric acids to construct γ-lactam-substituted allene derivatives has been described. This protocol provides lactam alkyl radicals through the free radical cyclization process, which can be effectively used to participate in the subsequent multicomponent coupling reaction so that 1,3-enynes could directly convert into corresponding poly-substituted allene compounds. In addition, this efficient method enjoys a broad substrate scope and provides a series of 1,5-difunctionalized allenes in a one-pot reaction.

Glucosyloxybenzyl 2-isobutylmalates and phenolic glycosides from the flowers of Bletilla striata.

Four previously undescribed compounds, including three glucosyloxybenzyl 2-isobutylmalates (1-3), one phenolic glycoside (4), along with ten known compounds were isolated from the flowers of Bletilla striata. The structures and absolute configurations of the undescribed compounds were elucidated on the basis of HR-ESIMS, NMR spectroscopy, optical rotation value, and acid hydrolysis experiment. Cytotoxicity of the isolated compounds against A549, HCT-116, and SW1990 cells and protective effects of t-BHP-induced L02 cytotoxic were assayed. The antioxidant activities of the isolated compounds were also evaluated.

Directed Copper-Catalyzed Tandem Radical Cyclization Reaction of Alkyl Bromides and Unactivated Olefins.

The free radical cyclization reaction is a promising strategy for ring framework formation. Herein, we report a copper-catalyzed tandem radical cyclization strategy for preparing substituted lactam derivatives. This reaction proceeds through a radical coupling approach, which not only allows a wide range of alkenes but also is quite compatible with the primary, secondary, and tertiary radicals. In addition, density functional theory calculations were performed to gain insights into the reaction mechanism.

Genome-Wide Identification of Cyclophilin Gene Family in Cotton and Expression Analysis of the Fibre Development in Gossypium barbadense.

Cyclophilins (CYPs) are a member of the immunophilin superfamily (in addition to FKBPs and parvulins) and play a significant role in peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) activity. Previous studies have shown that CYPs have important functions in plants, but no genome-wide analysis of the cotton CYP gene family has been reported, and the specific biological function of this gene is still elusive. Based on the release of the cotton genome sequence, we identified 75, 78, 40 and 38 CYP gene sequences from G. barbadense, G. hirsutum, G. arboreum, and G. raimondii, respectively; 221 CYP genes were unequally located on chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis showed that 231 CYP genes clustered into three major groups and eight subgroups. Collinearity analysis showed that segmental duplications played a significant role in the expansion of CYP members in cotton. There were light-responsiveness, abiotic-stress and hormone-response elements upstream of most of the CYPs. In addition, the motif composition analysis revealed that 49 cyclophilin proteins had extra domains, including TPR (tetratricopeptide repeat), coiled coil, U-box, RRM (RNA recognition motif), WD40 (RNA recognition motif) and zinc finger domains, along with the cyclophilin-like domain (CLD). The expression patterns based on qRT-PCR showed that six CYP expression levels showed greater differences between Xinhai21 (long fibres, G. barbadense) and Ashmon (short fibres, G. barbadense) at 10 and 20 days postanthesis (DPA). These results signified that CYP genes are involved in the elongation stage of cotton fibre development. This study provides a valuable resource for further investigations of CYP gene functions and molecular mechanisms in cotton.

Benzodiazepines or related drugs and risk of pneumonia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Benzodiazepines and benzodiazepine-related drugs (BZRDs) are used to treat various psychiatric diseases. However, there are concerns that BZRDs increase the risk of pneumonia. METHODS: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies to determine whether BZRD use affects the risk of pneumonia. Our analysis included all observational studies that compared pneumonia development among patients receiving BZRD vs those with no treatment. RESULTS: In total, 12 citations of 10 studies involving more than 120,000 pneumonia cases were included in our meta-analysis. After pooling the estimates, the odds for developing pneumonia were 1.25-fold higher (odd ratio, OR = 1.25; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.09-1.44) in BZRD users compared with individuals who had not taken BZRD. On the basis of exposure window, we found an increased risk of pneumonia among current (OR = 1.4; 95%CI, 1.22-1.6) and recent (OR = 1.38; 95%CI, 1.06-1.8) users, but not with the past users (OR = 1.11; 95%CI, 0.96-1.27). CONCLUSION: Current or recent exposure to BZRD is associated with an increased pneumonia risk. Clinicians need to weight the benefit-risk balance of BZRD use, especially those with other risk factors for pneumonia.

[Comparision of surgical outcomes between percuteneous endoscopic interlaminar discectomy and fenestration discectomy for L5S1 lumbar disc herniation].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical effects of percuteneous endoscopic interlaminar discectomy(PEID)and fenestration discectomy(FD) for the treatment of L5S1 lumbar disc herniation(LDH). METHODS: A retrospective analysis was made on 86 patients with L5S1 LDH from January 2014 to March 2017 and followed up. According to the different surgical methods, the patients were divided into PEID group(43 cases) and FD group(43 cases). All operations were performed under general anesthesia. Forty-three patients in PEID group underwent percuteneous endoscopic interlaminar discectomy (PEID) and other 43 patients in FD group underwent classical fenestration discectomy (FD). Operative incision, operative time, intraoperative blood loss, duration of hospitalization, time of lying in bed after surgery, complication were compared between two groups. Pre- and postoperative visual analogue scale(VAS) of affected extremity pain and lumbar pain were recorded. Postoperative creatine kinase (CK) was observed in two groups. Modified Macnab criteria was used to evaluate the clinical effects. MRI was used to observe the survival rate of paraspinal muscle after operation. RESULTS: The length of skin incision, intraoperative blood loss, duration of hospitalization, time of lying in bed after surgery of PEID group and FD group were(0.7±0.1) cm, (8.0±3.0) ml, (3.0±1.5) d, (1.0±0.5) d and(5.0±1.8) cm, (62.0±50.5) ml, (11.0±2.5) d, (3.0±0.8) d, there was significant differences between two groups(P<0.05). VAS of affected extremity at 24 hours and 1 year after operation was obviously decreased in two groups(P<0.05), but there was no significant difference between groups(P>0.05). VAS of lumbar pain in PEID group and FD group were respectively (2.99±0.32), (5.44±1.31) scores at 24 hours after operation, and (1.56±0.60), ( 3.05±0.24) at 1 year after operation, there was significant differences between two groups(P<0.05). CK at 24, 48 hours after operation of FD group were obviously increased(P<0.05). According the modified Macnab criteria to evaluate the clinical effect, the rate of excellent and good of PEID group and FD group were 93% and 95%, respectively. The survival rate of paraspinal muscle by MRI in PEID group at 1 year after operation was higher than that in FD group(P<0.05). No complications such as spinal dura mater tearing, nerve root injury, vascular injury, intervertebral space infection were found in two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Both of the two methods are safe and can obtain satisfactory effect, but PEID is more in line with concept of minimally invasive and has more advantages in paraspinal muscle protection, operative incision, intraoperative blood loss, duration of hospitalization, time of lying in bed after operation.

Diagnosis and treatment of pericallosal artery aneurysms.

OBJECTIVE: Pericallosal artery aneurysms are not common clinically. The microsurgery and endovascular therapy are surgically challenging operations. The objective of the study is to summarize their clinical symptoms and optimal treatment strategies of pericallosal artery aneurysms. METHODS: Nine cases of pericallosal artery aneurysms detected by digital subtraction angiography (DSA) were reviewed. The clinical manifestation, brain imaging characteristics, and optimal treatment methods were summarized. RESULTS: Patients with spontaneous aneurysm had good clinical outcomes after endovascular coiling or microsurgical clipping treatment. There were no any neurological function deficits in five patients. One patient suffered from permanent neurological function deficits. Patients with traumatic aneurysm pericallosal had relatively poor outcomes, including two patients showing disturbed consciousness and the paralysis of the lower limbs with slow recovery, and one patient was dead after the surgery. CONCLUSION: Spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage and interhemispheric fissure hematoma suggest spontaneously pericallosal aneurysm, while traumatic corpus callosum hematoma as well the accompanying embryo of intraventricular hemorrhage suggest traumatic pericallosal aneurysm. Endovascular embolization is the primary surgical treatment for pericallosal aneurysm, while patients with pericallosal aneurysm are not suitable for surgical treatment. Microsurgical clipping treatment may be a choice. However, both of these treatment strategies have high risk.

Characteristics of Long-term Nonprogressors and Viremia Controllers Infected with HIV-1 via Contaminated Blood Donations or Transfusions Conducted 20 Years Earlier.

To characterize long-term nonprogressors (LTNPs) and viremia controllers (VCs), infected with HIV-1 through contaminated blood donation or transfusion between 1992 and 1996 in Henan, China. LTNPs and VCs were defined by CD4+T lymphocyte (CD4) count and viral load (VL). Of 29,294 patients infected with HIV-1 via contaminated blood donation or transfusion that had conducted for more than 20 years, 92 were LTNPs/VCs. There were 70 LTNPs (0.24%), 43 VCs (0.15%), and 48 LTNPs+VCs- (0.16%). VCs had a significantly lower CD4 nadir, compared to LTNPs and LTNPs+VCs-, and no significant differences for the highest VL and HIV-1 DNA. Cases P4 and P5 were LTNPs, while their VL reached approximately 4.3 log copies/mL. P6 was a VC, but with CD4 < 500 cells/µL constantly. Data from the LTNPs/VCs cohort provided valuable information, future research is needed.

[Epidemiological characteristics of hepatitis C in Henan province].

OBJECTIVE: To understand the epidemiological characteristics of hepatitis C in Henan province. METHODS: Multistage sampling was used to investigate a group of 1-75 year-old general population, living in 30 districts of 18 cities, Henan province. Blood samples were collected and tested for anti-HCV and hepatitis C virus(HCV), from April to July 2012. RESULTS: 32 203 persons were investigated. Among the general population aged 1 to 75 years old, the overall prevalence rates of anti-HCV and HCV RNA were 0.64% and 0.35% respectively. The prevalence rates of anti-HCV among males and females were 0.60%, and 0.68% respectively, with the rates of HCV RNA as 0.37%, and 0.33% respectively. The prevalence rates of anti-HCV and HCV RNA were increasing with age. The prevalence rates of anti-HCV and HCV RNA in urban area were 0.58% and 0.32%, and in rural area as 0.41%, and 0.19% respectively. CONCLUSION: After the implementation of comprehensive measures for HCV control and prevention, Henan province became low prevalent for HCV infection. Our data revealed that the overall prevalence remained low, but the epidemic was severe in some geographical regions in Henan province.

[Epidemiological survey on the hepatitis C virus and its genotyping analysis in Henan province in 2012].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence and distribution of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes in Henan province in 2012. METHODS: A total of 32 203 permanent residents (1 to 74 years old) in Henan were recruited using multi-stage random samping method from March to June 2012. All participants were asked to complete a questionnaire to collect demographic information, past medical history and the exposure history of risk factors. A blood sample of 5 ml was collected at the same time. The condition of anti-HCV and HCV RNA was determined through the ELISA test and nested RT-PCR. HCV RNA positive samples were further subject to the nonstructural protein 5 region (NS5B) gene amplification and sequencing. The sequence was amplified for the phylogenetic tree and genetic analysis. The differences of the positive rate of anti-HCV and HCV RNA and the HCV genetic subtype distribution in different respondents'characteristics were analyzed. RESULTS: Among 32 203 subjects, the overall positive rate of anti-HCV and HCV RNA were 0.48% (153/32 203) and 0.24% (78/32 203), in which men were 0.42% (65/15 634), and 0.23% (36/15 634), and women were 0.53% (88/16 569) and 0.25% (42/16 596). The differences between men and women were not statistically significant (χ(2) values were 2.26, 0.18, respectively, both P values > 0.05). The results of NS5B genotyping and molecular evolution analysis showed that there were six subtypes in the 71 HCV RNA positive samples.In those six subtypes, the proportion of genotypes 1b, 6a, 3a, 2a, 3b and 1a were 56.3% (40/71), 19.7% (14/71), 11.3% (8/71), 8.5% (6/71), 2.8% (2/71) and 1.4% (1/71), respectively. The HCV genetic subtypes of infestor were mainly present with two branches of 1b and 6a, and the two subtypes Bootstrap values were 0.95. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of HCV infection was high in Henan. The major HCV genotypes in patients with HCV infection were 1b and 6a.

[A cross-sectional study on the prevalence of HIV drug resistance in patients receiving antiretroviral treatment in Shenqiu county, Henan province].

OBJECTIVE: To understand the prevalence of drug resistance in AIDS patients who had been receiving HAART in a long run, in Shenqiu county, Henan province. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 120 HIV infected patients who began receiving ART (antiretroviral therapy) in 2003. Viral loads and CD(4)(+) T cells counts were measured, and In-house drug resistance test was performed in VL > 1000 copies/ml patients. RESULTS: 114 cases out of 120 patients had complete viral load data. Among them, 33 cases having viral loads less than 50 copies/ml, and the remaining viral loads showed an average of lg (4.09 ± 1.10) copies/ml. The average of CD(4)(+) T cell counts was (377 ± 218) cells/ml, with 64 (53.3%) cases showing their CD(4)(+) T cell counts higher than 350 cells/ml. In 67 patients, 58 of them showed genotypic resistance, and 40 cases showed reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs) resistance. The ratios of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) resistance were 53.4% (31/58) and 67.2% (39/58), respectively. There were no differences of drug resistance ratio in the three treatment programs. The highest drug resistance rates in NRTIs and NNRTIs were zidovudine, lamivudine, nevirapine. However, protease inhibitors (PIs) resistance variants were not found. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of drug-resistant strains seemed to be high in Shenqiu country, Henan province. Long-term follow-up monitoring strategy should be developed to optimize the timely treatment programs.

[Subtype analysis of gp41 gene of HIV-1 among men who have sex with men in Zhengzhou].

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the subtype distribution of gp41 gene of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Zhengzhou. METHODS: Thirty blood samples were collected from men who have sex with men infected by HIV. The complete gp41 gene was amplified by RT-PCR and nested-PCR and sequenced. All sequences were edited by Bioedit and subtyped with HIV sequence library US Los Alamos National Laboratory and online genotyping software provided by American National Center of Biotechnology Information. Phylogenetic analysis of gp41 gene was performed using the MEGA 3.1 software, and the genic dispersion rates among subtype of gp41 gene were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of eighteen gene sequences of HIV-1 gp41 gene were obtained from thirty men who have sex with men infected by HIV, which belonged to subtype CRF15-01B (50% (9/18)), CRF01-AE (22% (4/18)), CRF07-B (22% (4/18)) and B (6% (1/18)), respectively. The intersubtype HIV-1 strains aggregate with according reference strains. The genetic distance inter-subtype of subtype CRF15-01B, CRF01-AE and CRF07-B were 0.050 ± 0.007, 0.052 ± 0.009 and 0.082 ± 0.012, respectively. CONCLUSION: The prevalent subtypes of HIV-1 among among MSM in Zhengzhou was complicated and recombinant HIV-1 strains were the most prevalent strains.

[Subtype and sequence analysis of gag gene of HIV-1 among men who have sex with men in Zhengzhou, Henan Province].

To investigate the subtype distribution of human immunodeficiency virus-1(HIV-1) infection among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Zhengzhou, Henan Province, forty blood samples were collected from HIV-1 carriers, who acknowledged to have sex with men. The complete gag gene was amplified by RT-PCR and nested-PCR and sequenced. All sequences were edited by BioEdit and subtyped by genotyping software. Phylogenetic analysis of gag gene were then performed using the MEGA 3.1 software, the gene distances were calculated by Distance program. There were three different HIV-1 subtypes including B, CRF01-AE and CRF07-BC present among twenty four MSMs in Zhengzhou. Genotyping results showed that 33.33% (8/24) were B, 41.67% (10/24) were CRF01-AE and 25% (6/24) were CRF07-BC, and subtype CRF01-AE had become the most prevalent HIV-1 subtype in Zhengzhou, Henan province. In conclusion, recombinant HIV-1 strains are circulating in Henan province and the epidemiology is complicated.

[Men who have sex with men and its relationship with HIV-1 strains prevailing in the paid blood donors from Zhengzhou city, Henan].

OBJECTIVE: To clarify the genetic characteristics of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) circulated in the population of men who have sex with men (MSM) in Zhengzhou, Henan and to analyze its relationship with HIV-1 prevailing in the paid blood donors (PBDs). METHODS: Thirty-one MSM who were confirmed as HIV positive individuals in 2010 together with 41 HIV-positive former PBDs were enrolled in the study. Information on related epidemiological characteristics and their plasma were collected. RT-PCR was used to amplify HIV-1 full length gag (1584 bp), pol (3147 bp) genes and partial env gene (C2V3 segment, 558 bp) followed by sequencing on those subjects. Online software available at LosAlamos HIV Database was used to identify the HIV subtypes based on the findings of the sequences. Phylogenetic tree was used to identify the possible relationship of transmission. RESULTS: Fifty-three full length gag, 38 full length pol and 48 partial env (C2V3) genes were collected from 72 participants. Among the 31 HIV(+) MSM individuals, 14 CRF01_AE strains, 5 CRF07_BC strains and 12 subtype B (1 subtype B and 11 B') strains were identified respectively. All of the 41 strains identified from former PBDs were infected by B' strains. The CRF01_AE strains identified in MSM showed a close relationship to those identified from both Hebei and Liaoning provinces. The CRF07_BC strains showed a close relationship with those from Shijiazhuang and Beijing cities. Among the 12 subtype B strains, 8 sequences grouped into 1 cluster with 1 sequence from the former PBDs. Two sequences grouped with 02HNseq4 suggested that B' had been prevailed in the MSM population might come from the former PBDs and were closely related to the strains identified in the MSM population. CONCLUSION: Complicated genetic background and multiple introductions of HIV in the MS population in Zhengzhou, were found. This was also the first report which noticed that the subtype B epidemic among Zhengzhou MSM was mainly originated from the B' among the former PBDs.

[Follow-up study on 84 AIDS patients having received the replaced therapy program for six months in one county of Henan, China].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the situation of AIDS patients who had received replaced therapy program in Henan province. METHODS: 84 AIDS patients had been enrolled into the national free first-line antiretroviral treatment for more than 5 years and would soon be replaced with another antiretroviral treatment program, were selected to a follow-up program to be carried out six months later. Data on CD4(+) t-lymphocyte count, viral load and genotypic resistance were included in the study. RESULTS: The DDI+AZT+NVP treatment program was used by all the 84 patients at baseline. A replacement by 3TC + AZT + NVP (post first-line) in 31 patients and 3TC + TDF + LPV/r (second-line) in another 53 patients were taken place within a week. All the patients were followed for six months. RESULTS: showed that: all of the 84 patients appeared an amelioration of CD4(+) t-lymphocyte count median from the baseline of 374.00 cell/µl to 406.50 cell/µl (P = 0.005). Those patients who had changed to second-line treatment program also showed an improvement of CD4(+) t-lymphocyte count median from the baseline of 267.00 cell/µl to 365.00 cell/µl (P = 0.015), while patients who were on the post first-line program with their CD4(+) t-lymphocyte count mean did not show significant change as compared to the baseline (P = 0.158) data. All the 84 patients showed a decrease of virus load median from the baseline of 3.61 log(10)copies/ml to 0.00 log(10) copies/ml (P = 0.000). Both of the two types of patients who had been changed to different programs, had a lower virus load median in the end of the follow-up period (for post first-line: P = 0.007; for second-line: P = 0.000). 13 patients kept their viral load more than 1000 copies/ml, including 5 cases bore more than three thymidine analogue mutations (TAMs) a the end of the follow-up program. Another 4 patients had no resistance mutations detected and no significant variation of viral load (less than 3 times) in the pre- or post-surveys. CONCLUSION: AIDS patients who had received long-term first-line antiretroviral treatment program, showed an amelioration six months after changing of the treatment program. Timely and effective testing on drug resistance as well as the strengthening of the follow-up program still seemed to be the link to those patients who were receiving first-line treatment that should not be ignored.

[The primary HIV drug resistance in partial region of Henan province].

OBJECTIVE: To study the prevalence of primary HIV drug resistance in antiretroviral therapy (ART) areas of Henan province. METHODS: A total of 121 drug-naive long-term infected individuals and 154 patients with newly diagnosed from January 2011 to March 2012 were recruited, the questionnaires were surveyed and whole blood were collected to analyze the CD4(+)T cell counts and viral load. In-house method for genotypic resistance test was determined in those with viral load > 1000 copies/ml samples, the differences of demographic characteristics, immunological parameters and primary drug resistance were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: A total of 121 cases of long-term individuals who had infected (12.50 ± 3.21) years were mainly previous paid blood donors, and the age was (46.61 ± 9.32) years old. The infection route of the newly diagnosed were diversity, including blood, sexual transmission and others, the cases were 73, 73, 8, respectively, the confirmatory year was (0.91 ± 0.28) years, and average age was (22.21 ± 3.11) years old. The difference were statistically significant in the route of transmission, age and infection time from demographic analysis of the two groups (P < 0.05). The absolute M(P(25)-P(75)) counts of CD4(+)T lymphocytes of long-term group was 322 (217 - 422) cell/µl, which was lower than the newly diagnosed was 434(308 - 578) cell/µl (P < 0.05), and viral load was 4.0 (2.96 - 4.64) copies/ml, 3.77 (2.94 - 4.53) copies/ml, the difference was not significant (P > 0.05). The prevalence of primary drug resistance in long-term group and newly diagnosed was 5.79% (7/121), 9.09% (14/154), respectively, and the difference was statistically different (P < 0.05), and one PI-resistant strain was found in the newly diagnosed group. CONCLUSION: The primary drug resistant strains in untreated patients were found in Henan province of ART areas, and there was difference in degree of resistance between long-term infected individuals and newly diagnosed.

Coniferous canopy BRF simulation based on 3-D realistic scene.

It is difficulties for the computer simulation method to study radiation regime at large-scale. Simplified coniferous model was investigated in the present study. It makes the computer simulation methods such as L-systems and radiosity-graphics combined method (RGM) more powerful in remote sensing of heterogeneous coniferous forests over a large-scale region. L-systems is applied to render 3-D coniferous forest scenarios, and RGM model was used to calculate BRF (bidirectional reflectance factor) in visible and near-infrared regions. Results in this study show that in most cases both agreed well. Meanwhile at a tree and forest level, the results are also good.