Association of cardiovascular disease prevalence with BMD and fracture in men with T2DM.

BACKGROUND: Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are predisposed to cardiovascular disease (CVD). Bone mineral density (BMD) is linked to CVD, but most studies focused on women. Our analysis aims to explore the association of BMD and fracture with the prevalence of CVD in men with T2DM. METHODS: In this retrospective cross-sectional study, 856 men with T2DM were enrolled. BMDs at the lumbar spine (L2-4), femoral neck (FN), and total hip (TH) were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The CVD outcome was determined as the sum of the following conditions: congestive heart failure, coronary heart disease, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, the requirement for coronary artery revascularization, and stroke. The relationship between BMDs and CVD was investigated by restricted cubic spline curves and logistic regression models. RESULTS: A total of 163 (19.0%) patients developed CVD. The restricted cubic spline curve revealed a linear and negative association between FN-BMD, TH-BMD, and CVD. After full adjustments for confounding covariates, the odds ratios were 1.34 (95% confidence interval [CI] [1.11-1.61], p < .05), 1.3 (95% CI [1.05-1.60], p < .05), and 1.26 (95% CI [1.02-1.55], p < .05) for each 1-SD decrease in BMDs of L2-4, FN and TH, respectively. T-scores of < -1 for BMD of L2-4 and FN were independently associated with CVD (p < .05). Subgroup analyses further supported our findings. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of CVD was inversely correlated with BMD levels in men with T2DM, particularly at the FN. We hypothesized that monitoring FN-BMD and early intervention would help reduce CVD risk in men with T2DM, especially those with hypertension.

Nerve conduction velocity is independently associated with bone mineral density in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Aim: This study investigated the association between nerve conduction velocity (NCV) and bone mineral density (BMD) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: This study retrospectively collected medical data of T2DM patients who underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and nerve conduction study at the Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai, China. The primary outcome was the total hip BMD T-score. The main independent variables were motor nerve conduction velocities (MCVs), sensory nerve conduction velocities (SCVs), and composite Z-scores of MCV and SCV. T2DM patients were divided into total hip BMD T-scores < -1 and total hip BMD T-scores ≥ -1 groups. The association between the primary outcome and main independent variables was evaluated by Pearson bivariate correlation and multivariate linear regression. Results: 195 female and 415 male patients with T2DM were identified. In male patients with T2DM, bilateral ulnar, median, and tibial MCVs and bilateral sural SCVs were lower in the total hip BMD T-score < -1 group than T-score ≥ -1 group (P < 0.05). Bilateral ulnar, median, and tibial MCVs, and bilateral sural SCVs showed positive correlations with total hip BMD T-score in male patients with T2DM (P < 0.05). Bilateral ulnar and tibial MCVs, bilateral sural SCVs, and composite MCV SCV and MSCV Z-scores were independently and positively associated with total hip BMD T-score in male patients with T2DM, respectively (P < 0.05). NCV did not show significant correlation with the total hip BMD T-score in female patients with T2DM. Conclusion: NCV showed positive association with total hip BMD in male patients with T2DM. A decline in NCV indicates an elevated risk of low BMD (osteopenia/osteoporosis) in male patients with T2DM.

Osteocalcin ameliorates cognitive dysfunctions in a mouse model of Alzheimer's Disease by reducing amyloid ß burden and upregulating glycolysis in neuroglia.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease characterized by the accumulation of amyloid ß peptides (Aß) and impaired glucose metabolism in the brain. Osteocalcin (OCN), an osteoblast-derived protein, has been shown to modulate brain functions but whether it has any effect on AD is undetermined. In this study, daily intraperitoneal injection of OCN for 4 weeks ameliorated the anxiety-like behaviors and cognitive dysfunctions in the APP/PS1 transgenic AD mice model, as shown in the increased entries into the central area in open field test, the increased time and entries into open arms in elevated plus maze test, the increased time spent in the light chamber in light-dark transition test, as well as the reduced escape latency and the increased preference for target quadrant in Morris water maze test. Aß burden in the hippocampus and cortex of AD mice was ameliorated by OCN. Besides, OCN improved the neural network function of the brain, mainly in the enhanced power of high gamma band in the medial prefrontal cortex of AD mice. The proliferation of astrocytes in the hippocampus in AD mice was also inhibited by OCN as demonstrated by immunofluorescence. Furthermore, OCN enhanced glycolysis in astrocytes and microglia, as evidenced by elevated glucose consumption, lactate production, and increased extracellular acidification rate. Such an effect was abolished when the receptor of OCN - Gpr158 was knockdown in astrocytes. Our study revealed OCN as a novel therapeutic factor for AD potentially through reducing Aß burden and upregulation of glycolysis in neuroglia.

Association of famine exposure and the serum calcium level in healthy Chinese adults.

Objective: Famine exposure and higher serum calcium levels are related with increased risk of many disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, atherosclerosis, diabetes, and osteoporosis. Whether famine exposure has any effect on serum calcium level is unclear. Besides, the normal reference range of serum calcium is variable among different populations. Our aims are 1) determining the reference interval of calcium in Chinese adults; 2) exploring its relationship with famine exposure. Methods: Data in this study was from a cross-sectional study of the epidemiologic investigation carried out during March-August 2010 in Jiading district, Shanghai, China. Nine thousand and two hundred eleven participants with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≥60ml/min/1.73m2 were involved to calculate reference interval of total calcium from 10569 participants aged 40 years or older. The analysis of famine exposure was conducted in 9315 participants with complete serum biochemical data and birth year information. Results: After rejecting outliers, the 95% reference interval of total serum calcium was 2.122~2.518 mmol/L. The equation of albumin-adjusted calcium was: Total calcium + 0.019* (49-Albumin), with a 95% reference interval of 2.151~2.500 mmol/L. Compared to the age-balanced control group, there was an increased risk of being at the upper quartile of total serum calcium (OR=1.350, 95%CI=1.199-1.521) and albumin-adjusted calcium (OR=1.381, 95%CI=1.234-1.544) in subjects experienced famine exposure in childhood. Females were more vulnerable to this impact (OR= 1.621, 95%CI= 1.396-1.883 for total serum calcium; OR=1.722, 95%CI= 1.497-1.980 for albumin-adjusted calcium). Conclusions: Famine exposure is an important environmental factor associated with the changes in circulating calcium concentrations, the newly established serum calcium normal range and albumin-adjusted calcium equation, together with the history of childhood famine exposure, might be useful in identifying subjects with abnormal calcium homeostasis and related diseases, especially in females.

Association of Famine Exposure on the Changing Clinical Phenotypes of Primary Hyperparathyroidism in 20 years.

Background & Aims: Primary hyperparathyroidism(PHPT) has been evolving into a milder asymptomatic disease. No study has assessed the association between famine exposure and such a shift. We aim to explore the effects of China's Great Famine exposure on the changing pattern of PHPT phenotypes. Methods: 750 PHPT patients diagnosed from 2000 to 2019 were studied. The clinical presentations were compared between them in recent 10 years (2010-2019) and previous 10 years (2000-2009). Participants were then categorized into fetal, childhood, adolescent, adult exposure, and unexposed groups. Logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and confidence intervals (CIs) of famine exposure as factors contributing to the changes in the clinical presentations of PHPT. Results: Serum levels of PTH, albumin-corrected Ca, tumor size, eGFR, BMDs (all P<0.001), and clinical symptoms became milder in recent 10 years. Famine exposure (72.6% vs 58.4%, P<0.001), especially the adult exposure (18.8% vs 4.1%, P<0.001)was significant less in recent 10 years. The ORs (95%CIs) of having upper 3rd tertile PTH were 2.79(1.34,5.8), 2.07(1.04,4.11), 3.10(1.15,8.38) and 8.85(2.56,30.56) for patients with fetal, childhood, adolescent and adult famine exposure, respectively. The ORs (95%CIs) of upper 3rd tertile albumin-corrected Ca and upper 3rd tertile of tumor size was 4.78(1.39, 16.38) and 4.07(1.12,14.84) for participants with adult famine exposure, respectively. All these associations were independent of age, sex, disease duration and other confounders. Conclusions: The clinical manifestations of PHPT in China continue to be milder. Exposure to famine is associated with PHPT. Less famine exposure might be responsible for the mile form of PHPT in recent years.

BMP9 reduces age-related bone loss in mice by inhibiting osteoblast senescence through Smad1-Stat1-P21 axis.

Age-related osteoporosis is characterized by the accumulation of senescent osteoblastic cells in bone microenvironment and significantly reduced osteogenic differentiation. Clearing of the senescent cells is helpful to improve bone formation in aged mice. Bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9), a multifunctional protein produced and secreted by liver, was reported to improve osteoporosis caused by estrogen withdrawal. However, the mechanism of BMP9 has not been fully elucidated, and its effect on senile osteoporosis has not been reported. This study reveals that BMP9 significantly increases bone mass and improves bone biomechanical properties in aged mice. Furthermore, BMP9 reduces expression of senescent genes in bone microenvironment, accompanied by decreased senescence-associated secretory phenotypes (SASPs) such as Ccl5, Mmp9, Hmgb1, Nfkb1, and Vcam1. In vitro, Bmp9 treatment inhibits osteoblast senescence through activating Smad1, which suppresses the transcriptional activity of Stat1, thereby inhibits P21 expression and SASPs production. Furthermore, inhibiting the Smad1 signal in vivo can reverse the inhibitory effect of BMP9 on Stat1 and downstream senescent genes, which eliminates the protection of BMP9 on age-related osteoporosis. These findings highlight the critical role of BMP9 on reducing age-related bone loss by inhibiting osteoblast senescence through Smad1-Stat1-P21 axis.

Major osteoporosis fracture prediction in type 2 diabetes: a derivation and comparison study.

The widely recommended fracture prediction tool FRAX was developed based on and for the general population. Although several adjusted FRAX methods were suggested for type 2 diabetes (T2DM), they still need to be evaluated in T2DM cohort. INTRODUCTION: This study was undertaken to develop a prediction model for Chinese diabetes fracture risk (CDFR) and compare its performance with those of FRAX. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, 1730 patients with T2DM were enrolled from 2009.08 to 2013.07. Major osteoporotic fractures (MOFs) during follow-up were collected from Electronic Health Records (EHRs) and telephone interviews. Multivariate Cox regression with backward stepwise selection was used to fit the model. The performances of the CDFR model, FRAX, and adjusted FRAX were compared in the aspects of discrimination and calibration. RESULTS: 6.3% of participants experienced MOF during a median follow-up of 10 years. The final model (CDFR) included 8 predictors: age, gender, previous fracture, insulin use, diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), total cholesterol, triglycerides, and apolipoprotein A. This model had a C statistic of 0.803 (95%CI 0.761-0.844) and calibration χ2 of 4.63 (p = 0.86). The unadjusted FRAX underestimated the MOF risk (calibration χ2 134.5, p < 0.001; observed/predicted ratio 2.62, 95%CI 2.17-3.08), and there was still significant underestimation after diabetes adjustments. Comparing FRAX, the CDFR had a higher AUC, lower calibration χ2, and better reclassification of MOF. CONCLUSION: The CDFR model has good performance in 10-year MOF risk prediction in T2DM, especially in patients with insulin use or DPN. Future work is needed to validate our model in external cohort(s).

The Associations of Serum Osteocalcin and Cortisol Levels With the Psychological Performance in Primary Hyperparathyroidism Patients.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate factors responsible for the psychological performance in primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) patients. Methods: A group of 38 PHPT patients receiving questionnaires, including Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and 36-Item Short Form Survey (SF-36), was evaluated. The relationships between scores of questionnaires and clinical biomarkers were examined. Collinearity and linear regression model were applied to examine variables determining the scores of the questionnaire. In 192 PHPT patients, bivariate and partial correlation were used to analyze the relationships between serum concentrations of parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium, osteocalcin (OCN), and cortisol. Results: Among 38 patients receiving questionnaire tests, 50% (19/38) of the patients developed state anxiety, 60.5% (23/38) of the patients had the trait of developing anxiety. In addition, 18.4% (7/38) of the patients developed mild to severe depression. Serum cortisol at 8:00 was negatively and significantly correlated with social function (r = -0.389, p = 0.041) after controlling for age, sex, disease duration, serum PTH, calcium, phosphorus, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration. OCN was significantly and negatively correlated with score of STAI-S (r = -0.426, p = 0.027). In the linear regression model for BDI score, variables with statistical significance were serum OCN (ß = -0.422, p = 0.019) and cortisol at 0:00 (ß = 0.371, p = 0.037). In 192 PHPT patients, the serum concentration of OCN (r = 0.373, p = 0.000) was positively correlated with PTH level. After controlling for age, sex, disease duration, serum 25(OH)D, phosphorus, and calcium concentration, the positive correlation between OCN and PTH was still statistically significant (r = 0.323, p = 0.000). The serum concentration of cortisol at 0:00 was significantly and positively correlated with serum calcium (r = 0.246, p = 0.001) in bivariate correlation analysis. After controlling for age, sex, disease duration, serum PTH, 25(OH)D, and phosphorus concentration, serum cortisol at 0:00 was still positively and significantly correlated with serum calcium (r = 0.245, p = 0.001). Conclusion: Serum levels of OCN and cortisol, rather than PTH and calcium, are associated with the development of anxiety and depression symptoms in PHPT patients.

Multidisciplinary team efforts to improve the pregnancy outcome of pregnancy complicated with primary hyperparathyroidism: case series from a single hospital.

BACKGROUND: There is no consensus or management algorithm for primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) in pregnancy. METHODS: This study comprises a retrospective case series. From August 2014 to December 2020, 9 cases of PHPT in pregnancy were diagnosed by a multidisciplinary team (MDT) consultation center of obstetrics in our hospital. Their clinical manifestations, treatment strategies, and maternal and infant outcomes were analyzed. RESULTS: The median onset age of the patients was 32 (25 ~ 38) years. PHPT was diagnosed in two cases before pregnancy, in six cases during pregnancy and in one case postpartum. The main clinical manifestations were nausea, vomiting, and other nonspecific symptoms, with anemia as the most common maternal complication. Hypercalcemia crisis was developed in one case. The median levels of preoperative serum calcium and parathyroid hormone (PTH) were 3.08 (2.77 ~ 4.21) mmol/L and 300.40 (108.80 ~ 2603.60) pg/ml, respectively. The parathyroid ultrasonography tests were positive in eight cases and negative in one patient who had an ectopic lesion localized by 99mTc-MIBI. Parathyroidectomy was conducted in 7 cases during the 2nd trimester, including 2 patients diagnosed before pregnancy who refused surgery, 1 patient during the 1st trimester, and 1 patient postpartum, with a significant reduction in serum concentrations of calcium and PTH. A management algorithm was developed. CONCLUSION: This case series suggests that pregnant women with PHPT should be managed by MDT according to the algorithm. If PHPT is confirmed in fertile women before pregnancy, parathyroidectomy should be strongly suggested and performed. If PHPT is diagnosed during pregnancy, even in its mild form, surgical treatment, optimally during the 2nd trimester, is effective and safe for pregnancy and neonatal outcome.

Lgr4 promotes aerobic glycolysis and differentiation in osteoblasts via the canonical Wnt/ß-catenin pathway.

Lgr4, a G-protein-coupled receptor, is associated with various physiological and pathological processes including oncogenesis, energy metabolism, and bone remodeling. However, whether Lgr4 is involved in osteoblasts' metabolism is not clear. Here we uncover that in preosteoblast cell line, lacking Lgr4 results in decreased osteogenic function along with reduced glucose consumption, glucose uptake, and lactate production in the presence of abundant oxygen, which is referred to as aerobic glycolysis. Activating canonical Wnt/ß-catenin signaling rescued the glycolytic dysfunction. Lgr4 promotes the expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (pdk1) and is abolished by interfering canonical Wnt/ß-catenin signaling. Mice lacking Lgr4 specifically in osteoblasts (Lgr4osb-/- ) exhibit decreased bone mass and strength due to reduced bone formation. Additionally, glycolysis of osteoblasts is impaired in Lgr4osb-/- mice. Our study reveals a novel function of Lgr4 in regulating the cellular metabolism of osteoblasts. © 2021 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).

Gut microbiota-derived propionate mediates the neuroprotective effect of osteocalcin in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease.

BACKGROUND: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with no absolute cure. The evidence of the involvement of gut microbiota in PD pathogenesis suggests the need to identify certain molecule(s) derived from the gut microbiota, which has the potential to manage PD. Osteocalcin (OCN), an osteoblast-secreted protein, has been shown to modulate brain function. Thus, it is of interest to investigate whether OCN could exert protective effect on PD and, if yes, whether the underlying mechanism lies in the subsequent changes in gut microbiota. RESULTS: The intraperitoneal injection of OCN can effectively ameliorate the motor deficits and dopaminergic neuronal loss in a 6-hydroxydopamine-induced PD mouse model. The further antibiotics treatment and fecal microbiota transplantation experiments confirmed that the gut microbiota was required for OCN-induced protection in PD mice. OCN elevated Bacteroidetes and depleted Firmicutes phyla in the gut microbiota of PD mice with elevated potential of microbial propionate production and was confirmed by fecal propionate levels. Two months of orally administered propionate successfully rescued motor deficits and dopaminergic neuronal loss in PD mice. Furthermore, AR420626, the agonist of FFAR3, which is the receptor of propionate, mimicked the neuroprotective effects of propionate and the ablation of enteric neurons blocked the prevention of dopaminergic neuronal loss by propionate in PD mice. CONCLUSIONS: Together, our results demonstrate that OCN ameliorates motor deficits and dopaminergic neuronal loss in PD mice, modulating gut microbiome and increasing propionate level might be an underlying mechanism responsible for the neuroprotective effects of OCN on PD, and the FFAR3, expressed in enteric nervous system, might be the main action site of propionate. Video abstract.

An inverted U-shaped relationship between parathyroid hormone and body weight, body mass index, body fat.

PURPOSE: To investigate the relationship between parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels and body weight, body mass index (BMI), lipid profiles, and fat distribution in subjects with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) and controls. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study in 192 patients with PHPT and 202 controls. Serum concentrations of calcium, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), PTH, lipids profiles, and other hormones were quantified. Bone mineral density was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Fat distribution evaluation utilizing quantitative computed tomography was conducted in another 66 patients with PHPT and 155 controls. RESULTS: PHPT patients were older (P < 0.001) and had less body weight (P < 0.001), lower BMI (P = 0.019), lower serum concentrations of 25(OH)D (P < 0.001), total cholesterol (P = 0.036), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (P = 0.036), and higher circulating concentration of free fatty acid (FFA) (P = 0.047) as compared with controls. After adjusting multiple confounders, PTH was positively correlated with weight (r = 0.311, P < 0.001), BMI (r = 0.268, P < 0.01), and visceral adipose tissue area (VAA) (r = 0.191, P < 0.05) in the first tertile of PTH. However, these associations were not observed in the second tertile. While in the third tertile, PTH was negatively correlated with weight (r = -0.200, P < 0.05), BMI (r = -0.223, P < 0.05) and marginally with VAA (r = -0.306, P = 0.065), it showed positive association with FFA (r = 0.230, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The inverted U-shape relationship between PTH and body weight, BMI, VAA found in this study is helpful to explain the conflicting results among these parameters, and extend our understanding of the metabolic effects of PTH.

BMP9 Reduces Bone Loss in Ovariectomized Mice by Dual Regulation of Bone Remodeling.

Bone remodeling is dynamic and is tightly regulated through bone resorption dominated by osteoclasts and bone formation dominated by osteoblasts. Imbalances in this process can cause various pathological conditions, such as osteoporosis. Bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9), a biomolecule produced and secreted by the liver, has many pharmacological effects, including anti-liver fibrosis, antitumor, anti-heart failure, and antidiabetic activities. However, the effects of BMP9 on the regulation of osteoblast and osteoclast functions and the underlying molecular mechanism(s) have not yet been investigated. In this study, BMP9 increased the expression of osteoblastogenic gene markers, such as ALP, Cola1, OCN, RUNX2, and OSX, and ALP activity in MC3T3-E1 cells by upregulating LGR6 and activating the Wnt/ß-catenin pathway. BMP9 also suppressed receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation of bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) by inhibiting the Akt-NF-κB-NFATc1 pathway. More importantly, in an ovariectomy (OVX) mouse model, BMP9 attenuated bone loss and improved bone biomechanical properties in vivo by increasing bone-forming activity and suppressing bone resorption activity. Accordingly, our current work highlights the dual regulatory effects that BMP9 exerts on bone remodeling by promoting bone anabolic activity and inhibiting osteoclast differentiation in OVX mice. © 2020 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

Protective effects of ß- nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide against motor deficits and dopaminergic neuronal damage in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease.

The level of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) decreases in Parkinson's disease (PD), and its reduction has been reported to be involved in many age-associated neurodegenerative pathologies. Thus, we investigated whether NAD replenishment is beneficial in a 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced mouse model of PD. Preinjection with NAD in the striatum ameliorated motor deficits and dopaminergic neuronal damage in the substantia nigra and striatum of a mouse model of PD. Moreover, preincubation with NAD protected PC12 cells against the loss of cell viability, morphological damage, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction caused by 6-OHDA. These results add credence to the beneficial role of NAD against parkinsonian neurodegeneration in mouse models of PD, provide evidence for the potential of NAD for the prevention of PD, and suggest that NAD prevents pathological changes in PD via decreasing mitochondrial dysfunctions.

PITUITARY STALK THICKENING IN A LARGE COHORT: TOWARD MORE ACCURATE PREDICTORS OF PITUITARY DYSFUNCTION AND ETIOLOGY.

Objective: To summarize the characteristics of patients with pituitary stalk thickening, analyze the association between pituitary stalk width and hypopituitarism, and develop a diagnostic model to differentiate neoplastic and inflammatory origins. Methods: A total of 325 patients with pituitary stalk thickening in a tertiary teaching hospital between January 2012 and February 2018 were enrolled. Basic characteristics and hormonal status were evaluated. Indicators to predict etiology in patients with histologic diagnoses were analyzed. Results: Of the 325 patients, 62.5% were female. Deficiency in gonadotropin was most common, followed by corticotropin, growth hormone, and thyrotropin. The increase in pituitary stalk width was associated with a risk of central diabetes insipidus (odds ratio [OR], 3.57; P<.001) and with a combination of central diabetes insipidus and anterior pituitary deficiency (OR, 2.28; P = .029). The cut-off pituitary stalk width of 4.75 mm had a sensitivity of 69.2% and a specificity of 71.4% for the presence of central diabetes insipidus together with anterior pituitary deficiency. Six indicators (central diabetes insipidus, pattern of pituitary stalk thickening, pituitary stalk width, neutrophilic granulocyte percentage, serum sodium level, and gender) were used to develop a model having an accuracy of 95.7% to differentiate neoplastic from inflammatory causes. Conclusion: Pituitary stalk width could indicate the presence of anterior pituitary dysfunction, especially in central diabetes insipidus patients. With the use of a diagnostic model, the neoplastic and inflammatory causes of pituitary stalk thickening could be preliminarily differentiated. Abbreviations: APD = anterior pituitary dysfunction; AUC = area under the curve; CDI = central diabetes insipidus; GH = growth hormone; MRI = magnetic resonance imaging; OR = odd ratio; PHBS = posterior hypophyseal bright spots; PST = pituitary stalk thickening; PSW = pituitary stalk width.

The browning of white adipose tissue and body weight loss in primary hyperparathyroidism.

BACKGROUND: Parathyroid hormone related protein (PTHrP) triggers white adipose tissue (WAT) browning and cachexia in lung cancer mouse models. It remains unknown whether excessive PTH secretion affects WAT browning and to what extent it contributes to body weight change in primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). METHODS: Using the adeno-associated virus injection, Pth gene over-expressed mice mimicking PHPT were firstly established to observe their WAT browning and body weight alteration. The association between PTH and body weight was investigated in 496 PHPT patients. The adipose browning activities of 20 PHPT and 60 control subjects were measured with PET/CT scanning. FINDINGS: Elevated plasma PTH triggered adipose tissue browning, leading to increased energy expenditure, reduced fat content, and finally decreased body weight in PHPT mice. Higher circulating PTH levels were associated with lower body weight (ß = -0.048, P = .0003) independent of renal function, serum calcium, phosphorus,and albumin levels in PHPT patients. PHPT patients exhibited both higher prevalence of detectable brown/beige adipose tissue (20% vs 3.3%, P = .03) and increased browning activities (SUV in cervical adipose was 0.77 vs 0.49,P = .02) compared with control subjects. INTERPRETATION: Elevated serum PTH drove WAT browning program, which contributed in part to body weight loss in both PHPT mice and patients. These results give insights into the novel pathological effect of PTH and are of importance in understanding the metabolic changes of PHPT. FUND: This research is supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China and National Natural Science Foundation of China.

Osteocalcin Ameliorates Motor Dysfunction in a 6-Hydroxydopamine-Induced Parkinson's Disease Rat Model Through AKT/GSK3ß Signaling.

Osteoblasts derived osteocalcin (OCN) is recently reported to be involved in dopaminergic neuronal development. As dopaminergic neuronal injury in the substantia nigra (SN) is a pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD), we investigated whether OCN could exert protective effects on 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced PD rat model. Our data showed that the OCN level in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in PD rat models was significantly lower than that in controls. Intervention with OCN could improve the behavioral dysfunction in PD rat models and reduce the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) loss in the nigrostriatal system. In addition, OCN could inhibit the astrocyte and microglia proliferation in the SN of PD rats. In vitro studies showed that OCN significantly ameliorated the neurotoxicity of 6-OHDA through the AKT/GSK3ß signaling pathway. In summary, OCN plays a protective role against parkinsonian neurodegeneration in the PD rat model, suggesting a potential therapeutic use of OCN in PD.

THE ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN HYPOVITAMINOSIS D, HIGHER PTH LEVELS WITH BONE MINERAL DENSITIES, AND RISK OF THE 10-YEAR PROBABILITY OF MAJOR OSTEOPOROTIC FRACTURES IN CHINESE PATIENTS WITH T2DM.

OBJECTIVE: In the current study, we investigated the vitamin D status, and its relationships with parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels, bone mineral density (BMD), and the 10-year probability of fractures in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of 785 patients. BMDs at the lumbar spine (L2-4), femoral neck (FN), and total hip (TH) were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and intact PTH were also quantified. The 10-year probability of fracture risk (major osteoporotic fracture [MOF] and hip fracture [HF]) was assessed using the fracture risk assessment tool (FRAX). RESULTS: The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 82.3%, and the mean 25(OH)D level was 36.9 ± 15.2 nmol/L. The adequate group had higher BMDs at the FN and TH and lower MOF risk than the inadequate groups. Lower 25(OH)D was associated with higher PTH ( r = -0.126, P<.001). PTH was negatively correlated with BMDs at 3 sites and positively correlated with MOF and HF, but this relationship disappeared in the adequate subgroup. Multivariate stepwise regression analysis revealed that PTH was the determinant of MOF (standard ß = 0.073, P = .010) and HF (standard ß = 0.094, P = .004). CONCLUSION: Our results identified a significantly high rate of vitamin D deficiency among Chinese patients with T2DM. PTH is an important risk factor responsible for the higher 10-year probability of osteoporotic fractures in diabetic patients, especially in those with lower vitamin D levels. ABBREVIATIONS: AKP = alkaline phosphatase; ALB = serum albumin; BMD = bone mineral density; BMI = body mass index; Ca = calcium; CKD = chronic kidney disease; Cr = creatinine; FN = femoral neck; FRAX = fracture risk assessment tool; HbA1c = glycated hemoglobin A1c; HF = hip fracture; L2-4 = lumbar spine; MOF = major osteoporotic fracture; 25(OH)D = 25-hydroxyvitamin D; P = phosphorus; PTH = parathyroid hormone; T2DM = type 2 diabetes mellitus; TH = total hip; UA = uric acid.