Risk factors for injuries along an infantry commanders course.

To determine the influence of prevention programme on somatosensory ability in combat soldiers during 14-weeks of an infantry commanders course, two cohorts were recruited (INT-group, n = 196; CONT-group, n = 169). Soldiers were tested pre-and post-course for anthropometric measurements, proprioceptive ability, dynamic postural balance, and filled CAIT questionnaire. The INT-group performed injury prevention exercises and the CONT-group continued with their routine physical fitness lessons. All musculoskeletal injuries were recorded along the course. In the CONT-group 24.2% and in the INT-group 19.9% suffered injury during the course. The rates of injuries were not significantly different between groups (χ2(1) = .677 p = .411). Previous injury (OR = 3.349, 95% CI = 1.283-8.740), pre-course BMI (OR = 1.216, 95% CI = 1.064-1.389), and pre-course proprioception ability (OR = .870, 95% CI = .810-.935) were factors associated with injury in the CONT-group. Pre-course proprioception ability (OR = .769, 95% CI = .699-.846) and pre-course CAIT score (OR = .087, 95% CI = .027-.276) were factors in the INT-group. Soldiers who received injury prevention exercises had a similar prevalence of total musculoskeletal injuries as those who did not receive these exercises. Risk factors for injuries were different in the two groups.

[DE QUERVAIN'S TENOSYNOVITIS - CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND TREATMENT].

INTRODUCTION: De-Quervain tenosynovitis, named after the Swiss surgeon Fritz De Quervain, is a condition characterized by pain and tenderness over the first extensor compartment of the wrist. This compartment contains the extensor pollicis brevis (EPB) and abductor pollicis longus (APL) tendons in their individual retinacular sheath. Non-inflammatory thickening of the tendinous sheath leads to entrapment of the individual tendons and increased friction. The condition is more common in women, particularly aged 30-50 years old and those 4-6 weeks in their post-partum period. It can be associated with trauma or repetitive motion but is typically of unknown etiology. While most cases are self-limiting, treatment is often required and comprises of non-operative treatment: anti-inflammatory medication, wrist splints and local steroid injection; and operative treatment: surgical release of the 1st dorsal compartment.

Achilles and patellar tendon structure following a prevention program in male combat soldiers.

OBJECTIVES: The aims of the study were to compare the prevalence of soldiers with musculoskeletal symptoms between soldiers that participated in a prevention program (INT) and a control group (CONT); and, to assess whether 'high risk' for a symptom indicator [participants with patellar tendon (PT) echo-type III+IV >10% or Achilles tendon (AT) echo-type III >8.5%] applies when a prevention intervention is used. METHODS: Soldiers from two consecutive infantry commanders courses (year 1-CONT, n = 165; year 2-INT, n = 196) were examined pre-course for AT and PT structure using ultrasound tissue characterization (UTC), and their musculoskeletal overuse symptoms were assessed and recorded by military physicians throughout the course. A prevention program was provided to the INT group (year 2) during the 14-week course. RESULTS: No significant differences were found in the prevalence of soldiers with symptoms between the two groups [INT: 39 (19.9%), CONT: 40 (24.2%); p = .32]. Using the indicator at baseline, 20 soldiers (10.2%) were suggested to be at 'high risk.' Of those 20 soldiers, 17 actually had symptoms during the course (positive predictive value-85%). The prevalence of soldiers with a suggested 'high risk' according to our indicator who had no symptoms during the course was low (3/20, 15%). Twenty-two soldiers who had symptoms during the course had not been suggested to be at 'high risk' by our indicator. CONCLUSION: Our intervention did not reduce the prevalence of soldiers with symptoms. Our 'high risk' pre-course, AT and PT structure indicator is valid and can be used as a screening tool to reduce the prevalence of symptoms in combat soldiers; with the caution that soldiers that were not identified by the indicator, might also have symptoms along the course.

The Influence of a 14-Week Infantry Commanders Courses on the Achilles Tendon and Patellar Tendon Structure.

INTRODUCTION: Alternated tendon structure may raise stress to the musculoskeletal structures and may increase the potential for overuse injury. Screening the tendon structure of soldiers pre- and post-participation in a strenuous combat course is essential. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of a 14-week infantry commanders courses on the Achilles tendon (AT) structure and patellar tendon (PT) structure in combat soldiers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety-eight participants from an infantry commanders course were screened pre- and post-course for the AT and PT structures, using ultrasonographic tissue characterizaton (UTC) imaging to capture a 3D structure of four echo-type fibers (I-IV). RESULTS: In both tendons, the mean relative frequency of echo-type I fibers significantly decreased from pre- to post-testing, with a significant increase in the relative frequency of echo-types II, III, and IV fibers. In the AT, 60.2% of the subjects showed positive differences (between pre- and post-testing in the echo-type III + IV fiber ("worsened" tendon structure), whereas in the PT, 92.2% of the subject showed an increased frequency. No significant correlation (r = 0.108; P = .324) was found between the differences of echo-type III + IV fibers of the AT and that of the PT. CONCLUSIONS: Loads to the musculoskeletal structures along the combat course increased the mean relative frequency of the "reduced" echo-type fibers (III + IV) in both the AT structure and the PT structure. Yet, whereas in the AT around 40% of the soldiers showed an improved tendon structure along the course, in the PT less than 10% of the soldiers showed that improvement. Soldiers and commanders should be aware of the different influence of the loading exercises along the course on the AT and on the PT structure, as "reduced" tendons structure might put the soldiers at higher risk for injury in the future.

Injury Prevention Exercises for Reduced Incidence of Injuries in Combat Soldiers.

ABSTRACT: Steinberg, N, Bar-Sela, S, Moran, U, Pantanowitz, M, Waddington, G, Adams, R, Band, SS, and Funk, S. Injury prevention exercises for reduced incidence of injuries in combat soldiers. J Strength Cond Res 35(11): 3128-3138, 2021-The aim of this study was to determine the influence of an "all-cause injury" prevention program, focused on static-to-dynamic transitions, on injury prevalence in a military commanders course. Two cohorts of male infantry commanders were recruited (intervention [INT group], n = 196 and controls [CO group], n = 169) and tracked by a physiotherapist, who recorded any injuries that occurred during the 14-week course. Soldiers were tested precourse, midcourse, and postcourse for anthropometrics, proprioception ability, and dynamic postural balance (DPB). The INT group performed injury prevention exercises for 5 minutes, 3 times a week, and the CO group continued with their routine physical fitness sessions. The prevalence of injuries reported to the physiotherapist during the course was significantly lower for the INT group compared with the CO group (14.8 and 34.3%, respectively, p < 0.001). Similarly, rates of injury in the INT group were significantly lower than in the CO group (p < 0.001; hazard = 2.53, 95% confidence interval = 1.62-3.95). Precourse proprioception ability was significantly lower in those that became injured during the commanders course, irrespective of the group. Likewise, for DPB parameters, the injured subjects in both groups had significantly lower precourse scores than the noninjured subjects. From pretesting to midtesting, the injured soldiers in the INT group improved their ability up to the level of the noninjured subjects. A reduced prevalence of injuries was found for soldiers who completed the injury prevention program. Because the subjects soldiers injured on the course had reduced somatosensory abilities at the outset, and as these abilities can be improved by static-to-dynamic exercises, identifying at-risk soldiers and providing them with appropriate strategies for improvement beforehand is indicated.

Factors associated with musculoskeletal injuries in an infantry commanders course.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the prevalence of injuries among young combat soldiers as assessed and reported by the military physicians, and to investigate whether parameters such as anthropometric measures, postural balance, proprioceptive ability, and chronic ankle instability are related to injuries during and following an infantry commanders course. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 165 soldiers were tested for anthropometric measurements, proprioceptive ability, and dynamic postural balance (DPB), as well as for their responses to an ankle stability questionnaire (CAIT), on three occasions: pre-course, middle-course, and end-course testing. All musculoskeletal injuries were assessed and recorded in the digital medical file of each participant by specialist military physicians before and during/following the course. RESULTS: Ninety-eight soldiers (59.4%) were injured before the course. Forty soldiers (24.2%) incurred an injury during/following the course (with 33 out of the 40 [82.5%] soldiers that were injured during/following the course having also been injured before the course). Sixty soldiers had no injury before/during/following the course. A survival curve showed that half of the soldiers who were injured during/following the course (20 soldiers) were recorded as injured in the first half of the course (during the first 46 days of the 92-day course). Logistic regression showed that the pre-course parameters that were significant among injured soldiers compared with the non-injured soldiers were: low CAIT results (OR = 2.736, 95% CI = 1.178-6.354), high BMI (OR = 1.234, 95% CI = 1.082-1.406) and reduced proprioceptive ability (OR =.858, 95% CI =.797-.924). CONCLUSION: With a high prevalence of soldiers injured during and following a commanders course, a somatosensory intervention program should be generalized into the practical daily preparation and training routines of the soldiers for improving somatosensory abilities, optimizing military physical readiness, and for preventing future musculoskeletal injuries.

Can Achilles and patellar tendon structures predict musculoskeletal injuries in combat soldiers?

Aiming to investigate whether Achilles tendon (AT) structure and patellar tendon (PT) structure are risk factors for musculoskeletal injuries in combat soldiers, 168 participants were recruited from an infantry commander's course. The AT and PT were examined pre-course using UTC to capture the structure of four echo-type fibers (I-IV). All injuries were assessed by military physicians pre-course and throughout the 14-week course. Soldiers who were injured during the course had a significantly higher pre-course prevalence of AT and PT echo-type III and echo-type IV compared to soldiers that were not injured during the course. Variables that were found to be associated with injured/non-injured participants were echo-type III + IV of the PT (OR = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.24-1.68) and echo-type III of the AT (OR = 1.69, 95% CI = 1.35-2.12). ROC analyses showed that the best model, exhibiting both high sensitivity and low specificity, was that participants with PT echo-type III + IV > 10% or AT echo-type III >8.5% had the highest risk of being injured during the course. In conclusions, the tendon structure at the beginning of high-intensity activity or physical training program might be a risk factor for subsequent injury during the course. Soldiers and high-level athletes should be aware of the cutoff points for fiber types in tendon structure that might put them at high risk for future injury. At-risk soldiers/athletes should be provided with an intervention program before they start their training program, with the aim of improving the tendon structure and preventing subsequent injury.