Optimization of 3D imaging time reduction by assessing spatial resolution in the slice selective direction using the ladder method.

PURPOSE: Assessing spatial resolution in MRI is challenging due to non-linearity. Despite the widespread use of 3D imaging in clinical practice for lesion detection and multi-planar reconstruction (MPR), the extended acquisition time poses a shortcoming. To address this, the "Slice resolution" parameter is utilized; however, its impact on MPR images is unclear. This study aims to assess spatial resolution using the ladder method, investigate the effects of diverse slice resolution settings in various imaging sequences, and propose optimal conditions. METHODS: Images were acquired using various 3D imaging sequences-SPACE T1WI, SPACE T2WI, and VIBE T1WI-with different slice resolutions. Axial cross-section images were acquired and reconstructed into coronal cross-sections. The ladder method was employed for objective evaluation, including spatial frequency analysis. Additionally, visual evaluation was conducted and compared with ladder method results. RESULTS: For three imaging sequences, the evaluated value of ladder method remained relatively constant from 100 % to 80 % slice resolution. However, the evaluated value decreased in low-spatial frequency for slice resolution below 70 %. CONCLUSIONS: Results from both ladder method and visual evaluations indicated image quality remained stable when the slice resolution was decreased to 80 %, potentially enabling a 20 % reduction in imaging time while preserving resolution in other cross-sections reconstructed by MPR.

Clinical Characteristics and Progression of Pachychoroid and Conventional Geographic Atrophy.

Purpose: To elucidate the clinical characteristics and progression rates of pachychoroid and conventional geographic atrophy (GA). Design: Retrospective, multicenter, observational study. Participants: A total of 173 eyes from 173 patients (38 eyes with pachychoroid GA and 135 with conventional GA) from 6 university hospitals in Japan were included. All patients were Japanese, aged ≥50 years and with fundus autofluorescence images having analyzable image quality. A total of 101 eyes (22 with pachychoroid GA and 79 with conventional GA) were included in the follow-up group. Methods: The studied eyes were classified as having pachychoroid or conventional GA; the former was diagnosed if the eye had features of pachychoroid and no drusen. The GA area was semiautomatically measured on fundus autofluorescence images, and the GA progression rate was calculated for the follow-up group. Multivariable linear regression analysis was used to determine whether the rate of GA progression was associated with GA subtype. Main Outcome Measures: Clinical characteristics and progression rates of pachychoroid and conventional GA. Results: The pachychoroid GA group was significantly younger (70.3 vs. 78.7 years; P < 0.001), more male-dominant (89.5 vs. 55.6%; P < 0.001), and had better best-corrected visual acuity (0.15 vs. 0.40 in logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution; P = 0.002), thicker choroid (312.4 vs. 161.6 µm; P < 0.001), higher rate of unifocal GA type (94.7 vs. 49.6%; P < 0.001), and smaller GA area (0.59 vs. 3.76 mm2;P < 0.001) than the conventional GA group. In the follow-up group, the mean GA progression rate (square-root transformation) was significantly lower in the pachychoroid GA group than in the conventional GA group (0.11 vs. 0.27 mm/year; P < 0.001). Conclusions: Demographic and ocular characteristics differed between GA subtypes. The progression rate of pachychoroid GA, adjusted for age and baseline GA area, was significantly lower than that of conventional GA. Japanese patients with conventional GA showed characteristics and progression rates similar to those in White populations. Some characteristics of GA in Japanese population differ from those in Waucasian populations, which may be due to the inclusion of pachychoroid GA. Financial Disclosures: Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.

Differences between pathologic and non-pathologic high myopia in 4-year outcomes of anti-VEGF therapy for macular neovascularization.

This retrospective observational study aimed to investigate the difference in 4-year outcomes of ranibizumab or aflibercept therapy for macular neovascularization (MNV) with high myopia between pathologic myopia (PM) and non-PM. This study was conducted at Kyoto University Hospital and included consecutive treatment-naïve eyes with active myopic MNV, in which a single intravitreal ranibizumab or aflibercept injection was administered, followed by a pro re nata (PRN) regimen for 4 years. Based on the META-PM study classification, eyes were assigned to the non-PM and PM groups. This study analyzed 118 eyes of 118 patients (non-PM group, 19 eyes; PM group, 99 eyes). Baseline, 1-year, and 2-year best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) were significantly better in the non-PM group (P = 0.02, 0.01, and 0.02, respectively); however, the 3-year and 4-year BCVA were not. The 4-year BCVA course was similar in both groups. However, the total number of injections over 4 years was significantly higher in the non-PM than in the PM group (4.6 ± 2.6 vs. 2.9 ± 2.6, P = 0.001). Four-year BCVA significantly correlated only with baseline BCVA in both non-PM (P = 0.047, ß = 0.46) and PM groups (P < 0.001, ß = 0.59). In conclusion, over the 4-year observation period, the BCVA course after anti-VEGF therapy for myopic MNV was similar in the eyes with non-PM and those with PM; however, more additional injections in a PRN regimen were required in the eyes with non-PM compared to those with PM. Thus, more frequent and careful follow-up is required for the eyes with non-PM compared with those with PM to maintain long-term BCVA.

Assessment of first-time and repeated acute adverse reactions to gadolinium-based contrast agents in MRI: A retrospective study.

PURPOSE: To identify gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs)-related and patient-related risk factors for acute adverse reactions (AARs), and to examine the incidence and severity of repeated AARs. METHODS: This study retrospectively evaluated all intravenous GBCA injections in MRI studies at a single institution from January 2012 to September 2019. First-time AARs in patients without a past history of AARs and risk factors were assessed using multivariable regression models with generalized estimating equations. For patients with a past history of AAR(s), we evaluated the incidence of repeated AARs using the Fisher's exact test, as well as the severity of these repeated AARs. RESULTS: First-time AARs occurred in 129 of 41,827 GBCA injections (0.31 %; 0.70 % of 18,431 patients). With gadoterate meglumine as the reference, the odds ratio (OR) for allergic-like reactions to three GBCAs ranged from 3.27 to 8.03 (p = 0.012 to <0.001). For chemotoxic reactions, the OR was 3.75 (p = 0.001) for gadoteridol. Outpatients had a lower OR for chemotoxic reactions, while higher ORs were observed in head/neck and breast MRI (p < 0.05). The OR for age was 0.99 (p < 0.05). Patients with a past history of AAR(s) had a 3.6 % incidence of mild repeated AARs for all GBCA, significantly higher than the 0.31 % in first-time AARs (p < 0.001). No effectiveness was found for steroid premedication. CONCLUSION: The occurrence of first-time AARs was related to the GBCA used and other factors. The incidence of repeated AARs was higher than first-time AARs, though all were mild in severity.

Efficacy of 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography for detecting renal cell carcinoma in patients with end-stage renal disease.

PURPOSE: Dialysis patients are at an increased risk of developing renal cell carcinoma (RCC); however, differentiating between RCC and benign cysts can sometimes be difficult using modalities, such as computed tomography (CT) and ultrasonography. 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET)/CT efficiently detects malignant tumors; however, physiological accumulation of FDG in the kidney limits its efficacy in detecting renal tumors. However, in patients with severely impaired renal function, the renal accumulation of FDG is decreased, possibly improving the detection of renal malignancies in this patient population. This study evaluated the usefulness of FDG-PET/CT as a screening tool for detecting RCC in patients with end-stage renal disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective study recruited 150 participants from 2012 to 2016 who were on dialysis or underwent renal transplantation and were on dialysis until transplantation. FDG-PET/CT was performed to screen for RCC. Three radiologists independently evaluated the images. No protocol was defined for the additional management of positive examinations, leaving decisions to the discretion of each participant. Negative examinations were observed until the end of 2019. RESULTS: In total, 150 participants (mean age, 58 ± 13 years; 105 men) underwent FDG-PET/CT. Twenty patients (13.4%) were diagnosed as positive. Fifteen patients underwent additional examinations and/or procedures, and RCC was found in seven patients. Of the four patients who underwent surgical resection, the pathological results were clear cell RCC in one, papillary RCC in one, and acquired cystic disease-associated RCC in two. Two participants were diagnosed with RCC on bone biopsy, and one was diagnosed on dynamic CT but opted for observation. The sensitivity, specificity, and negative predictive value were 100%, 93.9%, and 100%, respectively. CONCLUSION: FDG-PET/CT was useful for detecting RCC in patients with end-stage renal disease. Our findings show the potential use of FDG-PET/CT as a screening tool for RCC in this patient population.

Perioperative and Postoperative Continuous Nutritional Counseling Improves Quality of Life of Gastric Cancer Patient Undergoing Gastrectomy.

Post-gastrectomy syndrome (PGS) and body weight loss (BWL) decrease quality of life (QOL) and survival of the patient undergoing gastrectomy. We have introduced perioperative and post-discharge continuous nutritional counseling (CNC) to prevent BWL and improve QOL after gastrectomy. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of CNC on QOL using the Post-gastrectomy Syndrome Assessment Scale-45 (PGSAS-45). Eighty-three patients with gastric cancer (GC) who underwent curative gastrectomy between March 2018 and July 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients received either pre-discharge nutritional counseling alone (control group, n = 45) or CNC (CNC group, n = 38) after gastrectomy. QOL at 12 months after gastrectomy was compared between the two groups. In QOL assessment, change in body weight (-7.98% vs. -12.77%, p = 0.0057), ingested amount of food per meal (7.00 vs. 6.07, p = 0.042) and ability for working (1.89 vs. 2.36, p = 0.049) were significantly better in CNC group than control group. Multiple regression analysis showed that CNC was a significantly beneficial factor for abdominal pain subscale (p = 0.028), diarrhea subscale (p = 0.047), ingested amount of food per meal (p = 0.012), Ability for working (p = 0.031) and dissatisfaction at the meal (p = 0.047). Perioperative and postoperative CNC could improve QOL in the patient undergoing gastrectomy in addition to preventing postoperative BWL.

Association Between Pancreatic Cysts and Diabetes Mellitus in Von Hippel-Lindau Disease.

INTRODUCTION: Pancreatic cysts are frequently observed in patients with von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL), and they are considered clinically not important. This study aimed to evaluate the association between pancreatic cysts and diabetes mellitus (DM) in patients with VHL. METHODS: Among patients who were on a patient list at the VHL Center at Kyoto University Hospital as of December 2022, those who had undergone an upper abdominal magnetic resonance imaging study after 2010 were retrospectively evaluated. The presence or absence of DM and high glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels (>6.0%) were assessed. Patients were divided into two groups: those with DM or high HbA1c levels, and those without DM or high HbA1c levels. The area of the whole pancreas, including the pancreatic cysts and tumors, the area of the pancreatic cysts, and the percentage of pancreatic cysts, calculated by dividing the area of pancreatic cysts by the area of the whole pancreas, were measured on T2-weighted magnetic resonance images and compared between the two groups. RESULTS: Thirty-six patients with VHL, comprising 22 men and 14 women, with a mean age of 36.4 years (range, 11-79 years), were identified. Seven patients had DM, and two additional patients had high HbA1c levels. The area of the pancreatic cysts (p = 0.0013) was significantly larger and the percentage of the pancreatic cysts (p = 0.0016) was significantly higher in patients with DM or high HbA1c levels (n = 9) than in patients without DM or high HbA1c levels (n = 27); however, the difference in the area of the whole pancreas was not significant (p = 0.068). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that patients with VHL who have a large area covered by pancreatic cysts are more likely to have DM than those without.

Short-Term Outcomes of 3 Monthly intravitreal Faricimab On Different Subtypes of Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration.

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of faricimab injections for treatment-naïve neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nvAMD) patients, including subtypes and pachychoroid phenotypes, and identify predictive factors for visual outcomes. Methods: nvAMD patients were prospectively recruited, receiving three monthly faricimab (6 mg) injections. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) two months after the last injection (month 4) was compared between subtypes, and between pachychoroid neovasculopathy (PNV) and non-PNV eyes. Regression analysis determined factors influencing month 4 BCVA. Results: The study involved 23 patients (12 typical AMD [tAMD], 10 polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy [PCV], 1 retinal angiomatous proliferation [RAP]). Eleven exhibited PNV phenotype. Significant BCVA (P = 4.9 × 10-4) and central retinal thickness (CRT) (P = 1.3 × 10-5) improvements were observed post-faricimab treatment. The therapy demonstrated favourable results for both tAMD and PCV eyes, and non-PNV and PNV eyes. Faricimab achieved dry macula in 77.3% of eyes, with subretinal fluid resolution in most cases, although intraretinal fluid (IRF) often persisted. Multivariable analysis identified external limiting membrane (ELM) presence and IRF as BCVA contributors at month 4. Conclusion: Faricimab demonstrated significant effectiveness and safety in treatment-naïve nvAMD patients, particularly for PCV and PNV eyes. ELM presence and IRF is predictive of visual outcomes.

Pigment Epithelial Detachment and Leak Point Locations in Central Serous Chorioretinopathy.

PURPOSE: To examine the associations between the vortex vein characteristics and locations of the pigment epithelial detachment (PED) and leak point in patients with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). DESIGN: Observational case series. METHODS: We evaluated 116 eyes of 104 patients with CSC. The PED and leak point locations were superimposed over the choroidal en face images using widefield swept-source optical coherence tomography and fluorescein angiography. We defined the draining areas of the superior and inferior vortex veins and analyzed their associations with the PED and leak point locations. RESULTS: One of the 116 eyes with a unique irrigation pattern dominated by the nasal vortex vein was excluded from the analysis. Sixty-nine (60%) of the remaining 115 eyes exhibited asymmetry between the superior and inferior vortex veins. PEDs and leak points were in the vortex vein draining area with greater dilation in 66 (96%) of 69 eyes with asymmetry, and none (0%) were in the opposite areas. Both the PEDs and leak points showed significant differences in their distributions (P < .001, respectively). Additionally, 74% of PEDs and 84% of leak points were located upstream of the vortex vein draining areas, whose frequency was significantly higher compared to other areas (P < .001, respectively). CONCLUSION: PED and leak point spatial distributions corresponded with the most terminal part of the dilated vortex veins, suggesting that blood flow disturbances, such as stasis within the affected vortex veins, may be essential in the pathogenesis of CSC.

MACULAR CHORIORETINAL ATROPHY AND VISUAL OUTCOMES IN RANIBIZUMAB- OR AFLIBERCEPT-TREATED MYOPIC CHOROIDAL NEOVASCULARIZATION.

PURPOSE: To investigate the predictors of macular chorioretinal atrophy, consisting of patchy atrophy (PA) at the macula and choroidal neovascularization (CNV)-related macular atrophy (CNV-MA), during treatment with ranibizumab or aflibercept for myopic CNV (mCNV) and its impact on visual outcomes. METHODS: This retrospective study included 82 eyes with treatment-naïve mCNV who were treated with pro re nata injections of ranibizumab or aflibercept. RESULTS: Nine eyes (11.0%) presented with macular PA at baseline (PA group), and 73 eyes (89.0%) did not (non-PA group). VA improved during the first year in the non-PA group; a similar trend was noted in the PA group until 3 months after initial treatment. This improvement was maintained until 24 months ( P < 0.001) in the non-PA group, but not in the PA group. In the PA group, macular chorioretinal atrophy progressed faster ( P < 0.0001), and CNV-MA was more frequent during the 2 years of treatments ( P = 0.04). Even non-PA group eyes sometimes developed CNV-MA (42% at Month 24) if they had a larger CNV and thinner subfoveal choroidal thickness at baseline, resulting in poorer visual prognosis ( P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Macular PA at baseline was a risk factor for CNV-MA development and was associated with poor visual outcomes.

Exploring the genetic diversity of the Japanese population: Insights from a large-scale whole genome sequencing analysis.

The Japanese archipelago is a terminal location for human migration, and the contemporary Japanese people represent a unique population whose genomic diversity has been shaped by multiple migrations from Eurasia. We analyzed the genomic characteristics that define the genetic makeup of the modern Japanese population from a population genetics perspective from the genomic data of 9,287 samples obtained by high-coverage whole-genome sequencing (WGS) by the National Center Biobank Network. The dataset comprised populations from the Ryukyu Islands and other parts of the Japanese archipelago (Hondo). The Hondo population underwent two episodes of population decline during the Jomon period, corresponding to the Late Neolithic, and the Edo period, corresponding to the Early Modern era, while the Ryukyu population experienced a population decline during the shell midden period of the Late Neolithic in this region. Haplotype analysis suggested increased allele frequencies for genes related to alcohol and fatty acid metabolism, which were reported as loci that had experienced positive natural selection. Two genes related to alcohol metabolism were found to be 12,500 years out of phase with the time when they began to increase in the allele frequency; this finding indicates that the genomic diversity of Japanese people has been shaped by events closely related to agriculture and food production.

Therapeutic effects of faricimab on aflibercept-refractory age-related macular degeneration.

Though vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF) and other proangiogenic factors, such as angiopoietins (Ang), may be involved in the development of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nvAMD), only drugs that inhibit the VEGF family are available for the treatment. The newly approved anti-VEGF drug faricimab, which also inhibits Ang-2, is expected to be effective in patients with AMD refractory to conventional anti-VEGF drugs. Therefore, we prospectively investigated the efficacy of faricimab in the treatment of aflibercept-refractory nvAMD. Patients with nvAMD who had been treated with aflibercept in the last year and required bimonthly injections were recruited. 25 eyes showed persistent exudative changes immediately before the faricimab injection (baseline). In these 25 eyes, switching to faricimab did not change visual acuity or central retinal thickness 2 months after the injection; however, 56% of eyes showed reduction or complete absorption of fluid. Notably, 25% of the eyes that showed dry macula at month 2 had no fluid recurrence for up to 4 months. These results indicate that faricimab could benefit some patients with aflibercept-refractory nvAMD.

Widefield choroidal vasculature associated with future condition of subretinal fluid in central serous chorioretinopathy.

Purpose: To examine choroidal angiographic features in the posterior pole associated with resolution or persistency of subretinal fluid (SRF) in eyes with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). Design: Observational case series. Methods: Twenty-nine patients with treatment-naïve CSC were divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of SRF 3 months after the initial visit (month 3) without any treatment. Using enhanced depth imaging of widefield swept-source optical coherence tomography, the choroidal thickness (CT), vessel density (VD), and vessel diameter index (VDI) in the superotemporal and inferotemporal subfields on the temporal side of the 18-mm circle from the disc were measured at the initial visit. We calculated the vertical difference in CT and other choroidal angiographic parameters and evaluated their association with the SRF condition at 3 months. Results: The SRF-resolved and SRF-persistent groups included 10 and 19 patients, respectively. At the initial visit, sex, age, axial length, symptom duration, the logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution visual acuity, and foveal thickness were not significantly different between the two groups. The SRF status at month 3 was not associated with the vertical difference in CT and choroidal VD (P = .614, .065, respectively). However, the vertical difference in choroidal VDI was positively associated with the future presence of SRF (P = .017). Conclusions: Vertically asymmetric dilation of choroidal vessels in the posterior pole may be a vasculature feature associated with SRF from CSC and may be a good predictor of future SRF status.

Extensive reduction in choroidal thickness after photodynamic therapy in eyes with central serous chorioretinopathy.

We examined the effect of reduced fluence (rf)-photodynamic therapy (PDT) of the macular area on the wide-field choroidal thickness in 20 eyes with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) and 20 age- and sex-matched control eyes. The choroidal thickness at the posterior pole was measured before and after rf-PDT, using a grid with inner and outer rings, each divided into superotemporal, inferotemporal, superonasal, and inferonasal quadrants, respectively, making up a total of nine subfields including the central 3 mm ring. Before treatment, all eyes showed wide-field choroidal thickening from the dilated vortex vein ampulla to the fovea, along the course of the vein. After rf-PDT of the macular area, the choroidal thickness significantly decreased, not only in the irradiated macular area but also outside the arcade vessels in all quadrants (p < 0.001 for all inner subfields; p = 0.035 and p = 0.024 for the outer superonasal and inferonasal subfields, respectively; p < 0.001 and p = 0.004 for the outer superotemporal and inferotemporal subfields, respectively). For control eyes, the choroidal thickness did not differ between the initial visit and follow-up 1.2 ± 0.7 months after the initial visit (p > 0.05 for all subfields). These findings provide new insights into the pathogenesis of CSC and explain the reasons for the effectiveness of rf-PDT for this condition.

Striatal dopamine transporter binding differs between dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson's disease with dementia.

123I-ioflupane single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is a highly sensitive and established neuroimaging technique for parkinsonian syndromes (PS). However, differentiating PS by visual inspection or analysis of regions of interest is challenging. To date, image analysis has not been able to differentiate dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) from Parkinson's disease with dementia (PDD). This study aimed to differentiate PS based on the characteristics of striatal dopamine transporter (DAT) binding using voxel-based analysis. We acquired 123I-ioflupane SPECT data from patients with DLB (n = 30), Parkinson's disease (PD; n = 122), PDD (n = 19), multiple system atrophy with predominant parkinsonism (MSA-P; n = 18), and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP; n = 45). DAT binding was reduced in the posterior striatum of patients with PD and PDD, whereas it was similar in MSA-P, PSP, and DLB. Hippocampal atrophy, visually evaluated by cerebral magnetic resonance imaging, did not affect striatal DAT binding in DLB. DAT binding in the anterior striatum was inversely correlated with the severity of parkinsonism in PD and PDD but not in DLB. Thus, the appearance of striatal DAT binding might indicate different pathological processes in DLB and PDD.

Analysis of widefield choroidal thickness maps of healthy eyes using swept source optical coherence tomography.

We aimed to obtain widefield (WF) swept source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) data and examine the features of choroidal thickness maps in healthy eyes. The posterior pole choroidal thickness was examined in 127 eyes using enhanced depth imaging of SS-OCT with a viewing angle of 20 (vertical) × 23 (horizontal) mm, and choroidal thickness maps were generated. For SS-OCT image analysis, we developed a grid with inner and outer rings, each divided into superotemporal, inferotemporal, superonasal, and inferonasal quadrants, comprising a total of nine subfields, including the central 3-mm ring. The posterior pole choroidal thicknesses were significantly lower at the periphery than in the central area, in the inferior field than in the superior field, and in the nasal field than in the temporal field (p < 0.001 for all). We also evaluated the effects of age and axial length (AL) on the WF choroidal thickness. The choroidal thickness in all subfields was negatively associated with advanced age (p < 0.05). The choroidal thicknesses in the central and inferonasal inner and outer subfields were negatively associated with AL (p = 0.042, 0.034, and 0.022, respectively). These findings provide insights into the two-dimensional characteristics of choroidal thickness and its association with age and AL.

PREDICTORS OF 3-MONTH AND 1-YEAR VISUAL OUTCOMES AFTER VITRECTOMY WITH SUBRETINAL TISSUE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INJECTION FOR SUBMACULAR HEMORRHAGE.

PURPOSE: To investigate factors associated with 3-month or 1-year best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) after vitrectomy with subretinal tissue plasminogen activator injection for submacular hemorrhage (SMH) and to identify the predictors of early displacement. METHODS: This prospective cohort study included consecutive eyes with SMH complicating neovascular age-related macular degeneration or retinal macroaneurysm that underwent vitrectomy with subretinal tissue plasminogen activator injection and were followed up for at least 3 months. Parameters that correlated with 3-month BCVA, 1-year BCVA, and 2-week displacement grade (0-3) were identified. RESULTS: Twenty-nine eyes of 29 patients (73.1 ± 8.4 years; neovascular age-related macular degeneration, 25 eyes) were included. Logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution BCVA improved 3 months after the surgery (baseline, 0.76 [20/115] ± 0.35; 3-month, 0.51 [20/65] ± 0.32; P = 0.006). In multivariable analyses, 1-year logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution BCVA correlated with age ( P = 0.007, ß = 0.39) and SMH recurrence within 1 year after surgery ( P < 0.001, ß = 0.65). Two-week displacement grade correlated with the contrast-to-noise ratio of SMH ( P = 0.001, ß = -0.54). Macular hole occurred in three eyes (10%) with small SMH size and was closed in all eyes via additional vitrectomy with an inverted internal limiting membrane flap technique. CONCLUSION: The recurrence of SMH negatively affected the 1-year visual outcome after vitrectomy with subretinal tissue plasminogen activator injection for SMH. The contrast-to-noise ratio was a useful predictor of early SMH displacement, but not of 1-year BCVA. Further research is necessary to determine the optimal treatment to prevent SMH recurrence.

Clinical Characteristics and Progression of Geographic Atrophy in a Japanese Population.

PURPOSE: To elucidate the clinical characteristics and progression rate of geographic atrophy (GA) associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in a Japanese population. DESIGN: Retrospective, multicenter, observational study. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 173 eyes from 173 patients from 6 university hospitals in Japan were included. Of 173 study eyes, 101 eyes from 101 patients were included in the follow-up group. All patients were Japanese, aged ≥ 50 years and had definite GA associated with AMD in at least 1 eye. METHODS: The GA area was measured semiautomatically using fundus autofluorescence (FAF) images. In the follow-up group followed for > 6 months with FAF images, the GA progression rate was calculated by 2 methods: mm2 per year and mm per year using the square-root transformation (SQRT) strategy. Simple and multiple linear regression analyses were used to identify the baseline factors associated with the GA progression rate. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Clinical characteristics of GA and the GA progression rate. RESULTS: The mean age was 76.8 ± 8.8 years, and 109 (63.0%) were males. Sixty-two (35.8%) patients had bilateral GA. The mean GA area was 3.06 ± 4.00 mm2 (1.44 ± 1.00 mm [SQRT]). Thirty-eight eyes (22.0%) were classified as having pachychoroid GA. Drusen and reticular pseudodrusen were detected in 115 (66.5%) and 73 (42.2%) eyes, respectively. The mean subfoveal choroidal thickness was 194.7 ± 105.5 µm. In the follow-up group (follow-up period: 46.2 ± 28.9 months), the mean GA progression rate was 1.01 ± 1.09 mm2 per year (0.23 ± 0.18 mm/year [SQRT]). In the multivariable analysis, the baseline GA area (SQRT; P = 0.002) and the presence of reticular pseudodrusen (P < 0.001) were significantly associated with a greater GA progression rate (SQRT). CONCLUSIONS: Certain clinical characteristics of GA in Asian populations may differ from those in White populations. Asian patients with GA showed male dominance and relatively thicker choroid than White patients. There was a group with GA without drusen but with features of pachychoroid. The GA progression rate in this Asian population was relatively lower than that in White populations. Large GA and reticular pseudodrusen were associated with a greater GA progression rate. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S): Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.

TEN-YEAR VISUAL OUTCOME AND CHANGE IN CHORIORETINAL ATROPHY AFTER INTRAVITREAL RANIBIZUMAB FOR MACULAR NEOVASCULARIZATION IN PATHOLOGIC MYOPIA.

PURPOSE: To investigate the 10-year visual outcome and chorioretinal atrophy after a single intravitreal ranibizumab injection followed by a pro re nata regimen for myopic macular neovascularization in pathologic myopia, and to identify the factors associated with 10-year best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA). METHODS: This retrospective observational study evaluated 26 consecutive treatment-naïve eyes (26 patients) with myopic macular neovascularization in pathologic myopia who underwent a single intravitreal ranibizumab followed by a pro re nata regimen of intravitreal ranibizumab and/or intravitreal aflibercept injection and observed over 10 years. We assessed changes in BCVA and morphological parameters, including the META-PM Study category as a chorioretinal atrophy index. RESULTS: The logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution BCVA changed from 0.36 (Snellen, 20/45) ± 0.39 to 0.39 (20/49) ± 0.36 over 10 years of observation. Compared to baseline, 1-year BCVA improved ( P = 0.002), whereas 2 to 10-year BCVA was not significantly different. Total injection frequency was 3.8 ± 2.6. In none of the eyes, 10-year BCVA was 20/200 or less. Ten-year BCVA correlated with baseline BCVA ( P = 0.01, r = 0.47). The META-PM Study category progressed in 60% of eyes. There were no drug-induced complications. CONCLUSION: Best-corrected visual acuity in eyes with myopic macular neovascularization in pathologic myopia was maintained for 10 years after a single intravitreal ranibizumab followed by a pro re nata regimen without drug-induced complications. The META-PM Study category progressed in 60% of eyes, especially those with older baseline age. Early diagnosis and treatment of myopic macular neovascularization are essential to maintain good long-term BCVA.

Clinical features and risk factors of iodinated contrast media (ICM)-induced anaphylaxis.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical features and risk factors of iodinated contrast media (ICM)-induced anaphylaxis. METHODS: This retrospective study included all patients undergoing contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) with intravenous ICM administration (iopamidol, iohexol, iomeprol, iopromide, ioversol) at our hospital between April 2016 and September 2021. Medical records of patients who experienced anaphylaxis were reviewed, and the multivariable regression model using generalized estimating equations was employed to eliminate the effect of intrapatient correlation. RESULTS: Of the 76,194 ICM administrations (44,099 men [58 %] and 32,095 women; age, median, 68 years) to 27, 696 patients, anaphylaxis occurred in 45 cases in 45 different patients (0.06 % of administration and 0.16 % of patients), all with onset within 30 min after administration. Thirty-one (69 %) had no risk factors for ADRs, including 14 (31 %) who had previously used the same ICM that caused anaphylaxis. Thirty-one patients (69 %) had a history of ICM use without any ADRs. Four patients (8.9 %) received oral steroid premedication. The only factor associated with anaphylaxis was the type of ICM, with an odds ratio (OR) of 6.8 (p < 0.001) for iomeprol with iopamidol as a reference. No significant differences in OR of anaphylaxis were found for patients' age, sex, or premedication. CONCLUSION: The overall incidence of anaphylaxis due to ICM was very low. More than half of the cases had no risk factors for ADRs and had no ADRs on past ICM administration, although the ICM type was associated with a higher OR.