Relationship between Severity of Varus Osteoarthritis of the Knee and Contracture of Medial Structures.

BACKGROUND: Knees with severe varus osteoarthritis can develop medial structure contracture. However, there is no report on the relationship between severity of varus deformity and contracture of the medial structure. We aimed to determine the threshold angle that could be corrected in proportion to the width of medial osteophyte removal and to examine correction differences between angles larger and smaller than the threshold angle in total knee arthroplasty. METHODS: This study included 27 varus osteoarthritic knees scheduled for total knee arthroplasty (TKA). A navigation system was used to measure hip-knee-ankle angle (HKA) in all knees at maximum extension and 30˚ and 60˚ flexion, before and after osteophyte removal and with and without external 10 N-m valgus torque loads. Subsequently, resected osteophyte widths were measured. Mean correction angle per 1 mm of osteophyte removal was calculated, and the threshold angle was calculated with the receiver operating characteristic curve. HKA differences were compared against deformities larger and smaller than the threshold angle. RESULTS: Mean osteophyte width was 7.1±2.20 mm. Osteophyte removal produced a mean 3.1° correction, which equaled a 0.4° correction per 1 mm of osteophyte width removal. The varus deformity threshold angle was 9.5°. However, when comparing groups with angles larger and smaller than the threshold angle, there was no significant difference in HKA difference between each step and flexion angle. CONCLUSIONS: The threshold angle for expected correction with medial osteophyte removal was 9.5˚. However, because there were no differences in correction between those with angles larger or smaller than this, medial structure contracture seemed to be unrelated to the severity of deformity.

The Influence of Posterior Cruciate Ligament Resection on Tibiofemoral Joint Gap in Varus Osteoarthritic Knees.

Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) resection during posterior-stabilized total knee arthroplasty (PS-TKA) has been reported to preferentially increase the tibiofemoral joint gap in flexion compared with extension. However, previous assessments of the joint gaps have been performed after bone resection and medial soft tissue release. Thus, these procedural steps may have the potential to influence soft tissue balance. In native knees, soft tissue laxity is generally greater in the lateral compartment than in the medial compartment both with the knee in extension and in flexion. Some surgeons may retain this natural soft tissue balance with less aggressive medial release during TKA. We performed this study to evaluate the impact of the PCL resection on the extension and flexion gaps in the absence of bone resection or medial soft tissue release. Tibiofemoral joint gaps for 41 patients (10 males and 31 females) in full extension and at 90 degrees of flexion both before and after the resections of both the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and PCL were assessed using a ligament tensioner device. The statistical analyze was performed using the Mann-Whitney U test. The results showed that medial gap in extension and flexion were 6.7 ± 1.0 and 7.3 ± 0.9 mm, and lateral gap in extension and flexion were 7.6 ± 1.1 and 8.4 ± 1.6 mm, respectively. Thus, physiological tibiofemoral gaps just after knee arthrotomy were trapezoidal and asymmetric shape with the significantly wider gaps in lateral and flexion, compared with the medial and extension, respectively (p < 0.05). However, the increases of the gaps with the ACL and PCL resections were less than 1 mm under the existence of medial soft tissues. As the medial collateral ligament is the primary restraint for the valgus instability, it was also considered to prevent the increase of the flexion gap although the PCL-which is the secondary restraint for the valgus instability-was resected. This finding is critically important for orthopedic surgeons applying PS-TKA implants, particularly for preserving soft tissues to achieve natural knee kinematics postoperatively.

Maturation process of regenerated tissues after single-stage simultaneous autologous particulated cartilage implantation and open wedge high tibial osteotomy for articular cartilage defects with medial osteoarthritis of bilateral knees: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Open wedge high tibial osteotomy (OWHTO) is an effective treatment option for young and middle-aged active patients with medial unicompartmental knee osteoarthritis (OA). In addition, particulated cartilage implantation has been developed as a simple procedure for cartilage regeneration. Thus, to improve the OWHTO outcomes, a single-stage, simultaneous bilateral knee arthroscopic particulated cartilage implantation with OWHTO was performed. CASE PRESENTATION: A 60-year-old male patient presented with severe bilateral knee pain, with grade 2 varus knee OA of the Kellgren-Lawrence classification. Primary arthroscopic evaluations based on the International Cartilage Repair Society grading system showed grade 3c articular cartilage defects of 1.5 cm in diameter at the center of the bilateral medial femoral condyles. Following bilateral OWHTO, the healthy cartilage tissue was harvested from the lateral wall of the unilateral femoral intercondylar notch and minced with the cartilage processor. Then, subchondral drillings and cartilage fragment implantations into the bilateral defects were performed arthroscopically. One year postsurgery, second-look arthroscopy findings revealed that the defects were filled with cartilage-like tissues. The maturation process of the regenerated tissues was confirmed with T2 mapping magnetic resonance imaging during the 3-year follow-up period. The patient could walk without a cane, and all Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score parameters were improved without any correction loss in 3 years. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report to evaluate the maturation process of the implanted particulated cartilage tissue with T2 mapping magnetic resonance imaging for 3 years. The effect of chondral resurfacing procedure with OWHTO remains unclear; however, the implantation of arthroscopic particulated cartilage fragments is a single-stage and less-invasive procedure. This treatment could regenerate cartilage-like tissue in the present case. Therefore, this additional procedure could potentially improve the long-term outcomes of OWHTO.

Optimal Distraction Force for Evaluating Tibiofemoral Joint Gaps in Posterior Stabilized Total Knee Arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND: Obtaining well-balanced soft tissues is important to achieve natural knee kinematics after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). In conventional procedures, soft tissue balance is evaluated with spacer blocks or lamina spreaders. However, the evaluation depends on the surgeons' experience and is not quantitative. This study aims to measure the mechanical properties of knee soft tissue with a new ligament balancer and to determine the optimal distraction force for evaluating tibiofemoral joint gaps in TKA. METHODS: This study included 30 consecutive patients with medial knee osteoarthritis who were scheduled to undergo posterior stabilized TKA. The mean age of patients was 73 ± 9.6 years at the time of surgery, and the mean hip-knee-ankle angle was 13.1 ± 6.5° in varus. After distal femoral and proximal tibial resections, the tibiofemoral joint gaps under several distraction forces were measured in extension and at 90° flexion. The load-displacement curves in extension and flexion were drawn with these data, and the stability range, which was defined as the shift range from the toe region to the linear region in the curves, was calculated. RESULTS: The stability ranges were 160 Newtons (N) in extension and 140 N in flexion. CONCLUSIONS: These displacement forces were considered optimal for evaluating tibiofemoral joint gaps during surgery and ensuring knee stability after TKA.

Association of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Features with Angioleiomyoma Histologic Subtype.

BACKGROUND: Angioleiomyomas typically present as small, painful, soft-tissue tumors less than 2 cm in diameter. The features of angioleiomyomas on magnetic resonance (MR) imaging are not well understood, and the association of MR findings with histologic subtype is unclear. In the present study, the MR features of angioleiomyomas of average size were compared in relation to histologic subtype. METHODS: This retrospective review of medical records analyzed MR imaging data and histologic specimens from 18 consecutive patients with angioleiomyomas that were resected at our hospital during the period from January 2006 through December 2013. RESULTS: On T1-weighted images, lesions exhibited homogeneous areas that were isointense with skeletal muscle. However, T2-weighted images of solid and venous angioleiomyomas showed heterogeneous areas that were isointense or slightly hyperintense, while cavernous angioleiomyomas exhibited hyperintensity. Most lesions had a hypointense rim, and two thirds had adjacent vessels. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that MR findings for angioleiomyoma vary in relation to histologic subtype. T2-weighted images of solid and venous angioleiomyomas yielded specific MR findings that allowed for differentiation from other soft-tissue tumors, such as soft-tissue sarcomas. Most of these tumors exhibited isointense to slightly hyperintense regions, as compared with skeletal muscle, while findings for cavernous angioleiomyomas were nonspecific. Thus, clinical findings and MR imaging were almost sufficient for preoperative diagnosis of solid and venous angioleiomyomas.

Association of Pedicle Sign Type with Clinical and Radiological Features in Patients with Symptomatic Spinal Metastases.

BACKGROUND: Because of population aging in Japan, the number of cancer diagnoses is increasing rapidly. The pedicle sign is a valuable radiographic indicator of metastases, as the pedicle is the most commonly affected vertebral structure in radiographic assessment. However, few studies have carefully examined the morphological features of pedicle signs. To improve the capacity of medical professionals to diagnose symptomatic spinal metastases, we retrospectively examined the morphological characteristics of pedicle signs and their associations with clinical and radiological features. METHODS: 186 patients with symptomatic spinal metastases who visited our department during the period from January 1, 2011 through December 31, 2017 were enrolled. The pedicle sign was defined as a missing or obscured pedicle on an anteroposterior radiograph. Radiographs were evaluated for pedicles and other vertebrae structures. Clinical and other radiological features were compared in relation to the type of pedicle sign identified. RESULTS: Pedicle signs were classified as completely disappeared (complete, 26 patients), partially disappeared (partial, 40 patients), or obscured by the osteoblastic background (blastic, 28 patients). Disappearance of both the bone cortex and pedicle was observed in almost half of the patients with complete or partial pedicle signs. The complete pedicle sign was associated with significantly longer survival. CONCLUSION: Diagnosis of bone metastases requires understanding of pedicle sign types.

Anterolateral Versus Posterolateral Approach for Lateral Condylar Fractures of the Humerus in Children.

Two surgical approaches, an anterolateral and a posterolateral approach, have been advocated for lateral condylar fractures (LCFs) of the humerus in children. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the radiographic and clinical outcomes of the 2 surgical approaches. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the data of consecutive patients <15 years of age with an LCF treated via open reduction and internal fixation through 1 of 2 surgical approaches during the period of April 2000 to March 2019. Patients were classified into the anterolateral (AL) and posterolateral (PL) groups, according to the surgical approach used. Postoperative complications and radiographic and clinical findings (including range of motion and findings on the basis of the Flynn criteria) were investigated. To investigate humeral deformity, the Baumann angle and the carrying angle were measured on anteroposterior radiographs. RESULTS: Sixty-one of 82 patients met the inclusion criteria. The AL group included 17 patients (13 male, 4 female), and the PL group included 44 patients (28 male, 16 female). In the PL group, 7 patients had cubitus varus deformity, 3 had malunion due to unacceptable reduction of fracture fragments, and 6 had elbow joint contracture. In the AL group, the overall clinical results were excellent for 15 patients and good for 2. In the PL group, the clinical results were excellent for 12 patients, good for 14, fair for 6, and poor for 12. CONCLUSIONS: An anterolateral approach would be the optimal approach for an LCF in pediatric patients. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Acute calcific periarthritis of the proximal phalangeal joint on the fifth finger: A case report and literature review.

RATIONALE: Acute calcium deposits, including acute calcific periarthritis or acute calcific peritendinitis, are benign calcifying soft tissue lesions that have a self-resolving course. These calcifying lesions usually develop in the shoulder, while acute calcific periarthritis in the digits is uncommon. When acute calcific periarthritis involves the digits, the lesion occasionally mimics other benign calcifying or ossifying lesions and can easily be misdiagnosed, resulting in unnecessary diagnostic studies and treatment. We present a rare case of acute calcific periarthritis around the proximal phalangeal joint of the left fifth finger that took a long time to spontaneously resolve, and review previous reports of similar cases. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 69-year-old woman complained of longstanding pain and swelling of the fifth finger of the left hand. She had visited several clinics and hospitals and had been treated with analgesics and splinting for more than 2 months, but the pain in the finger had gradually worsened. DIAGNOSES: Blood chemistry analysis showed no signs of inflammation or other abnormalities. Radiographs revealed a well-defined subcutaneous calcifying lesion without bony destruction, suggesting a benign calcification process. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging led to a diagnosis of acute calcific periarthritis of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the fifth finger. INTERVENTIONS: An excisional biopsy was recommended to achieve a definitive diagnosis, but this was declined by the patient. Thus, no invasive treatments were administered, and she was treated with analgesics and encouraged to massage the affected finger. OUTCOMES: The pain gradually improved, and follow-up radiographs showed complete disappearance of the calcifying mass 6 months after the initial visit to our hospital, without recurrence during a follow-up period of more than 2 years. LESSONS: Acute calcific periarthritis is diagnosed based on history, clinical examination, and imaging findings, which provide evidence for the diagnosis of calcium deposition in the digits even if the lesions have been present for a long time. Watchful observation is an appropriate treatment strategy for acute calcific periarthritis of the digits.

Premature closure of the distal radial physis without evident history of trauma: A case report.

RATIONALE: The distal radius is the region of the body with the highest incidence of physeal injury. However, it is uncommon for the distal radius to undergo growth arrest without a history of trauma. We present a case of premature closure of the distal radial physis without evident history of trauma in a girl. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 14-year-old girl presented with chronic progressive deformity and painful functional limitation of her right forearm. The right wrist pain had begun when the patient was 5 years old. There was no evident history of trauma. The deformity and persistent right wrist pain had prevented her from performing sports activities and activities of daily living. DIAGNOSES: Radiography and computed tomography showed a volarly angulated distal radius and dorsally protruding distal ulna with a length discrepancy between the distal radius and ulna due to premature physeal closure of the right distal radius. INTERVENTIONS: To eliminate the deformity and achieve painless functional recovery of the wrist, an opening wedge osteotomy of the distal radius with an iliac bone graft was performed, followed by a shortening osteotomy of the distal ulna. OUTCOMES: Radiography at final follow-up 1 year and 9 months postoperatively showed good alignment of the distal radioulnar joint without length discrepancy between the two forearm bones. The range of motion of the left wrist had reached 100% of the contralateral wrist without any pain, and the right grasp strength was 18 kg, which was 82% compared with the dominant left wrist. LESSONS: Premature closure of the distal radial physis impairs the growth potential of the physis and leads to wrist dysfunction due to deformities. In the present case, a satisfactory outcome was achieved via corrective osteotomy of the distal radius with an iliac bone graft combined with ulnar shortening osteotomy.

Habitual volar dislocation of the ulnar head with a locked distal radioulnar joint after distal radius fracture: A case report.

RATIONALE: Habitual volar dislocation of the ulnar head with a locked distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) is a rare complication after distal radius fracture. We present a case of habitual volar dislocation of the ulnar head in a woman with a dorsally displaced malunited distal radius fracture. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 72-year-old woman presented with occasional painful locking of the forearm in full supination. She had fractured the left distal radius in a fall 6 months previously. The fracture had been treated non-surgically with wrist immobilization in a long and short arm cast for 6 weeks. Physical examination showed no swelling of the left hand. The wrist locked when the forearm was fully supinated, and the patient was not able to pronate her forearm without reducing the ulna by pressing the left ulna down toward the DRUJ. She experienced sharp pain during the reduction procedure and pronation of the left forearm. The affected wrist had 91% motion compared with the contralateral wrist. DIAGNOSIS: Radiography and computed tomography showed 28° dorsally angulated malunion of the distal radius and ulnar head subluxation with respect to the radius. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed disruption of the ulnar-side triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) from the ulna fovea. INTERVENTIONS: The patient desired surgery to address the painful click during full supination of her left wrist and the limitations in her activities of daily living. Corrective osteotomy of the distal radius and arthroscopic repair of the ulnar-side tear of the TFCC were performed. The TFCC was arthroscopically repaired to the ulnar fovea to stabilize the DRUJ. OUTCOMES: At 1 year postoperatively, radiography showed complete union of the radius. The affected side had 97% wrist motion compared with the contralateral wrist and a full range of forearm rotation without pain or clicking. The grasp strength was 100% compared with the normal wrist. LESSONS: Malunited distal radius fracture with concomitant TFCC injury can result in habitual volar dislocation of the ulnar head due to severely dorsally angulated malunion of the radius and avulsion of the ulnar-side TFCC from the ulna fovea. This condition required corrective osteotomy plus TFCC repair.

The Presence and the Location of an Ulnar Styloid Fracture Associated With Distal Radius Fracture Predict the Presence of Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex 1B Injury.

PURPOSE: To investigate the correlation between ulnar styloid fracture (USF) associated with distal radius fracture (DRF) and triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) injuries and to elucidate whether the presence or location of an USF in a patient with DRF predicts the presence of traumatic TFCC injuries. METHODS: From 2005 to 2018, an arthroscopic evaluation was performed to detect TFCC injuries associated with DRF. The presence and location of USFs were evaluated using computed tomography. TFCC injuries were classified in accordance with Palmer's classification. All wrists were divided into group A (DRF without USF) and group B (DRF with USF). The incidence of TFCC injuries in the 2 groups was compared. group B was then divided into 2 subgroups in accordance with the USF location: the tip or middle fracture subgroup and the base fracture subgroup. Data were analyzed with significance set at P < .05. RESULTS: One hundred thirty-eight patients were enrolled in this study. Group A included 42 wrists in 42 patients, whereas group B included 96 wrists in 96 patients. There were significant differences between the 2 groups regarding the incidence of traumatic TFCC injuries (P = .036) and TFCC 1B injury (P = .002), although there were no differences between the 2 groups regarding age, sex, injured side, direction of displacement, and type of DRF. Within group B, the tip and middle fracture subgroup included 37 wrists in 37 patients, whereas the base fracture group included 59 wrists in 59 patients; a significant difference was observed between the two subgroups regarding the incidences of TFCC 1B injuries (P = .044). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of USF associated with DRF predicted the presence of frequently occurring traumatic TFCC injury and TFCC 1B injury. Moreover, the location of USFs was a predictive factor for TFCC 1B injury in adults with DRF. On the other hand, traumatic TFCC injury had occurred in adults with DRF, regardless of the presence of USF. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, Case series.

Optimal Treatment for Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor of the Hand.

This review examines the following aspects of tenosynovial giant cell tumors (TSGCTs): the use of multiple names, the complex relationship between tumor growth pattern and location, the high rate of postoperative recurrence, local invasiveness, use of nonsurgical therapy with molecularly targeted drugs, and best current treatments. This tumor has been referred to by various names, but is now most frequently referred to as TSGCT. TSGCT is classified as localized and diffuse, in accordance with its growth characteristics. Most TSGCTs of the fingers are localized. TSGCT is likely a neoplastic process arising from synovial lining cells, in which tumor cells express the colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF1) gene. The postoperative recurrence rate of TSGCT is approximately 15%. The intrinsic characteristics of recurrence are not clear, and complete resection of the lesion is still the treatment mainstay. Moreover, TSGCT commonly grows out of a pseudocapsule. Therefore, to perform complete resection of TSGCT, surgery must be performed cautiously after appropriate preparation, by using anesthesia, a tourniquet, surgical loupe, and surgical microscopy. After accurate preoperative diagnosis, meticulous planning by surgeons is necessary. The lesion should be resected along with approximately 1-mm of healthy tissue at the adhesion site. In addition, because satellite lesions might be present near the tumor, careful dissection and observation of the color of surrounding tissue are important. International clinical trials of CSF1 receptor inhibitors for TSGCT treatment are ongoing.

Recurrent Dislocation of the Extensor Carpi Ulnaris Tendon with Ulnar-Sided Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Injury in an Ice Hockey Player: A Case Report.

Ulnar-sided wrist pain is common among athletes who subject their wrists to forceful rotational movements. Injury to the numerous complex structures in the ulnar wrist, including the extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) tendon and triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC), can result in ulnar-sided wrist pain. Although differentiating between ECU tendinitis and TFCC injury is necessary, ECU tendon disorders and TFCC injury occasionally occur concurrently. Subluxation or dislocation of the ECU tendon is rare but may cause symptoms in athletes subjecting their wrists to forceful rotational movements. We present a case of recurrent dislocation of the ECU tendon and ulnar-sided TFCC injury in a 21-year-old male university-league ice hockey player. He initially underwent ECU stabilization; however, his ulnar wrist pain persisted, which adversely affected his athletic performance. He underwent additional surgery to repair the TFCC, which led to definitive resolution of his symptoms and resulted in his return to competitive performance 3 months postoperatively. Treatment of symptomatic dislocation of the ECU remains controversial. In our patient, recurrent dislocation of the ECU tendon with concurrent ulnar-sided TFCC injury resulted in ulnar-sided wrist pain. Combined reconstruction of the tendon's subsheath, using the extensor retinaculum, and repair of the TFCC injury was required for full recovery of his athletic performance.

Nerve Block for Pain Relief During Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair.

BACKGROUND: Although arthroscopic rotator cuff repair (ARCR) often results in good outcomes, some patients have severe pain postoperatively. This study investigated the efficacy of nerve block for ARCR. METHODS: This study was retrospective, and consent was obtained from all patients. We divided 50 patients who had undergone ARCR into 4 groups: continuous interscalene nerve block was performed for 11 patients (continuous-injection group), single interscalene nerve block for 10 (single-injection group), suprascapular nerve block for 8 (suprascapular group), and intravenous analgesic administration for 10 (intravenous group). Eleven patients received no nerve block (control group). We evaluated diclofenac sodium and pentazocine dosing, visual analog scale (VAS) scores, and perioperative complications in each group. VAS scoring was done immediately after surgery and 1 and 6 hours and 1, 2, 3, 7, and 14 days postoperatively. RESULTS: The doses of diclofenac sodium and pentazocine did not differ between groups. VAS scores immediately after surgery and at 1 and 6 hours after surgery were significantly lower in the single-injection and continuous-injection groups than in the suprascapular, intravenous, and control groups. VAS score at 1 day postoperatively was significantly lower in the continuous-injection group than in the other groups. One patient in the continuous group reported temporary paralysis of the fingers and drug solution leakage. CONCLUSION: Interscalene nerve blocks yielded good pain relief for ARCR. Although continuous interscalene nerve block produced continuous pain relief, complications are a concern.

Effect of Medial Osteophyte Removal on Correction of Varus Deformity in Total Knee Arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND: To restore neutral limb alignment in total knee arthroplasty (TKA), the procedure usually starts with removing osteophytes in varus osteoarthritic knees. However, the exact effect on alignment correction is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of osteophyte removal alone during TKA for varus knees on correction of limb alignment on the coronal plane. METHODS: Fifteen knees with medial osteoarthritis and varus malalignment scheduled for TKA were studied. After registration in a navigation system, each knee was tested at maximum extension, and at 30, 40, and 60 degrees of flexion, before and after osteophyte removal. External loads of 10 N·m valgus torque at each angle and in both states were applied. Later, the widths of the resected osteophytes were measured. RESULTS: The average preoperative hip-knee-ankle angle was -14.2 degrees. The average width of osteophytes was 7.6 mm in the femur and 5.3 mm in the tibia. Angle corrections after osteophyte removal were 3.4 degrees at maximum extension, 3.4 degrees at 30 degrees flexion, and 3.6 degrees at 60 degrees flexion; the difference was significant for all angles. There was a positive correlation between osteophyte width and the degree of angle correction at 30 degrees. CONCLUSION: At 30 degrees of knee flexion, osteophyte width was correlated with the degree of angle correction on the coronal plane in TKA. The degree of angle correction per 1 mm of width of removed osteophytes was 0.4 degrees.

Finite-Element Analysis of Stress on the Proximal Tibia After Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND: Because the indications for unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) are limited, few patients have undergone the procedure. Therefore, it is difficult to decide the acceptable range of variation in the details of UKA on the basis of the available clinical data. The objective of this study was to identify factors that affect the distribution of stress on the proximal tibia after UKA. METHODS: Two-dimensional finite-element analysis of the proximal tibia was used to assess four factors: 1) two types of implants-all ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) and metal-backed implants, 2) postoperative alignment, 3) coverage of tibial bone, 4) level of the tibial osteotomy. RESULTS: In cases of varus alignment, high stress values and large areas of deformation were observed on and beneath the implant. In cases of valgus alignment, stress was concentrated at the lateral portion of tibial tray. In comparison with the standard model, stress concentration was greater at the medial edge of the medial condyle in a narrow-coverage model. Stress distribution for the low-osteotomy-level model did not differ markedly differ from that for the standard model. Stress distribution was better for metal-backed implants than for UHMWPE implants. CONCLUSIONS: Proper postoperative alignment must be achieved in UKA. The osteotomy level should be set at the cancellous bone close to the joint line, and preservation of bone stock should be maximized.

Quick Arthroscopic Repair of Ulnar-Sided Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Tears: Technical Note.

Triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) tears can cause ulnar-sided wrist pain. Arthroscopy is important in treatment and diagnosis, and arthroscopic repair of TFCC tears is indicated after failure of nonsurgical treatments such as cast immobilization, splinting, and administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for more than 3 months. Several arthroscopic procedures have been described, including inside-out, outside-in, and all-arthroscopic techniques. However, these arthroscopic procedures are time-consuming and technically demanding. This article presents a straightforward technique of arthroscopic inside-out repair that uses double-loop sutures for ulnar-sided TFCC tears.

Influence of Total Knee Arthroplasty on Hip Rotational Range of Motion.

BACKGROUND: Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) aims to correct the rotation, as well as the alignment and articulation, of the osteoarthritic knee. We hypothesized that, in addition to improving knee kinematics, TKA affects hip rotational movement. The objective of this study was to evaluate variation in lower extremity alignment and hip rotational range of motion (ROM) after TKA. METHODS: A total of 47 patients (53 knees) with primary varus knee osteoarthritis who were scheduled for primary TKA at our center were enrolled. Hip rotational ROM was measured with the patient in supine position with 90° flexion of the hip and knee before and 3 weeks after TKA. Plain radiography and computed tomography were used to compare variations in tibial axis alignment and femoral axis alignment after bone resection, which was defined as changes in the joint lines of the distal femur and the proximal tibia. RESULTS: Average internal ROM, and the sum of internal and external hip rotational ROM, increased significantly; however, external hip rotational ROM did not significantly differ after TKA. Imaging findings showed that the axis of the lower leg externally rotated by 2.5°, with a 4° internal rotation of the distal femur and a 6.5° correction of the varus deformity. CONCLUSION: TKA changed the neutral position of hip rotational movement and increased hip rotational ROM.

Clinical outcomes of nonsurgical treatment for Preiser disease.

To elucidate whether nonsurgical treatment for Preiser disease is effective.Eight patients with Preiser disease (median age 59 [47-69] years) underwent nonsurgical treatment (median symptom-onset-to-treatment interval 8 [9-180] months). At presentation, 7 patients complained of constant pain and 1 of motion-related pain. Pain restricted wrist range of motion (median modified Mayo wrist score [MMWS] 17.5 [range 10-30]). Radiography revealed stages 1 to 3 disease (Herbert-Lanzetta classification). Median scapholunate angle was 62° (54°-75°), with 3 wrists suffering dorsal intercalated segment instability (DISI). Magnetic resonance imaging showed (Kalainov criteria) 4 stage 1 wrists (complete necrosis) and 4 stage 2 (incomplete necrosis). Two had concomitant Kienböck disease. All patients underwent nonsurgical treatment (ie, oral pain killer, immobilization, rest) and were monitored via radiographic and clinical evaluations. Scapholunate angles and the scaphoid area reduction ratio were calculated using radiography. Response criteria were the patients' subjective and objective status. Endpoint was the time from start of non-surgical to surgical treatment.Immobilization lasting 0 to 24 months (median 1.8 months) did not relieve their symptoms. Follow-up radiography showed that the disease stage had progressed in 5 of 8 wrists, with 5 wrists having DISI. The median area reduction ratio of the scaphoid was 11% (4%-52%) on anteroposterior views and 4% (-23% to 17%) on lateral views. Compared with the contralateral wrist, the median wrist flexion-extension arc was 61% (50%-79%) and the median grip strength 39%. Median MMWS score was 17.5 (10-25) - poor in 6 of 8 patients. Surgery was thus necessary in all patients.Nonsurgical treatment for Preiser disease did not improve subjective or objective outcomes and did not prevent deterioration of radiographic findings.Type of study/level of evidence: Therapeutic, Level V.

Benefits of bone graft augmentation to arthroscopic Bankart repair for recurrent anterior shoulder instability with glenoid bone loss.

PURPOSE: Glenoid bone loss contributes to recurrent instability after arthroscopic Bankart repair alone. With significant glenoid bone loss, better results have been reported after arthroscopic Bankart repair with glenoid arc reconstruction. However, no reports compare augmentation using bone graft with non-augmentation for glenoid bone loss. The purpose of this study was to assess clinical results of an arthroscopic Bankart repair with or without arthroscopic bone graft augmentation. It was hypothesized that such bone graft augmentation would restore shoulder stability, and lead to excellent outcomes. METHODS: Of 552 patients treated for anterior glenohumeral instability with arthroscopic Bankart repair, 68 met this study's inclusion criteria of glenoid bone loss over 20% and follow-up of at least 2 years. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on whether with bone graft augmentation for glenoid bone loss [Group A: n = 35, median age; 21 years (range 13-72 years)], or not (Group B: n = 33, median age; 21 years (range 13-50 years)]. For grafting, either autologous iliac bone or artificial bone made of hydroxyapatite was used. Rowe score, recurrence rate, and return to sport were used to assess the results. RESULTS: Mean Rowe score was 95.0 (SD 10.6) in Group A and 69.7 (SD 27.2) in Group B (p < 0.05). The recurrence rate was 2.9% (1/36) in Group A and 48.5% (16/33) in Group B (p < 0.05). Regarding contact/collision athletes, 24 were contained in Group A and 22 in Group B. Of the patients with recurrence in Group B, 13 (59.1%) were contact/collision athletes. Finally, 50% of the contact/collision sports athletes for both groups returned to their sports at the same as pre-injury level. Of the 11 patients who returned to the same level of contact/collision sports in Group B, seven returned with residual instability. Nine athletes in Group A and 3 in Group B quit their sports for personal or social reasons. CONCLUSIONS: Bone graft augmentation was beneficial when used with Arthroscopic Bankart repair for recurrent anterior shoulder instability with glenoid bone loss. Especially, for recurrent anterior shoulder instability with glenoid bone loss in contact/collision sports athletes, bone graft augmentation should be strongly considered as beneficial. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV.