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1.
Front Transplant ; 3: 1458563, 2024.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39398972

RESUMEN

Introduction: Solid organ transplantation in children is a lifesaving therapy, however, pediatric organ donation rates remain suboptimal. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of Canadian organ donation organizations (ODOs) and pediatric transplant programs (TPs), aiming to describe policies and practices for pediatric organ allocation, acceptance, and utilization in Canada. Results: Response rates were 82% and 83% respectively for ODOs and transplant programs comprising 7 kidney, 3 heart, 2 lung, 2 liver and 1 intestine programs. All 9 ODOs reported offering pediatric organs following death by neurological criteria (DNC), while 8 reported offering organs following death by circulatory criteria (DCC) for some organs. Variability was found across ODOs and TPs. There was little agreement on both absolute and organ-specific donor exclusion criteria between ODOs. There was further disagreement in organ specific acceptance criteria between ODOs and TPs and between TPs themselves. Notably, despite the development of pediatric donation after DCC guidelines, organs from DCC donors are excluded by many ODOs and TPs. Discussion: Further variability in pediatric specific training, policies, and allocation guidelines are also documented. Significant areas for improvement in standardization in organ acceptance, offering, and allocation in pediatric donation and transplantation across Canada were identified.

2.
J Pediatr ; : 114370, 2024 Oct 17.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39426795

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the changing characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 related pediatric hospital admissions over time. STUDY DESIGN: A national, observational cohort study from 1, July 2020, to August 31, 2023, using English population-linked electronic health records. We identified 45,203 children under 18 years old in whom SARS-CoV-2 either caused or contributed to hospitalization, excluding those admitted with "incidental" infection. Studied outcomes were types of hospitalization and severe hospitalizations involving either critical care or PIMS-TS. RESULTS: There were 45,920 SARS-CoV-2 related hospitalizations in children: 34,870 (75.9%) due to COVID-19; 1,845 (4.0%) due to pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome - temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2 (PIMS-TS); 8,330 (18.1%) with SARS-CoV-2 as contributor to admission; and 875 (1.9%) acquired nosocomial SARS-CoV-2 infection. The most notable changes between the first three waves (March 2020 through November 2021) and the omicron era (December 2021 onwards) were: a fall in PIMS-TS from 1,575 of 14,020 (11.2%) to 270 of 31,905 (0.8%); a reduction in critical care use from 1,175 of 14,020 (8.4%) to 1,390 of 31,905 (4.4%); a fall in mortality rate among those hospitalized from 521 per 100,000 to 249 per 100,000; and a drop in the median age of hospitalized children from 4.7 (IQR 0.6,12.3) to 1.1 (IQR 0.3,6.4) years. Of children hospitalized, infants, 10.2% of whom had a recorded underlying health condition, comprised 4,225 of 14,020 (30.1%) admissions 2020 through 2021 and 15,555 of 31,900 (48.8%) since 2022. (p<0.001 for all comparisons). CONCLUSIONS: Infants are now the most affected age group by SARS-CoV2, at least partially related to having the least immunity to the virus, and are most vulnerable to respiratory illnesses.

3.
Cell Rep Med ; 5(9): 101729, 2024 Sep 17.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39243753

RESUMEN

Mother's milk contains diverse bacterial communities, although their impact on microbial colonization in very-low-birth-weight (VLBW, <1,500 g) infants remains unknown. Here, we examine relationships between the microbiota in preterm mother's milk and the VLBW infant gut across initial hospitalization (n = 94 mother-infant dyads, 422 milk-stool pairs). Shared zero-radius operational taxonomic units (zOTUs) between milk-stool pairs account for ∼30%-40% of zOTUs in the VLBW infant's gut. We show dose-response relationships between intakes of several genera from milk and their concentrations in the infant's gut. These relationships and those related to microbial sharing change temporally and are modified by in-hospital feeding practices (especially direct breastfeeding) and maternal-infant antibiotic use. Correlations also exist between milk and stool microbial consortia, suggesting that multiple milk microbes may influence overall gut communities together. These results highlight that the mother's milk microbiota may shape the gut colonization of VLBW infants by delivering specific bacteria and through intricate microbial interactions.


Asunto(s)
Heces , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Recién Nacido de muy Bajo Peso , Leche Humana , Leche Humana/microbiología , Humanos , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/fisiología , Femenino , Recién Nacido , Heces/microbiología , Consorcios Microbianos , Lactancia Materna , Adulto , Masculino , Bacterias/clasificación , Bacterias/genética , Bacterias/aislamiento & purificación , Recien Nacido Prematuro , Madres
4.
Am J Clin Nutr ; 2024 Aug 28.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39209155

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Previous studies proposed varying leucine requirements for adults ranging from 25 to 40 mg⋅kg-1⋅d-1, but often these studies did not test intakes exceeding 40 mg⋅kg-1⋅d-1. Data using the indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) method suggest a higher requirement of 55 mg⋅kg-1⋅d-1 on the basis of the total branched-chain amino acids requirement, but not leucine independently. OBJECTIVES: The IAAO method was used to determine the leucine requirement in healthy young adult males. METHODS: Ten healthy adult males (26.9 ± 1.87 y, mean ± SEM) were studied at 7 leucine intakes; each studied over a 3-d period. Following 2-d of preadaptation to adequate protein intake (1.0 g⋅kg-1⋅d-1), subjects received experimental diets containing the randomly assigned test leucine intake (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 65, and 75 mg⋅kg-1⋅d-1) for 8 h. The rate of the release of 13CO2 from the oxidation of L-[1-13C]phenylalanine (F13CO2) was measured on the third day, and the leucine requirement was determined using mixed-effect change-point regression and the F13CO2 data in R. The 95% confidence interval was calculated using parametric bootstrap. The effect of leucine intake on the concentration of plasma amino acids, insulin, and glucose were assessed using repeated measures analysis of variance and linear mixed effects. RESULTS: The mean leucine requirement was 33.6 mg⋅kg-1⋅d-1 with a lower and upper 95% confidence of 26.16, 41.04 mg⋅kg-1⋅d-1. Higher leucine intakes were associated with increased plasma leucine, and decreased valine, isoleucine, and serine concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: The leucine requirement of young adult males is ∼34 mg⋅kg-1⋅d-1, which aligns with previously published tracer balance experiments. This trial was registered at http://clinicaltrials.gov (https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05394155?term=leucine%20young%20adult&rank=1) as NCT05394155.

5.
Nat Med ; 30(9): 2489-2498, 2024 Sep.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39039249

RESUMEN

For many diseases there are delays in diagnosis due to a lack of objective biomarkers for disease onset. Here, in 41,931 individuals from the United Kingdom Biobank Pharma Proteomics Project, we integrated measurements of ~3,000 plasma proteins with clinical information to derive sparse prediction models for the 10-year incidence of 218 common and rare diseases (81-6,038 cases). We then compared prediction models developed using proteomic data with models developed using either basic clinical information alone or clinical information combined with data from 37 clinical assays. The predictive performance of sparse models including as few as 5 to 20 proteins was superior to the performance of models developed using basic clinical information for 67 pathologically diverse diseases (median delta C-index = 0.07; range = 0.02-0.31). Sparse protein models further outperformed models developed using basic information combined with clinical assay data for 52 diseases, including multiple myeloma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, motor neuron disease, pulmonary fibrosis and dilated cardiomyopathy. For multiple myeloma, single-cell RNA sequencing from bone marrow in newly diagnosed patients showed that four of the five predictor proteins were expressed specifically in plasma cells, consistent with the strong predictive power of these proteins. External replication of sparse protein models in the EPIC-Norfolk study showed good generalizability for prediction of the six diseases tested. These findings show that sparse plasma protein signatures, including both disease-specific proteins and protein predictors shared across several diseases, offer clinically useful prediction of common and rare diseases.


Asunto(s)
Proteómica , Enfermedades Raras , Humanos , Proteómica/métodos , Enfermedades Raras/sangre , Enfermedades Raras/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Raras/genética , Reino Unido/epidemiología , Femenino , Masculino , Biomarcadores/sangre , Proteínas Sanguíneas/metabolismo , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Adulto , Medición de Riesgo
6.
JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr ; 48(7): 778-786, 2024 Oct.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39007723

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Processing speed is a foundational skill supporting intelligence and executive function, areas often delayed in preterm-born children. The impact of early-life nutrition on gray matter facilitating processing speed for this vulnerable population is unknown. METHODS: Magnetic resonance imaging and the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-IV Processing Speed Index were acquired in forty 5-year-old children born preterm with very low birth weight. Macronutrient (grams per kilogram per day) and mother's milk (percentage of feeds) intakes were prospectively collected in the first postnatal month and associations between early-life nutrition and the primary outcome of brain regions supporting processing speed were investigated. RESULTS: Children had a mean (SD) gestational age of 27.8 (1.8) weeks and 45% were male. Macronutrient intakes were unrelated, but mother's milk was positively related, to greater volumes in brain regions, including total cortical gray matter, cingulate gyri, and occipital gyri. CONCLUSION: First postnatal month macronutrient intakes showed no association, but mother's milk was positively associated, with volumetric measures of total and regional cortical gray matter related to processing speed in preterm-born children. This exploratory analysis suggests early-life mother's milk supports processing speed by impacting structural underpinnings. Further research is needed on this potential strategy to improve preterm outcomes.


Asunto(s)
Encéfalo , Recien Nacido Prematuro , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Leche Humana , Humanos , Femenino , Masculino , Preescolar , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Recien Nacido Prematuro/crecimiento & desarrollo , Encéfalo/crecimiento & desarrollo , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagen , Recién Nacido , Recién Nacido de muy Bajo Peso/crecimiento & desarrollo , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales del Lactante , Sustancia Gris/diagnóstico por imagen , Edad Gestacional , Estudios Prospectivos , Nutrientes , Cognición/fisiología , Velocidad de Procesamiento
7.
Int J Infect Dis ; 146: 107155, 2024 Sep.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38942167

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: To identify highest-risk subgroups for COVID-19 and Long COVID(LC), particularly in contexts of influenza and cardiovascular disease(CVD). METHODS: Using national, linked electronic health records for England (NHS England Secure Data Environment via CVD-COVID-UK/COVID-IMPACT Consortium), we studied individuals (of all ages) with COVID-19 and LC (2020-2023). We compared all-cause hospitalization and mortality by prior CVD, high CV risk, vaccination status (COVID-19/influenza), and CVD drugs, investigating impact of vaccination and CVD prevention using population preventable fractions. RESULTS: Hospitalization and mortality were 15.3% and 2.0% among 17,373,850 individuals with COVID-19 (LC rate 1.3%), and 16.8% and 1.4% among 301,115 with LC. Adjusted risk of mortality and hospitalization were reduced with COVID-19 vaccination ≥ 2 doses(COVID-19:HR 0.36 and 0.69; LC:0.44 and 0.90). With influenza vaccination, mortality was reduced, but not hospitalization (COVID-19:0.86 and 1.01, and LC:0.72 and 1.05). Mortality and hospitalization were reduced by CVD prevention in those with CVD, e.g., anticoagulants- COVID:19:0.69 and 0.92; LC:0.59 and 0.88; lipid lowering- COVID-19:0.69 and 0.86; LC:0.68 and 0.90. COVID-19 vaccination averted 245044 of 321383 and 7586 of 8738 preventable deaths after COVID-19 and LC, respectively. INTERPRETATION: Prior CVD and high CV risk are associated with increased hospitalization and mortality in COVID-19 and LC. Targeted COVID-19 vaccination and CVD prevention are priority interventions. FUNDING: NIHR. HDR UK.


Asunto(s)
Vacunas contra la COVID-19 , COVID-19 , Fármacos Cardiovasculares , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares , Hospitalización , SARS-CoV-2 , Vacunación , Humanos , Hospitalización/estadística & datos numéricos , COVID-19/mortalidad , COVID-19/prevención & control , COVID-19/epidemiología , Anciano , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Femenino , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/mortalidad , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/prevención & control , Adulto , Vacunas contra la COVID-19/administración & dosificación , Inglaterra/epidemiología , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Adolescente , Adulto Joven , Fármacos Cardiovasculares/uso terapéutico , Preescolar , Niño , Lactante , Gripe Humana/mortalidad , Gripe Humana/prevención & control , Gripe Humana/epidemiología , Recién Nacido , Vacunas contra la Influenza/administración & dosificación , Factores de Riesgo
8.
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr ; 79(1): 140-147, 2024 Jul.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38698666

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: Processing speed is suboptimal among preterm-born children which is of concern as it is a foundational skill supporting higher-level cognitive functions. The study objective was to evaluate associations between early-life nutrition and processing speed in childhood. METHODS: Macronutrient and human milk (mother's own, donor) intakes from 137 children born preterm with very low birth weight enrolled in a nutrition feeding trial were included. Processing speed was evaluated at age 5 using the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-fourth edition Processing Speed Index. Associations between early-life nutrition and processing speed were explored through linear regression. RESULTS: Children had a mean (standard deviation [SD]) birth gestational age of 28.1 (2.5) weeks, weight of 1036 (260) g and 52% were male. The mean (SD) assessment age was 5.7 (0.2) years. Sex-dependent relationships were identified between first postnatal month protein, lipid and energy intakes and processing speed at 5 years. For females, lower protein (per 0.1 g/kg/d: -0.88, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -1.53, -0.23; p = 0.01) and energy (per 10 kcal/kg/d: -2.38, 95% CI: -4.70, -0.05; p = 0.03) intakes were related to higher processing speed scores. Mother's milk provision was positively associated (per 10% increase: 0.80, 95% CI: 0.22, 1.37; p = 0.01) and donor milk was negatively associated (per 10% increase: -1.15, 95% CI: -2.22, -0.08; p = 0.04) with processing speed scores; no sex differences were observed. CONCLUSIONS: First postnatal month nutrition was related to processing speed at age 5 in children born preterm with very low birth weight. Early-life nutrition that supports processing speed may be leveraged to improve later cognitive outcomes for this vulnerable population.


Asunto(s)
Recien Nacido Prematuro , Recién Nacido de muy Bajo Peso , Leche Humana , Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Recién Nacido de muy Bajo Peso/crecimiento & desarrollo , Preescolar , Recien Nacido Prematuro/crecimiento & desarrollo , Recién Nacido , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales del Lactante , Cognición , Estado Nutricional , Desarrollo Infantil , Edad Gestacional , Velocidad de Procesamiento
9.
Am J Clin Nutr ; 119(4): 917-926, 2024 04.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38325765

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Protein recommendations for older adults are based on nitrogen balance data from young adults. Physiological studies using the indicator amino acid oxidation method suggest they need 30% to 50% more protein than current recommendations. We herein present glutathione (GSH) as a physiological estimate of protein adequacy in older adults. OBJECTIVES: The objective was to measure GSH kinetics in response to varying protein intakes in a repeated-measures design in healthy adults aged ≥60 y using the precursor-product method. METHODS: Sixteen healthy older adults (n = 8 male and n = 8 female; body mass index ≤30 kg/m2) were studied. Each received 4 of 6 protein intakes in random order (0.66, 0.8, 0.9, 1.1, 1.3 and 1.5 g⋅kg-1⋅d-1). At each intake level, participants underwent isotope infusion studies of 7 h duration following a 3-d adaptation to the test level of protein. On the fourth day, GSH fractional (FSR) and absolute synthesis (ASR) rates were quantified by measuring the incorporation of U-[13C2-15N]glycine into GSH at isotopic steady state. A mixed-effect change-point regression model was used to determine a breakpoint in FSR and ASR. Secondary outcomes included plasma concentrations of oxidative stress markers, homocysteine, 5-L-oxoproline (5-OP), and urinary sulfate. The effect of secondary outcomes on GSH kinetics was analyzed using a joint linear mixed-effect model and Tukey's post hoc test. RESULTS: A protein intake of 1.08 g⋅kg-1⋅d-1 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.83, 1.32; Rm2 = 0.207; Rc2 = 0.671; P < 0.001) maximized GSH FSR. There was no effect of protein intake on concentrations of erythrocyte GSH, plasma homocysteine, oxidative stress markers, or 5-OP (P > 0.05). Protein intake had a positive effect on urinary sulfate excretion (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: A protein intake of 1.08 g⋅kg-1⋅d-1 from a high-quality protein maximized GSH synthesis in adults ≥60 y. This lends support to data suggesting a requirement higher than the current recommendation. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02971046.


Asunto(s)
Eritrocitos , Glutatión , Adulto Joven , Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Anciano , Glutatión/análisis , Glutatión/metabolismo , Eritrocitos/química , Glicina , Homocisteína/metabolismo , Sulfatos/análisis , Sulfatos/metabolismo
10.
Nat Commun ; 15(1): 1385, 2024 Feb 15.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38360978

RESUMEN

The Eyes Absent proteins (EYA1-4) are a biochemically unique group of tyrosine phosphatases known to be tumour-promoting across a range of cancer types. To date, the targets of EYA phosphatase activity remain largely uncharacterised. Here, we identify Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) as an interactor and phosphatase substrate of EYA4 and EYA1, with pY445 on PLK1 being the primary target site. Dephosphorylation of pY445 in the G2 phase of the cell cycle is required for centrosome maturation, PLK1 localization to centrosomes, and polo-box domain (PBD) dependent interactions between PLK1 and PLK1-activation complexes. Molecular dynamics simulations support the rationale that pY445 confers a structural impairment to PBD-substrate interactions that is relieved by EYA-mediated dephosphorylation. Depletion of EYA4 or EYA1, or chemical inhibition of EYA phosphatase activity, dramatically reduces PLK1 activation, causing mitotic defects and cell death. Overall, we have characterized a phosphotyrosine signalling network governing PLK1 and mitosis.


Asunto(s)
Proteínas de Ciclo Celular , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinasas , Humanos , Proteínas Serina-Treonina Quinasas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Tirosina/metabolismo , Mitosis , Centrosoma/metabolismo , Monoéster Fosfórico Hidrolasas/metabolismo , Células HeLa , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Proteínas Tirosina Fosfatasas/metabolismo , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intracelular/genética , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intracelular/metabolismo , Transactivadores/metabolismo
11.
Sci Data ; 11(1): 221, 2024 Feb 22.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38388690

RESUMEN

Intersectional social determinants including ethnicity are vital in health research. We curated a population-wide data resource of self-identified ethnicity data from over 60 million individuals in England primary care, linking it to hospital records. We assessed ethnicity data in terms of completeness, consistency, and granularity and found one in ten individuals do not have ethnicity information recorded in primary care. By linking to hospital records, ethnicity data were completed for 94% of individuals. By reconciling SNOMED-CT concepts and census-level categories into a consistent hierarchy, we organised more than 250 ethnicity sub-groups including and beyond "White", "Black", "Asian", "Mixed" and "Other, and found them to be distributed in proportions similar to the general population. This large observational dataset presents an algorithmic hierarchy to represent self-identified ethnicity data collected across heterogeneous healthcare settings. Accurate and easily accessible ethnicity data can lead to a better understanding of population diversity, which is important to address disparities and influence policy recommendations that can translate into better, fairer health for all.


Asunto(s)
Etnicidad , Salud Poblacional , Humanos , Inglaterra
12.
Am J Clin Nutr ; 119(2): 371-383, 2024 Feb.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37992970

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: In 2005, the Institute of Medicine advised using methods other than nitrogen balance (NB) for determining protein requirements. Since then, protein requirements using indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) have been published and are higher than NB. Glutathione (GSH), a tripeptide of cysteine, glutamate, and glycine, is a principal antioxidant that can be used as a functional indicator of protein adequacy. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to measure changes in erythrocyte GSH kinetics [fractional synthesis rate (FSR) and absolute synthesis rate (ASR)] in healthy adults following a range of protein intakes at and above the current recommendations. METHODS: Sixteen healthy adults [8 males and 8 females, aged 25.6 ± 0.9 y (mean ± SEM)] were studied at 4 of 6 protein intakes ranging from 0.6 to 1.5 g⋅kg-1⋅d-1. Erythrocyte GSH kinetics were assessed during a 7-h infusion of [U-13C2-15N]glycine following 2 d of adaptation to each protein intake. Blood and urine tests were performed to measure oxidative stress markers, plasma homocysteine, triglycerides, plasma amino acid concentrations, 5-L-oxoproline (5-OP), and urinary sulfate. The protein intake that maximized GSH synthesis was determined using mixed-effect change-point regression in R. Primary and secondary outcomes were analyzed using linear mixed-effects and repeated-measures analysis of variance with Tukey's post hoc test. RESULTS: The protein intake that maximized GSH FSR at 78%⋅d-1 was 1.0 g⋅kg-1⋅d-1 (95% confidence interval: 0.63, 1.39). GSH ASR was significantly lower at 0.6 and 0.8 g⋅kg-1⋅d-1 than at 1.5 g⋅kg-1⋅d-1 (2.03 and 2.17, respectively, compared with 3.71 mmol⋅L-1⋅d-1). Increasing the protein intake led to increased urinary sulfate but did not affect erythrocyte GSH concentration, plasma oxidative stress markers, triglycerides, homocysteine, or 5-OP. CONCLUSIONS: A protein intake of 1.0 g⋅kg-1⋅d-1 maximized GSH synthesis, which is in agreement with earlier IAAO-derived protein requirements of 0.93 to 1.2 g⋅kg-1⋅d-1. These findings suggest that recommendations based on NB (0.66 g⋅kg-1⋅d-1) may underestimate protein needs for adequate health. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02971046.


Asunto(s)
Eritrocitos , Glutatión , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Eritrocitos/metabolismo , Glutatión/metabolismo , Glicina , Homocisteína/metabolismo , Necesidades Nutricionales , Oxidación-Reducción , Sulfatos/metabolismo , Triglicéridos/metabolismo
13.
J Trauma Acute Care Surg ; 96(2): 305-312, 2024 Feb 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37381144

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Emergency general surgery (EGS) admissions account for a large proportion of surgical care and represent the majority of surgical patients who suffer in-hospital mortality. Health care systems continue to experience growing demand for emergency services: one way in which this is being increasingly addressed is dedicated subspecialty teams for emergency surgical admissions, most commonly termed "emergency general surgery" in the United Kingdom. This study aims to understand the impact of the emergency general surgery model of care on outcomes from emergency laparotomies. METHODS: Data was obtained from the National Emergency Laparotomy Audit database. Patients were dichotomized into EGS hospital or non-EGS hospital. Emergency general surgery hospital is defined as a hospital where >50% of in-hours emergency laparotomy operating is performed by an emergency general surgeon. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes were intensive therapy unit (ITU) length of stay and duration of hospital stay. A propensity score weighting approach was used to reduce confounding and selection bias. RESULTS: There were 115,509 patients from 175 hospitals included in the final analysis. The EGS hospital care group included 5,789 patients versus 109,720 patients in the non-EGS group. Following propensity score weighting, mean standardized mean difference reduced from 0.055 to <0.001. In-hospital mortality was similar (10.8% vs. 11.1%, p = 0.094), with mean length of stay (16.7 days vs. 16.1 days, p < 0.001) and ITU stay (2.8 days vs. 2.6 days, p < 0.001) persistently longer in patients treated in EGS systems. CONCLUSION: No significant association between the emergency surgery hospital model of care and in-hospital mortality in emergency laparotomy patients was seen. There is a significant association between the emergency surgery hospital model of care and an increased length of ITU stay and overall hospital stay. Further studies are required to examine the impact of changing models of EGS delivery in the United Kingdom. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic and Epidemiological; Level III.


Asunto(s)
Servicios Médicos de Urgencia , Cirugía General , Humanos , Modelos Organizacionales , Tratamiento de Urgencia , Laparotomía , Reino Unido , Mortalidad Hospitalaria , Urgencias Médicas , Estudios Retrospectivos , Servicio de Urgencia en Hospital
14.
Musculoskeletal Care ; 2023 Dec 04.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38047721

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical judgements of therapists in prescribing the intensity of hand strengthening exercise in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: Phase I: Eleven therapists knowledgeable in treating patients with RA subjectively identified seven clinical cues. These were incorporated into 54 hypothetical patient case scenarios. PHASE II: Therapists with ≥2 years post-registration experience and current or recent experience in treating patients with RA were asked to assess 69 case scenarios in total (54 + 15 repeats) and judge what intensity of hand strengthening exercise they would prescribe using the OMNI-Resistance Exercise Scale of perceived exertion. Using responses to the repeated cases, the Cochran-Weiss-Shanteau index of expertise was used to identify therapists who prescribed more consistently. Multiple regression was used to determine which clinical cues were most strongly associated with the intensity of exercise prescribed. A sub-group analysis explored differences between consistent and inconsistent prescribers. RESULTS: Fifty-three therapists took part. Thirty completed all 69 case scenarios. Across all therapists, the three most important clinical cues associated with lower intensity of exercise prescribed were (1) Patient's reported pain intensity whilst practising the exercise (ß = -1.150, p < 0.001), (2) Disease activity (ß = -0.425, p < 0.001) and (3) average hand pain over the last week (ß = -0.353 p < 0.001). Twelve therapists were categorised as consistent prescribers. This group relied on fewer clinical cues (three vs. seven) when judging what intensity of exercise to prescribe. CONCLUSION: This study provides insights into how therapists prescribe hand exercises. Intensity of hand strengthening exercise was influenced by three key clinical cues, including pain intensity and disease activity.

15.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37966310

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVES: To understand contemporary pediatric organ donation programs in Canadian PICUs, including: policies and practices, data collection and reporting, and system and process barriers. DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey carried out 2021-2022. SETTING: Canadian PICUs affiliated with a donor physician network. SUBJECTS: Pediatric intensivists identified as the donation program lead, or most knowledgeable about donation for their institution. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A 19-item survey was developed through collaboration with stakeholders from the organ donation and transplantation community within Canada. Domains and items were generated and reduced iteratively during an in-person workshop. Pretesting and pilot testing were completed to ensure readability, flow, clinical sensibility, and construct validity. Fifteen of 16 (94%) invited Canadian PICUs from seven provinces completed the survey representing 88% (15/18) of all noncardiac Canadian PICUs. Surveys were completed between June 2021 and September 2022. All units support donation after death by neurologic criteria (DNC); 14 of 15 indicated donation policies were in place and 1 of 15 indicated no policy but the ability to facilitate donation. Thirteen of 15 units (87%) support donation after death by circulatory criteria (DCC) with policies in place, with 11 of 13 of these indicating routine support of donation opportunities. The majority (13/15) of units identified a donation champion. Of the 16 identified champions across these centers, 13 were physicians and were registered nurses or nurse practitioners. Eight of 13 units (62%) with donation champions had positions supported financially, of which 5 units came from the Organ Donation Organization and the other 3 came from the provincial health authority. Finally, only 3 of 15 PICU donation programs have a pediatric donation committee with family involvement. Variability exists in identification (including determination of death practices), referral, and approach for donation between units. CONCLUSIONS: Although all Canadian PICUs support donation after DNC donation, and most support donation after DCC, variability exists in the identification, referral, and approach of potential donors. There is a notable lack of family involvement in pediatric donation programs. There are many opportunities for standardization of PICU donation programs which may result in improved rates of pediatric organ donation in Canada.

16.
Children (Basel) ; 10(8)2023 Aug 02.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37628336

RESUMEN

Family-integrated care (FICare) is associated with improved developmental outcomes and decreased parental mental health risks in stable preterm infants. However, less is known about its application in critically ill infants who are at greater risk for adverse outcomes. The objective of this study was to assess the safety and feasibility of implementation of an augmented FICare program, FICare Plus, in critically ill infants in the first few weeks of life. Resources were specifically developed for staff and parents to support earlier parental engagement in infant care. Infant health outcomes and standardized measures of parental stress, anxiety and parenting self-efficacy were also collected using standardized questionnaires: State -Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Parental Stressor Scale: NICU (PSS: NICU), Perceived Parenting Self-Efficacy Tool and Family Centered Care Survey. The t-test or Wilcoxon rank-sum test were used to compare continuous variables, while the Chi-square or Fisher exact test were used for categorical variables, respectively. In this prospective cohort study, 41 critically ill infants were enrolled: 17 in standard care (SC) and 24 in the FICare Plus group. The tools and procedures developed for FICare Plus successfully supported greater engagement in the care of their infants with no increase in adverse events and no increase in parental stress. Parents in the FICare Plus cohort felt confident to participate in their infant's care. The staff also found this model of care acceptable and well adopted. Preliminary measures of infant efficacy were similar in both groups. Total anxiety scores were high among all parents at enrollment (87 (67-94) vs. 70.5 (66-86); p-value 0.22). However, the scores prior to discharge were lower in FICare Plus group (78 (71-90) vs. 63 (52-74.5); p-value 0.02). This pilot study showed that it is feasible and safe to implement family-integrated care in critically ill infants.

17.
BMJ ; 382: e073639, 2023 07 05.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37407076

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: To describe hospital admissions associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and adolescents. DESIGN: Cohort study of 3.2 million first ascertained SARS-CoV-2 infections using electronic health care record data. SETTING: England, July 2020 to February 2022. PARTICIPANTS: About 12 million children and adolescents (age <18 years) who were resident in England. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Ascertainment of a first SARS-CoV-2 associated hospital admissions: due to SARS-CoV-2, with SARS-CoV-2 as a contributory factor, incidental to SARS-CoV-2 infection, and hospital acquired SARS-CoV-2. RESULTS: 3 226 535 children and adolescents had a recorded first SARS-CoV-2 infection during the observation period, and 29 230 (0.9%) infections involved a SARS-CoV-2 associated hospital admission. The median length of stay was 2 (interquartile range 1-4) days) and 1710 of 29 230 (5.9%) SARS-CoV-2 associated admissions involved paediatric critical care. 70 deaths occurred in which covid-19 or paediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome was listed as a cause, of which 55 (78.6%) were in participants with a SARS-CoV-2 associated hospital admission. SARS-CoV-2 was the cause or a contributory factor in 21 000 of 29 230 (71.8%) participants who were admitted to hospital and only 380 (1.3%) participants acquired infection as an inpatient and 7855 (26.9%) participants were admitted with incidental SARS-CoV-2 infection. Boys, younger children (<5 years), and those from ethnic minority groups or areas of high deprivation were more likely to be admitted to hospital (all P<0.001). The covid-19 vaccination programme in England has identified certain conditions as representing a higher risk of admission to hospital with SARS-CoV-2: 11 085 (37.9%) of participants admitted to hospital had evidence of such a condition, and a further 4765 (16.3%) of participants admitted to hospital had a medical or developmental health condition not included in the vaccination programme's list. CONCLUSIONS: Most SARS-CoV-2 associated hospital admissions in children and adolescents in England were due to SARS-CoV-2 or SARS-CoV-2 was a contributory factor. These results should inform future public health initiatives and research.


Asunto(s)
COVID-19 , Masculino , Niño , Humanos , Adolescente , COVID-19/epidemiología , SARS-CoV-2 , Estudios de Cohortes , Etnicidad , Vacunas contra la COVID-19 , Grupos Minoritarios , Inglaterra/epidemiología , Hospitales
18.
Vaccines (Basel) ; 11(5)2023 May 16.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37243092

RESUMEN

Vaccination rates against SARS-CoV-2 in children aged five to eleven years remain low in many countries. The current benefit of vaccination in this age group has been questioned given that the large majority of children have now experienced at least one SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, protection from infection, vaccination or both wanes over time. National decisions on offering vaccines to this age group have tended to be made without considering time since infection. There is an urgent need to evaluate the additional benefits of vaccination in previously infected children and under what circumstances those benefits accrue. We present a novel methodological framework for estimating the potential benefits of COVID-19 vaccination in previously infected children aged five to eleven, accounting for waning. We apply this framework to the UK context and for two adverse outcomes: hospitalisation related to SARS-CoV-2 infection and Long Covid. We show that the most important drivers of benefit are: the degree of protection provided by previous infection; the protection provided by vaccination; the time since previous infection; and future attack rates. Vaccination can be very beneficial for previously infected children if future attack rates are high and several months have elapsed since the previous major wave in this group. Benefits are generally larger for Long Covid than hospitalisation, because Long Covid is both more common than hospitalisation and previous infection offers less protection against it. Our framework provides a structure for policy makers to explore the additional benefit of vaccination across a range of adverse outcomes and different parameter assumptions. It can be easily updated as new evidence emerges.

19.
Paediatr Child Health ; 28(1): 24-29, 2023 Feb.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36865759

RESUMEN

Objectives: Refractory neonatal hypoglycemia may be treated with glucagon infusions, which have been associated with thrombocytopenia and hyponatremia. After anecdotally noting metabolic acidosis during glucagon therapy in our hospital, an outcome not previously reported in the literature, we aimed to quantify occurrence of metabolic acidosis (base excess >-6) as well as thrombocytopenia and hyponatremia during treatment with glucagon. Methods: We performed a single-centre retrospective case series. Descriptive statistics were used and subgroups compared with Chi-Square, Fisher's Exact Test, and Mann-Whitney U testing. Results: Sixty-two infants (mean birth gestational age 37.2 weeks, 64.5% male) were treated with continuous glucagon infusions for median 10 days during the study period. 41.2% were preterm, 21.0% were small for gestational age, and 30.6% were infants of diabetic mothers. Metabolic acidosis was seen in 59.6% and was more common in infants who were not born to diabetic mothers (75% versus 24% in infants of diabetic mothers, P<0.001). Infants with versus without metabolic acidosis had lower birth weights (median 2,743 g versus 3,854 g, P<0.01) and were treated with higher doses of glucagon (0.02 versus 0.01 mg/kg/h, P<0.01) for a longer duration (12.4 versus 5.9 days, P<0.01). Thrombocytopenia was diagnosed in 51.9% of patients. Conclusions: In addition to thrombocytopenia, metabolic acidosis of unclear etiology appears to be very common with glucagon infusions for neonatal hypoglycemia, especially in lower birth weight infants or those born to mothers without diabetes. Further research is needed to elucidate causation and potential mechanisms.

20.
Nat Med ; 29(1): 219-225, 2023 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36658423

RESUMEN

How the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected prevention and management of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is not fully understood. In this study, we used medication data as a proxy for CVD management using routinely collected, de-identified, individual-level data comprising 1.32 billion records of community-dispensed CVD medications from England, Scotland and Wales between April 2018 and July 2021. Here we describe monthly counts of prevalent and incident medications dispensed, as well as percentage changes compared to the previous year, for several CVD-related indications, focusing on hypertension, hypercholesterolemia and diabetes. We observed a decline in the dispensing of antihypertensive medications between March 2020 and July 2021, with 491,306 fewer individuals initiating treatment than expected. This decline was predicted to result in 13,662 additional CVD events, including 2,281 cases of myocardial infarction and 3,474 cases of stroke, should individuals remain untreated over their lifecourse. Incident use of lipid-lowering medications decreased by 16,744 patients per month during the first half of 2021 as compared to 2019. By contrast, incident use of medications to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus, other than insulin, increased by approximately 623 patients per month for the same time period. In light of these results, methods to identify and treat individuals who have missed treatment for CVD risk factors and remain undiagnosed are urgently required to avoid large numbers of excess future CVD events, an indirect impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.


Asunto(s)
COVID-19 , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Hipertensión , Humanos , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/epidemiología , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/prevención & control , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/diagnóstico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicaciones , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamiento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiología , Pandemias/prevención & control , COVID-19/epidemiología , Hipertensión/complicaciones , Hipertensión/tratamiento farmacológico , Hipertensión/epidemiología , Factores de Riesgo
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