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The increasing levels of heavy metals in aquatic environments, driven by human activities, pose a critical threat to ecosystems' overall health and sustainability. This study investigates the bioaccumulation of heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Cr, and Cd) in water, sediment, and three fish species (Catla catla, Labeo rohita, Cirrhinus mrigala) of different feeding zones within Chashma Barrage, located in the Mianwali district of Punjab, Pakistan, on the Indus River. A comprehensive analysis, including an assessment of associated human health risks, was conducted. Thirty samples from all three sites for each fish species, with an average body weight of 160 ± 32 g, were collected from Chashma Barrage. Water quality parameters indicated suitability for fish growth and health. Heavy metal concentrations were determined using an atomic absorption spectrometer. Results indicated elevated levels of Cd, Cr, and Cu in sediment and Pb and Cd in water, surpassing WHO standard limits. Among the fish species, bottom feeder (C. mrigala) exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) higher heavy metal levels in its tissues (gills, liver, and muscle) compared to column feeder (L. rohita) and surface feeder (C. catla). Liver tissues across all species showed higher heavy metal bioaccumulation, followed by gills. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed strong correlations among heavy metals in sediment, gills, muscle, and water in every fish species. However, the vector direction suggests that Cr was not correlated with other heavy metals in the system, indicating a different source. The human health risk analysis revealed lower EDI, THQ, and HI values (< 1) for the fish species, indicating no adverse health effects for the exposed population. The study emphasizes the bioaccumulation differences among fish species, underscoring the higher heavy metal concentrations in bottom feeder fish within Chashma Barrage.
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This study examines the levels of heavy metals in polyculture fish (Labeo rohita, Cyprinus carpio, and Catla catla), water, and sediment in Tanda Dam, Kohat, Pakistan, aiming to understand environmental and health risks. Samples of fish, water, and sediment were collected from 3 fish farms, and heavy metal concentrations were measured using a Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Results reveal that C. catla exhibited significantly higher (p < 0.05) levels of Zn than other fish species. Conversely, C. carpio showed significantly higher (p < 0.05) concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cr, Mn, Cu, As, and Ni than other species. The heavy metal hierarchy in C. carpio was found to be Zn > Cu > Pb > Cr > Cd > Mn > As > Ni. While heavy metal levels in L. rohita and C. catla generally fell within reference ranges, exceptions were noted for Zn, Pb, and Cd. Conversely, in C. carpio, all metals exceeded reference ranges except for Cu and Ni. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) indicated a close relationship between water and sediment. Additionally, cluster analysis suggested that C. catla formed a distinct cluster from L. rohita and C. carpio, implying different responses to the environment. Despite concerns raised by the Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo) and Contamination Factor (CF), particularly for Cd, which exhibited a high CF. Furthermore, Hazard Index (HI) values for all three fish species were below 1, suggesting low health risks. However, elevated Igeo and CF values for Cd suggest significant pollution originating from anthropogenic sources. This study underscores the importance of monitoring heavy metals in water for both environmental preservation and human health protection. Future research efforts should prioritize pollution control measures to ensure ecosystem and public health safety.
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Monitoreo del Ambiente , Sedimentos Geológicos , Metales Pesados , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Metales Pesados/análisis , Animales , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Humanos , Medición de Riesgo , Sedimentos Geológicos/química , Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Pakistán , Ecosistema , Carpas/metabolismo , Peces/metabolismo , Análisis de Componente Principal , AcuiculturaRESUMEN
Physicochemical properties of water influence planktonic diversity and distribution, which is essential in obtaining basic knowledge of aquatic biodiversity. Thus current study aims to investigate the spatiotemporal diversity, abundance ratio, and distribution of phytoplankton species and their association with water quality parameters of Chashma Lake, Pakistan. During the study period from 2018 to 2019, we measured 13 physicochemical parameters across three selected sampling sites (S1, S2, and S3) in Chashma Lake, revealing both spatial and temporal variability. Dissolved oxygen (DO) was higher in S3, while S1 exhibited higher alkalinity levels, carbon dioxide, phosphorus, and chloride levels. The study identified 77 phytoplankton species grouped into five taxonomic categories, with Cyanobacteria dominating (39.90%), followed by Chlorophyta (33.4%) and Bacillariophyta (24.88%). Euglenozoa and Ochrophyta were less abundant (1.3% and 0.41%, respectively). Spatial variations in phytoplankton distribution were noted, with Chlorophyta being more abundant at S2, Bacillariophyta and Cyanobacteria at S1, and Euglenozoa dominating at S3. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) revealed the influence of various physicochemical parameters on phytoplankton distribution. This comprehensive study provides valuable insights for the ecological assessment and monitoring of water bodies. It is recommended that continuous monitoring is required to capture long-term trends, further explore the specific environmental drivers impacting phytoplankton dynamics, and consider management strategies for maintaining water quality and biodiversity in Chashma Lake.
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Biodiversidad , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Lagos , Fitoplancton , Lagos/química , Pakistán , Ríos/química , Cianobacterias/crecimiento & desarrollo , Fósforo/análisis , Calidad del AguaRESUMEN
Heavy metal bioaccumulation in organisms is primarily a result of dietary uptake. The current study examines the concentrations of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, and Cu) in fish feed, water, sediment, and three fish species (Catla catla, Labeo rohita, and Cyprinus carpio) from different feeding zones in a polyculture pond system. Furthermore, associated human health risks were also evaluated. The fish samples (n = 25 for each species) were collected from 10 different fish ponds in the Kohat district, Pakistan. Heavy metals were determined using an atomic absorption spectrometer. Results revealed higher concentrations of heavy metals in sediment, followed by water. However, the concentration of heavy metals in fish feed was lower than the standard limits. In the case of fish, the bottom feeder (C. carpio) notably exhibited higher (P < 0.05) levels of heavy metals than the column feeder (L. rohita) and surface feeder (C. catla) fish. Moreover, in the liver of all fish species, the bioaccumulation of heavy metals was higher, followed by the gills. Principal component analysis (PCA) demonstrated a strong correlation of heavy metals in C. carpio gills, flesh, feed, and pond water, while the heavy metals in the liver correlated with the detected metals in sediment. The human health risk analysis shows that bottom feeder fish had higher estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), and hazard index (HI) values (> 1). Consequently, the exposed population may experience adverse health effects. The findings of this study suggest that the bottom feeder (C. carpio) bioaccumulates a higher concentration of heavy metals than column (L. rohita) and surface feeder (C. catla) in the polyculture system.
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Pesticides are frequently used to protect crop yields and manage malaria vectors; however, their inadvertent transport into aquatic habitats poses a significant concern. Various anthropogenic activities influence the Indus River in Pakistan. This study aimed to assess the presence of eight pesticide residues at three different sites (Kalabagh, Kundian, and Chashma) in water, sediment, and the fish species (Labeo rohita) during both dry and wet seasons to measure the intensity of this pressure. Pesticide analysis was carried out using gas chromatography equipped with an electron capture detector. The results revealed the highest concentrations of pesticides during both dry and wet seasons at all sites, measuring 0.83 and 0.62 µg/l (water), 12.37 and 9.20 µg/g/dw (sediment), and 14.27 and 11.29 µg/g/ww (L. rohita), respectively. Overall, pesticide concentrations were higher in the dry season than in the wet season across all study sites. Based on detection frequency and concentration in both seasons at all sites, dominant pesticides included cypermethrin and carbofuran (in water), as well as endosulfan and cypermethrin (in sediment and fish tissue). Levels of endosulfan and cypermethrin exceeded standard limits. Moreover, principal component analysis (PCA) indicated no correlation among pesticides in fish tissue, sediment, and water. However, pesticides exhibited different behavior in different seasons. Furthermore, endosulfan and triazophos impose great human health risk, as indicated by the THQ value (> 1). The overall HI value was greater for site 1 in the dry season (8.378). The study concluded that the presence of agricultural pesticides in the Indus River poses a risk to aquatic life and has the potential to disrupt the entire food chain. This highlights the importance of sustainable practices for the study area and Pakistan overall agricultural and environmental sustainability. It is further recommended to strengthen regulations for reduced pesticide use and promote eco-friendly pest management.
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Monitoreo del Ambiente , Sedimentos Geológicos , Plaguicidas , Ríos , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Sedimentos Geológicos/química , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Animales , Ríos/química , Pakistán , Humanos , Medición de Riesgo , Plaguicidas/análisis , Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Estaciones del Año , Residuos de Plaguicidas/análisis , Cyprinidae , PecesRESUMEN
The exposure of fish to heavy metals can significantly impact physiological processes and potentially lead to adverse health effects. This study assesses the effects of exposure to Cd and Pb sublethal concentrations in water on Wallagu attu. A total of 48 fish with an average body weight of 145.5 ± 26 g were distributed among three groups (control, Cd-treated, and Pb-treated) within 60 L fiberglass tanks. They were exposed to 30% sublethal concentrations of Cd and Pb for durations of 1, 15, and 30 days. Following this exposure, an assessment was conducted on metal bioaccumulation and hemato-biochemical responses. Results revealed a significantly (P < 0.05) higher concentration of heavy metals in the fish tissues of metals exposed groups than in the control. The concentration of Cd and Pb increases in fish tissues (kidney > gills > intestine) with exposure time. In most cases, the Pb-exposed group exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) higher concentrations of Pb in different tissues than the Cd-treated group. With extended exposure time, the activities of CAT and SOD show a significant decrease in both Cd and Pb-treated groups. However, the reduction in activities was more pronounced in the Cd-exposed group. On 15 and 30 days, the levels of red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (HB), hematocrit (HCT), and total protein (TP) decrease in groups exposed to Cd and Pb. The cortisol and glucose levels exhibit a more noticeable (P < 0.05) increase with prolonged exposure to Cd and Pb than the control group. On day 30, the survival rate decreased more in the Pb-exposed group. The findings of this study indicate that exposure to sublethal doses of Cd and Pb induces stress in Wallagu attu, resulting in rapid changes in specific hemato-biochemical parameters.
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Fish meat is a major and rich source of white protein; its quality is determined by the fish feed. However, the low-quality feed may contribute to a source of contamination if it does not fulfill the standard protocol. Biofloc is considered one of the most efficient, successful aquacultures, but this system is still under investigation for its efficiency and safety. Thus, current study focused on the heavy metal contamination in biofloc fish fed on different commercial feeds and human health risk analysis. Samples of extensively used three feeds (Supreme™, Hitech™, and MH-Aqua™), tanks water, and biofloc fish (gills, liver muscle) were collected for heavy metals (Cu, Cd, Pb, and Cr) analysis using atomic absorption spectrometry. An experiment was designed by dividing the fish into three groups: group 1 (Supreme™), group 2 (Hitech™), and group 3 (MH-Aqua™). A bioaccumulation factor and human health risk assessment have been calculated to measure fish and human health. Results revealed that most of the heavy metal concentration was higher (P < 0.05) in MH-Aqua™ feed compared to others. Similarly, heavy metal concentration was higher (P < 0.05) in the water of group 3, where fish was cultured on MH-Aqua™ feed. However, in the fish gills, liver, and muscle, the heavy metal concentration was significantly greater in group 3 fed on MH-Aqua™ feed, followed by group 1. Heavy metals in all feeds were positively correlated to the heavy metal concentration of the fish muscles. The bioaccumulation factor for Cu and Pb was higher in the fish liver, Cd and Cr in the case of fish gills, and least in the fish muscle. EDI and THQ values vary in all the groups, while the HI value was found lower than 1 in group 1 and group 2 but higher in group 3 fed on MH-Aqua™ feed. Strict checks and balances in formulating a diet will be helpful to progressively lower the amount of dangerous heavy metals.
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Cíclidos , Metales Pesados , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Humanos , Animales , Cíclidos/metabolismo , Cadmio/análisis , Incidencia , Plomo/análisis , Metales Pesados/análisis , Acuicultura , Medición de Riesgo , Agua/metabolismo , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodosRESUMEN
The low survival rate of Kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) patients is largely attributed to cisplatin resistance. Rather than focusing solely on individual proteins, exploring protein-protein interactions could offer greater insight into drug resistance. To this end, a series of in silico and in vitro experiments were conducted to identify hub genes in the intricate network of cisplatin resistance-related genes in KIRC chemotherapy. The genes involved in cisplatin resistance across KIRC were retrieved from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database using search terms as "Kidney renal clear cell carcinoma" and "Cisplatin resistance". The genes retrieved were analyzed for hub gene identification using the STRING database and Cytoscape tool. Expression and promoter methylation profiling of the hub genes was done using UALCAN, GEPIA, OncoDB, and HPA databases. Mutational, survival, functional enrichment, immune cell infiltration, and drug prediction analyses of the hub genes were performed using the cBioPortal, GEPIA, GSEA, TIMER, and DrugBank databases. Lastly, expression and methylation levels of the hub genes were validated on two cisplatin-resistant RCC cell lines (786-O and A-498) and a normal renal tubular epithelial cell line (HK-2) using two high throughput techniques, including targeted bisulfite sequencing (bisulfite-seq) and RT-qPCR. A total of 124 genes were identified as being associated with cisplatin resistance in KIRC. Out of these genes, MCL1, IGF1R, CCND1, and PTEN were identified as hub genes and were found to have significant (p < 0.05) variations in their mRNA and protein expressions and effects on the overall survival (OS) of the KIRC patients. Moreover, an aberrant promoter methylation pattern was found to be associated with the dysregulation of the hub genes. In addition to this, hub genes were also linked with different cisplatin resistance-causing pathways. Thus, hub genes can be targeted with Alvocidib, Estradiol, Tretinoin, Capsaicin, Dronabinol, Metribolone, Calcitriol, Acetaminophen, Acitretin, Cyclosporine, Azacitidine, Genistein, and Resveratrol drugs. As the pathogenesis of KIRC is complex, targeting hub genes and associated pathways involved in cisplatin resistance could bring a milestone change in the drug discovery and management of drug resistance, which might uplift overall survival among KIRC patients.