Exceptional Response of BRAFV600E-Mutated Acinar Cell CUP to BRAF/MEK Inhibition.

Complete remission of BRAF V600E-driven ACC CUP by BRAF/MEK inhibition underscores importance of precision oncology.

Surgical complications requiring late surgical revisions after pancreatoduodenectomy increase postoperative morbidity and mortality.

BACKGROUND: Pancreatoduodenectomies are complex surgical procedures with considerable postoperative morbidity and mortality. Here, we describe complications and outcomes in patients requiring surgical revisions following pancreatoduodenectomy. METHODS: A total of 1048 patients undergoing a pancreatoduodenectomy at our institution between 2002 and 2019 were analyzed retrospectively. All patients with surgical revisions were included. Revisions were divided into early and late using a cut-off of 5 days after the first surgery. Statistical significance was examined by using chi-square tests and Fisher's exact tests. Survival analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank tests. RESULTS: A total of 150 patients with at least 1 surgical revision after pancreatoduodenectomy were included. Notably, 64 patients had a revision during the first 5 days and were classified as early revision. Compared with the 86 patients with late revisions, we found no differences concerning wound infections, delayed gastric emptying, or acute kidney failure. After late revisions, we found significantly more cases of sepsis (31.4% late versus 15.6% early, p = 0.020) and reintubation due to respiratory failure (33.7% versus 18.8%, p = 0.031). Postoperative mortality was significantly higher within the late revision group (23.2% versus 9.4%, p = 0.030). CONCLUSION: Arising complications after pancreatoduodenectomy should be addressed as early as possible as patients requiring late surgical revisions frequently developed septic complications and multiorgan failure.

Plasma EBV DNA as a prognostic factor in EBV associated gastric cancer: a multicenter, prospective study (EBV PRESAGE study).

Purpose: The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network identified Epstein-Barr-Virus (EBV)-positive gastric cancer as a distinct molecular subtype. The prevalence is 8-9% and the histological examination shows pronounced lymphocytic infiltration, elevated levels of IFN-γ and consequently overexpression of PD-L1. The role of plasma EBV DNA load as a prognostic factor in patients with this cancer subtype is still to be defined. Methods and analysis: The present multicenter prospective observational study "EBV PRESAGE", involving German and Italian cancer centers, aims to evaluate the prognostic role of plasma EBV DNA in EBV-related gastric cancer (GC). The objective is to study the association between plasma EBV DNA load at different consecutive time points and the patient's prognosis. Every patient with a new diagnosis of gastric cancer (including gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma) will be screened for Epstein-Barr encoded small Region (EBER) on tissue biopsies using in situ hybridization (ISH). If EBER ISH is positive, blood analysis for plasma EBV DNA will be conducted. The plasma EBV quantitative analysis will be centralized, and extraction, detection, and quantification of EBV DNA in plasma samples will be performed using real-time PCR. Discussion: We hypothesized that plasma EBV DNA represents a non-invasive tool for monitoring EBV-related GC and might be valuable as a prognostic marker.

Nivolumab and ipilimumab in recurrent or refractory cancer of unknown primary: a phase II trial.

Cancer of unknown primary has a dismal prognosis, especially following failure of platinum-based chemotherapy. 10-20% of patients have a high tumor mutational burden (TMB), which predicts response to immunotherapy in many cancer types. In this prospective, non-randomized, open-label, multicenter Phase II trial (EudraCT 2018-004562-33; NCT04131621), patients relapsed or refractory after platinum-based chemotherapy received nivolumab and ipilimumab following TMBhigh vs. TMBlow stratification. Progression-free survival (PFS) represented the primary endpoint; overall survival (OS), response rates, duration of clinical benefit and safety were the secondary endpoints. The trial was prematurely terminated in March 2021 before reaching the preplanned sample size (n = 194). Among 31 evaluable patients, 16% had a high TMB ( > 12 mutations/Mb). Overall response rate was 16% (95% CI 6-34%), with 7.7% (95% CI 1-25%) vs. 60% (95% CI 15-95%) in TMBlow and TMBhigh, respectively. Although the primary endpoint was not met, high TMB was associated with better median PFS (18.3 vs. 2.4 months) and OS (18.3 vs. 3.6 months). Severe immune-related adverse events were reported in 29% of cases. Assessing on-treatment dynamics of circulating tumor DNA using combined targeted hotspot mutation and shallow whole genome sequencing as part of a predefined exploratory analysis identified patients benefiting from immunotherapy irrespective of initial radiologic response.

Modifying immune responses to adeno-associated virus vectors by capsid engineering.

De novo immune responses are considered major challenges in gene therapy. With the aim to lower innate immune responses directly in cells targeted by adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors, we equipped the vector capsid with a peptide known to interfere with Toll-like receptor signaling. Specifically, we genetically inserted in each of the 60 AAV2 capsid subunits the myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88)-derived peptide RDVLPGT, known to block MyD88 dimerization. Inserting the peptide neither interfered with capsid assembly nor with vector production yield. The novel capsid variant, AAV2.MB453, showed superior transduction efficiency compared to AAV2 in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells and in primary human hepatocyte cultures. In line with our hypothesis, AAV2.MB453 and AAV2 differed regarding innate immune response activation in primary human cells, particularly for type I interferons. Furthermore, mice treated with AAV2.MB453 showed significantly reduced CD8+ T cell responses against the transgene product for different administration routes and against the capsid following intramuscular administration. Moreover, humoral responses against the capsid were mitigated as indicated by delayed IgG2a antibody formation and an increased NAb50. To conclude, insertion of the MyD88-derived peptide into the AAV2 capsid improved early steps of host-vector interaction and reduced innate and adaptive immune responses.

Comparative bioinformatic analysis of KRAS, STK11 and KEAP1 (co-)mutations in non-small cell lung cancer with a special focus on KRAS G12C.

OBJECTIVES: Mutations in STK11 (STK11MUT) and KEAP1 (KEAP1MUT) occur frequently in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and are often co-mutated with KRAS. Several studies linked the co-occurrence of KRASMUT + STK11MUT, as well as KRASMUT + KEAP1MUT to reduced response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) and even a negative impact on survival. Data focusing STK11 + KEAP1 co-mutations or the triple mutation (KRAS + STK11 + KEAP1) are scarce. The recent availability of KRAS-G12C inhibitors increases the clinical relevance of those co-mutations in KRAS-mutated NSCLC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We present a comprehensive bioinformatic analysis encompassing six datasets retrieved from cBioPortal. RESULTS: Independent of the treatment, triple mutations and STK11MUT + KEAP1MUT were significantly associated with a reduced overall survival (OS). Across treatments, OS of patients with a KRAS G12C triple mutation was significantly reduced compared to patients with KRAS G12C-only. Under ICI-therapy, there was no significant difference in OS between patients harboring the KRAS G12C-only and patients with the KRAS G12C triple mutation, but a significant difference between patients harboring KRAS non-G12C and KRAS non-G12C triple mutations. Triple mutated primary tumors showed a significantly increased frequency of distant metastases to bone and adrenal glands compared to KRAS-only mutated tumors. Additionally, our drug response analysis in cancer cell lines harboring the triple mutations revealed the WNT pathway inhibitor XAV-939 as a potential future drug candidate for this mutational situation. CONCLUSION: The triple mutation status may serve as a negative prognostic and predictive factor across treatments compared to KRASMUT-only. KRAS G12C generally seems to be a negative predictive marker for ICI-therapy.

Clinical characteristics and long-term outcomes following pancreatic injury - An international multicenter cohort study.

Background: Trauma to the pancreas is rare but associated with significant morbidity. Currently available management guidelines are based on low-quality evidence and data on long-term outcomes is lacking. This study aimed to evaluate clinical characteristics and patient-reported long-term outcomes for pancreatic injury. Methods: A retrospective cohort study evaluating treatment for pancreatic injury in 11 centers across 5 European nations over >10 years was performed. Data relating to pancreatic injury and treatment were collected from hospital records. Patients reported quality of life (QoL), changes to employment and new or ongoing therapy due to index injury. Results: In all, 165 patients were included. The majority were male (70.9%), median age was 27 years (range: 6-93) and mechanism of injury predominantly blunt (87.9%). A quarter of cases were treated conservatively; higher injury severity score (ISS) and American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) pancreatic injury scores increased the likelihood for surgical, endoscopic and/or radiologic intervention. Isolated, blunt pancreatic injury was associated with younger age and pancreatic duct involvement; this cohort appeared to benefit from non-operative management. In the long term (median follow-up 93; range 8-214 months), exocrine and endocrine pancreatic insufficiency were reported by 9.3% of respondents. Long-term analgesic use also affected 9.3% of respondents, with many reported quality of life problems (QoL) potentially attributable to side-effects of opiate therapy. Overall, impaired QoL correlated with higher ISS scores, surgical therapy and opioid analgesia on discharge. Conclusions: Pancreatic trauma is rare but can lead to substantial short- and long-term morbidity. Near complete recovery of QoL indicators and pancreatic function can occur despite significant injury, especially in isolated, blunt pancreatic injury managed conservatively and when early weaning off opiate analgesia is achieved.

Dueling dynamics of low-angle normal fault rupture with splay faulting and off-fault damage.

Despite a lack of modern large earthquakes on shallowly dipping normal faults, Holocene Mw > 7 low-angle normal fault (LANF; dip<30°) ruptures are preserved paleoseismically and inferred from historical earthquake and tsunami accounts. Even in well-recorded megathrust earthquakes, the effects of non-linear off-fault plasticity and dynamically reactivated splay faults on shallow deformation and surface displacements, and thus hazard, remain elusive. We develop data-constrained 3D dynamic rupture models of the active Mai'iu LANF that highlight how multiple dynamic shallow deformation mechanisms compete during large LANF earthquakes. We show that shallowly-dipping synthetic splays host more coseismic slip and limit shallow LANF rupture more than steeper antithetic splays. Inelastic hanging-wall yielding localizes into subplanar shear bands indicative of newly initiated splay faults, most prominently above LANFs with thick sedimentary basins. Dynamic splay faulting and sediment failure limit shallow LANF rupture, modulating coseismic subsidence patterns, near-shore slip velocities, and the seismic and tsunami hazards posed by LANF earthquakes.

U.S. adults' reasons for changing their degree of willingness to vaccinate against COVID-19.

Introduction: COVID-19 vaccines significantly reduce the risk of complications and hospitalizations due to this virus. When COVID-19 vaccines first became commercially available, roughly 30% of U.S. adults reported being hesitant to receive these newly developed vaccines, and 15% said they would not receive the vaccine. However, by May 2021, 19% of adults were vaccine-hesitant, and 13% refused to vaccinate against COVID-19. It is critical to understand why adults' degree of willingness to vaccinate against COVID-19 changed over time to plan for future pandemics and vaccination campaigns. Methods: We conducted two waves of survey research over five months (January and May 2021) with a panel of 890 U.S. adults. One survey question assessed willingness to vaccinate against COVID-19. The response option included a slider scale ranging from 0 (signifying complete unwillingness) to 10 (complete willingness). We asked participants whose willingness score changed by more than one point to report their rationale for their change in perceptions. We conducted a conventional content analysis on all qualitative responses. Results: We analyzed qualitative responses for 289 participants, 54.7% of whom had not been vaccinated against COVID-19 by May 2021. Among those who remained unvaccinated, 36.1% reported increased willingness to vaccinate. The most commonly cited reasons for becoming more willing to receive the vaccine include believing that COVID-19 vaccines are safe and effective, protecting against the pandemic, and desiring to return to pre-pandemic life. Reasons for increased COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy include vaccine safety concerns, the low perceived need for the vaccine, distrust in how COVID-19 vaccines are made and of larger institutions such as the government and pharmaceutical companies, and concerns about vaccine effectiveness. Conclusion: Findings illuminate the rationale behind individuals' changes in their degree of willingness to vaccinate against COVID-19. It is critical to incorporate these considerations in future vaccine rollout initiatives to increase the public's vaccine confidence.

Super-resolution within a one-dimensional phononic crystal of resonators using time reversal in an equivalent circuit model.

An equivalent circuit model has been developed to model a one-dimensional waveguide with many side-branch Helmholtz resonators. This waveguide constitutes a phononic crystal that has been shown to have decreased phase speed below the resonance frequency of an individual resonator. This decreased phase speed can be exploited to achieve super-resolution using broadband time reversal focusing techniques. It is shown that the equivalent circuit model is capable of quantifying this change in phase speed of the crystal and also the small-scale wave-resonator interactions within the crystal. The equivalent circuit model enables the parameterization of the physical variables and the optimization of the focusing bandwidth by balancing the combination of increasing resolution and decreasing amplitude near the resonance frequency. It is shown that the quality factor-in this case, the quality factor determined by the geometric shape of each resonator-controls the range of frequencies that are strongly affected by the Helmholtz resonators.

Finite-element-based resonant ultrasound spectroscopy for measurement of multi-material samples.

Understanding the elastic properties of materials is critical for their safe incorporation and predictable performance. Current methods of bulk elastic characterization often have notable limitations for in situ structural applications, with usage restricted to simple geometries and material distributions. To address these existing issues, this study sought to expand the capabilities of resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS), an established nondestructive evaluation method, to include the characterization of isotropic multi-material samples. In this work, finite-element-based RUS analysis consisted of numerical simulations and experimental testing of composite samples comprised of material pairs with varying elasticity and density contrasts. Utilizing genetic algorithm inversion and mode matching, our results demonstrate that elastic properties of multi-material samples can be reliably identified within several percent of known or nominal values using a minimum number of identified resonance modes, given sample mass is held consistent. The accurate recovery of material properties for composite samples of varying material similarity and geometry expands the pool of viable samples for RUS and advances the method towards in situ inspection and evaluation.

The Meta-Substituted Isomer of TMPyP Enables More Effective Photodynamic Bacterial Inactivation than Para-TMPyP In Vitro.

Porphyrinoid-based photodynamic inactivation (PDI) provides a promising approach to treating multidrug-resistant infections. However, available agents for PDI still have optimization potential with regard to effectiveness, toxicology, chemical stability, and solubility. The currently available photosensitizer TMPyP is provided with a para substitution pattern (para-TMPyP) of the pyridinium groups and has been demonstrated to be effective for PDI of multidrug-resistant bacteria. To further improve its properties, we synthetized a structural variant of TMPyP with an isomeric substitution pattern in a meta configuration (meta-TMPyP), confirmed the correct structure by crystallographic analysis and performed a characterization with NMR-, UV/Vis-, and IR spectroscopy, photostability, and singlet oxygen generation assay. Meta-TMPyP had a hypochromic shift in absorbance (4 nm) with a 55% higher extinction coefficient and slightly improved photostability (+6.9%) compared to para-TMPyP. Despite these superior molecular properties, singlet oxygen generation was increased by only 5.4%. In contrast, PDI, based on meta-TMPyP, reduced the density of extended spectrum ß-lactamase-producing and fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli by several orders of magnitude, whereby a sterilizing effect was observed after 48 min of illumination, while para-TMPyP was less effective (p < 0.01). These findings demonstrate that structural modification with meta substitution increases antibacterial properties of TMPyP in PDI.

Video-based messages to reduce COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and nudge vaccination intentions.

Vaccines are highly effective for curbing the spread of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). Yet, millions of Americans remain hesitant about getting vaccinated, jeopardizing our ability to end the COVID-19 pandemic by fueling the spread and development of new variants. We show that brief video-based messages of encouragement addressing specific COVID-19 vaccine concerns increase vaccination intentions, and that vaccination intentions, in turn, are predictive of future vaccine uptake. Results from our online experiment reveal that willingness to get vaccinated is driven by messages that increase confidence in COVID-19 vaccines and perceived behavioral control to get vaccinated. Importantly, messages were particularly effective among more skeptical populations including people who identify as politically conservative or moderate and those who express low trust in government institutions. Our findings corroborate the real-world behavioral significance of vaccination intentions, and devise how even short, scalable online messages can provide governments and health authorities an inexpensive, yet effective tool for increasing intentions to vaccinate against COVID-19 among populations most reluctant to get them.

From force chains to nonclassical nonlinear dynamics in cemented granular materials.

In this letter, we present evidence for a mechanism responsible for the nonclassical nonlinear dynamics observed in many cemented granular materials that are generally classified as mesoscopic nonlinear elastic materials. We demonstrate numerically that force chains are created within the complex grain-pore network of these materials when subjected to dynamic loading. The interface properties between grains along with the sharp and localized increase of the stress occurring at the grain-grain contacts leads to a reversible decrease of the elastic properties at macroscopic scale and peculiar effects on the propagation of elastic waves when grain boundary properties are appropriately considered. These effects are observed for relatively small amplitudes of the elastic waves, i.e., within tens of microstrain, and relatively large wavelengths, i.e., orders of magnitude larger than the material constituents. The mechanics are investigated numerically using the hybrid finite-discrete-element method and match those observed experimentally using nonlinear resonant ultrasound spectroscopy.

Gradients in Three-Dimensional Core-Shell GaN/InGaN Structures: Optimization and Physical Limitations.

Three-dimensional InGaN/GaN nano- and microstructures with high aspect ratios and large active sidewall areas are still of great interest in the field of optoelectronics. However, when grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), their optical performance can be negatively affected by gradients in thickness and peak emission wavelength along their sidewalls, which is still a key obstacle for using such structures in commercial products. In this work, we present a detailed study on the different mechanisms causing this gradient, as well as means to alleviate it. Gas-phase mass transport and surface diffusion are found to be the two main processes governing the shell growth, and the predominance of one process over the other is varying with the geometry of the 3D structures as well as the spacing between them. Consequently, variations in temperature, which mainly affect surface diffusion, will have a stronger impact on structures with small separation between them rather than larger ones. On the other hand, variations in pressure modify gas-phase diffusion, and thus, structures with a large spacing will be more strongly affected. A proper design of the dimensions of 3D architectures as well as the separation between them may improve the gradient along the sidewalls, but a tradeoff with the active area per wafer footprint is inevitable.

Hepatocellular Carcinoma Is a Natural Target for Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) 2 Vectors.

Although therapeutic options are gradually improving, the overall prognosis for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is still poor. Gene therapy-based strategies are developed to complement the therapeutic armamentarium, both in early and late-stage disease. For efficient delivery of transgenes with antitumor activity, vectors demonstrating preferred tumor tropism are required. Here, we report on the natural tropism of adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotype 2 vectors for HCC. When applied intravenously in transgenic HCC mouse models, similar amounts of vectors were detected in the liver and liver tumor tissue. In contrast, transduction efficiency, as indicated by the level of transgene product, was moderate in the liver but was elevated up to 19-fold in mouse tumor tissue. Preferred transduction of HCC compared to hepatocytes was confirmed in precision-cut liver slices from human patient samples. Our mechanistic studies revealed that this preference is due to the improved intracellular processing of AAV2 vectors in HCC, resulting, for example, in nearly 4-fold more AAV vector episomes that serve as templates for gene transcription. Given this background, AAV2 vectors ought to be considered to strengthen current-or develop novel-strategies for treating HCC.

Stent-Associated Infectious Complications After Pancreatoduodenectomies Can Be Prevented by Perioperative Antibiotic Therapy: An Analysis of Single-Center Standards.

OBJECTIVES: Perioperative morbidity after pancreatoduodenectomies is still high. One potentially responsible factor is the insertion of bile duct stents before surgery. In our single-center study, we evaluated the influence of preoperative bile duct stenting combined with perioperative antibiotic therapy versus primary surgery in carcinoma patients. METHODS: Clinical data of 973 patients undergoing pancreatoduodenectomy at the University Hospital Freiburg from 2002 to 2018 were explored retrospectively. Postoperative pancreatic fistula, delayed gastric emptying (DGE), and postpancreatectomy hemorrhage (PPH) were graded by current international definitions. Patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma or periampullary carcinoma were included. RESULTS: We included 634 patients of whom 372 (58.7%) were treated with preoperative bile duct stenting. No difference concerning postoperative pancreatic fistula was observed (P = 0.479). We found more wound infections (stent 18.4%, no stent 11.1%, P = 0.008) but a significantly lower rate of PPH and DGE in stented patients (PPH 7.5% vs 11.9%, P = 0.044; DGE 16.5% vs 22.5%, P = 0.039). Surprisingly, intra-abdominal abscesses were reduced in stented patients (9.4% vs 15.0%, P = 0.022), just as insufficiencies of the biliodigestive anastomosis (P = 0.021). CONCLUSIONS: Perioperative antibiotic therapy seems to reduce the risk for severe intra-abdominal infectious complications in stent-bearing patients.

Molecular Targets for Gastric Cancer Treatment and Future Perspectives from a Clinical and Translational Point of View.

Gastric cancer is a leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Systemic treatment comprising chemotherapy and targeted therapy is the standard of care in advanced/metastatic gastric cancer. Comprehensive molecular characterization of gastric adenocarcinomas by the TCGA Consortium and ACRG has resulted in the definition of distinct molecular subtypes. These efforts have in parallel built a basis for the development of novel molecularly stratified treatment approaches. Based on this molecular characterization, an increasing number of specific genomic alterations can potentially serve as treatment targets. Consequently, the development of promising compounds is ongoing. In this review, key molecular alterations in gastric and gastroesophageal junction cancers will be addressed. Finally, the current status of the translation of targeted therapy towards clinical applications will be reviewed.