Modified iliofemoral approach with osteotomy of the iliac crest, sparing the abdominal muscles, for the treatment of acetabular fracture.

Treatment of acetabular fracture is complex, requiring adapted and often extensive surgical approaches. We describe a modified iliofemoral approach, with the particularity of including iliac crest osteotomy sparing abdominal muscles to allow direct control of reduction while respecting the abdominal muscles, creating a workspace as close to the fracture as possible, without involving the inguinal canal or femoral vascular-neural bundle. In 15 complex fractures, the technique provided 13 excellent or good reductions and 13 excellent or good results according to the Matta criteria. This approach can be combined with others, such as a posterior approach, thus providing an alternative to the ilioinguinal approach in the treatment of complex acetabular fracture.

[Alfred-Louis-Dominique Richet (1816-1891): education, anatomy and surgery]. / Alfred-Louis-Dominique Richet (1816-1891) : pédagogie, anatomie et chirurgie.

Alfred-Louis-Dominique Richet was an anatomist and surgeon born in Dijon, France in 1816. He defended the teaching of clinical anatomy instead of descriptive anatomy, judged inappropriate to learn operative medicine. His name is associated with several anatomical structures that we cite in the present article.

[Étienne Destot (1864-1918): the first radioanatomist in Lyon, France]. / Étienne Destot (1864-1918) : l'anatomie radiographique.

Destot was born in Dijon, France, in 1864. He began his education in Burgundy, then he started his preclinical curriculum in Lyon, France, from 1884. He had to leave Lyon, and spent some times in Algeria to treat a tuberculosis. He came back in Lyon as a resident in 1886. Destot worked as an assistant in the laboratory of anatomy of Leo Testut in 1880. His thesis, in 1892, analyzed mortality in the departments of surgery of the Lyon hospitals. The polemical results he presented compromised his surgical career. He went on as prosector by Leo Testut, and then became electrician-physician in 1895 (electrotherapy and galvanotherapy). Étienne Destot of Lyon, France, developed in 1895 the first radiography room ever at the Hôtel-Dieu of Lyon, France. Wilhelm Röntgen discovered the X-rays in the same year, and Destot felt his discovery could revolutionize the approach of anatomy and traumatology. He studied wrist, ankle and calcaneus fractures, and described a new anatomy: "traumatic anatomy". For example, he focused on the posterior talar surface hollow in posterior tarsus fractures. He proposed the term of "thalamus" for this articular surface; this term is nowadays widely used by the clinicians. He introduced the term of "third malleolus" to describe the posterior part of the distal extremity of the tibia. He was the first author to analyze the normal and pathological movements of the scaphoid bone and the lunatum in wrist extension.

Phase-specific protein expression in the dimorphic yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

In oxygen-limited continuous culture, Saccharomyces cerevisiae formed pseudohyphae by unipolar budding. We developed a continuous cultivation sequence to discriminate phase-specific from metabolically regulated proteins during dimorphism. Computer-aided substractive analysis of 2D-PAGE protein patterns allowed the detection of proteins specifically expressed during yeast and pseudohyphal phases. Image analysis resolved 3 spots that were specific to the pseudohyphal phase and 2 spots that were specific to yeast phase. In addition to phase-specific proteins, important regulation of protein expression took place. A group of 9 proteins was highly over-expressed during the yeast phase when another group of 12 was underexpressed. This phenomenon was reversed during the pseudohyphal phase. These experiments showed that dimorphism in S. cerevisiae is associated with the expression of specific proteins and suggest that yeast phase-specific proteins maintain the yeast form or repress pseudohyphae formation.

Alternate interactions of the D-galactose-specific yeast lectin Kb-CWL I with sensitive yeast strains.

In vitro growth assays with a purified D-galactose-specific lectin Kb-CWL I extracted from Kluyveromyces bulgaricus showed marked antifungal effects on 9 of 12 test strains belonging to the genera Kluyveromyces, Saccharomyces, Pichia, Candida, Rhodotorula and Schizosaccharomyces. The inhibition of growth was proportional to the lectin concentration (0.04 and 0.08 mg ml-1) in the culture medium. Under the test conditions, K. bulgaricus, K. lactis and S. bayanus were consistently agglutinated without growth inhibition. D-Galactose, the inhibitory sugar of the cell aggregation activity, did not abolish the antifungal effects of the lectin Kb-CWL I on other yeast strains tested. In C. albicans and C. tropicalis, the lectin influenced the dimorphism of these strains and stimulated germ tube formation.