Clinico-Epidemiological Profile, Trends, and Health-Related Outcomes of Snakebite Victims: A One-Year Prospective Study from Eastern India.

INTRODUCTION: Snakebite envenomation is a significant life-threatening public health problem in Southeast Asia (SEA). In this region, India reported the largest number of snakebite deaths from 2000 to 2019 (1.2 million), with an average of 58,000 deaths yearly. METHODS: This prospective observational study was carried out among snakebite victims at the emergency department (ED) of a tertiary care public sector hospital in eastern India. RESULTS: A total of 145 cases of venomous snakebite were investigated. More than half (n = 81, 56%) of the snakebite victims were between 17 to 45 years. Most of the snakebite victims were male (68%) and were farmers (53%) by occupation. The majority of snakebites occurred during the daytime (76%) and while outdoors (67%). Most victims sustained a bite on the lower extremity (71%). The peak incidence of snakebites occurred from June to September (69%). Three-quarters of all patients were unaware of the required first aid measures following a snakebite. Among the 145 venomous snakebites, 48 were presumptively identified as the Indian cobra, 32 by the Indian krait, 56 by the Russel's viper, and 9 by saw-scaled viper. The mean duration from the snakebite to the onset of systemic effects in the Indian cobra was 52 ± 14.28 min, 66 ± 18.35 min in the Indian krait, 42 ± 13.47 min in Russel's viper, and 48 ± 16.38 min in saw-scaled viper. Respiratory failure was the commonly observed complication following an elapid envenomation. The mortality rate was 2.1% among the patients treated with antivenom. CONCLUSIONS: Snakebite is considered an occupational hazard in India, commonly affecting the young population in their productive period. The peak incidence was during monsoon season, and the majority had neurotoxic envenomation following an elapid bite (55%) that contributed to the increased mortality and morbidity among young adults. Of the 145 patients, the majority (84%) recovered fully with treatment; 16% of the victims developed morbidity viz cellulitis, respiratory failure, acute renal failure, compartment syndrome, local tissue necrosis, intracerebral hemorrhage, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Appropriate first aid measures and timely medical intervention can significantly improve the treatment outcome following snakebites.

Effectiveness of breathing exercise on the duration of labour: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Prolonged labour intensifies labour pain, and failure to address labour pain may lead to abnormal labour and augments the usage of operative interventions. Prolonged labour is common among women, resulting in maternal morbidity, increased caesarean section (CS) rates, and postpartum complications. It may bring forth negative birth experiences that may increase the preference for CS. There is a dearth of evidence concerning the effectiveness of breathing exercises on the duration of labor. As per our knowledge, this is the first systematic review and meta-analysis on the effect of breathing exercises on the duration of labor. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to appraise the evidence concerning the effectiveness of breathing exercises on the duration of labour. Methods: Electronic databases MEDLINE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), EMBASE, Web of Science, SCOPUS, and ClinicalKey were searched for randomized controlled trials, quasi-experimental studies published in the English language between January 2005 to March 2022 that reported on the effectiveness of breathing exercises on the duration of labour. Duration of labour was the primary analysed outcome. The secondary outcomes assessed were anxiety, duration of pain, APGAR scores, episiotomy, and mode of delivery. Meta-analysis was done using RevMan v5.3. Results: The reviewed trials involved 1418 participants, and the study participants ranged from 70 to 320. The mean gestational weeks of the participants among the reported trials was 38.9 weeks. Breathing exercise shortened the duration of the intervention group's second stage of labour compared with the control group. Conclusions: Breathing exercise is a beneficial preventive intervention in shortening the duration of second stage of labour. Registration: The review protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42021247126).

The Worldwide Prevalence of Nonadherence to Diet and Fluid Restrictions Among Hemodialysis Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Nonadherence to diet and fluid restrictions in hemodialysis (HD) patients can lead to undesired health outcomes. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to estimate the pooled prevalence of nonadherence to diet and fluid restrictions in HD patients. METHODS: Research articles from PubMed, CINAHL, and Google Scholar on nonadherence to diet and fluid restrictions in HD patients published between 2000 and 2020 were selected for this study. The methodological quality of each study was graded, and the estimates were pooled using the random-effects model of meta-analysis. Analyses of subgroups and meta-regression were carried out. Egger's test and visual analysis of the symmetry of funnel plots were used to assess the publication bias. RESULTS: Eight hundred sixty-eight potential records were identified during the search. Twenty-three studies that met inclusion criteria were considered for meta-analysis and comprised 11,209 HD patients (mean age 55.85 years ± SD 6.86, men 57.74%). The estimated worldwide prevalence of nonadherence to diet and fluid restrictions was 60.2% (95% CI: 47.3-72.5) and 60.6% (95% CI: 50-70.7), respectively. The meta-regression found that the income category was negatively associated and the risk of bias score was positively associated with the prevalence of nonadherence to fluid restrictions (P < .05). The funnel plot of nonadherence to fluid restrictions revealed asymmetry, and a significant publication bias was also noted as assessed by Egger's test (P = .004). However, the pooled estimate should be interpreted with caution because the prevalence of individual studies varies considerably because of methodological or measurement discrepancies. CONCLUSION: The pooled prevalence of nonadherence to diet (47.3-72.5%) and fluid (50-70.7%) restrictions was substantially high. The health care team must recognize the factors and barriers influencing adherence behavior and develop holistic interventions to improve it.

Prevalence of internet addiction among college students in the Indian setting: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The internet is an integral part of everyone's life. College going adolescents are highly vulnerable to the misuse of the internet. AIMS: To estimate the pooled prevalence of internet addiction (IA) among college students in India. METHODS: Literature databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, EMBASE, PsycINFO and Google Scholar) were searched for studies assessing IA using the Young Internet Addiction Test (Y-IAT) among adolescents from India, published in the English language up to December 2020. We included studies from 2010 to 2020 as this is the marked era of momentum in wireless internet connectivity in India. The methodological quality of each study was scored, and data were extracted from the published reports. Pooled prevalence was estimated using the fixed-effects model. Publication bias was evaluated using Egger's test and visual inspection of the symmetry in funnel plots. RESULTS: Fifty studies conducted in 19 states of India estimated the prevalence of IA and the overall prevalence of IA as 19.9% (95% CI: 19.3% to 20.5%) and 40.7% (95% CI: 38.7% to 42.8%) based on the Y-IAT cut-off scores of 50 and 40, respectively. The estimated prevalence of severe IA was significantly higher in the Y-IAT cut-off points of 70 than 80 (12.7% (95% CI: 11.2% to 14.3%) vs 4.6% (95% CI: 4.1% to 5.2%)). The sampling method and quality of included studies had a significant effect on the estimation of prevalence in which studies using non-probability sampling and low risk of bias (total quality score ≥7) reported lower prevalence. The overall quality of evidence was rated as 'moderate' based on the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation criteria. CONCLUSIONS: Our nationally representative data suggest that about 20% to 40% of college students in India are at risk for IA. There is a need for further research in the reconsideration of Y-IAT cut-off points among Indian college students. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42020219511.

The Pandemic League of COVID-19: Korea Versus the United States, With Lessons for the Entire World.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is inflicting a brutal blow on humankind, and no corner of the world has been exempted from its wrath. This study analyzes the chief control measures and the distinctive features of the responses implemented by Korea and the United States to contain COVID-19 with the goal of extracting lessons that can be applied globally. Even though both nations reported their index cases on the same day, Korea succeeded in flattening the curve, with 10 752 cases as of April 28, 2020, whereas the outbreak skyrocketed in the United States, which had more than 1 million cases at the same time. The prudent and timely execution of control strategies enabled Korea to tame the spread of the virus, whereas the United States paid a major price for its delay, although it is too early to render a conclusive verdict. Information pertaining to the number of people infected with the virus and measures instituted by the government to control the spread of COVID-19 was retrieved from the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention websites and press releases. Drawing lessons from both nations, it is evident that the resolution to the COVID-19 pandemic lies in the prudent usage of available resources, proactive strategic planning, public participation, transparency in information sharing, abiding by the regulations that are put into place, and how well the plan of action is implemented.