Modification effects of T2DM-susceptible SNPs on the reduction of blood glucose in response to lifestyle interventions.

In recent years, it has been demonstrated that some susceptible gene loci of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are not only associated with the susceptibility risk of T2DM, but also the modifying effects of lifestyle interventions. To further explore the modifying effects of the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) on the onset of T2DM and the reduction of blood glucose in response to lifestyle interventions among the high-risk population, we performed a lifestyle intervention study in two Deqing rural communities during the period from June to December in 2017. The intensive lifestyle interventions were conducted among the study subjects of the intervention group while those in the control group only received conventional and general health education. All participants were genotyped by the MassARRY system. This study showed that for SNP rs9502570, fasting blood glucose showed a significantly greater reduction for individuals with CC + CT genotype than those with TT genotype (P=0.031). In the intervention group, the glycated hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) decreased by 0.03% for those with CC+CT genotype, while HbA1C increased by 0.27% for those with TT genotype (P=0.012). The difference in the reduction of fasting blood glucose and HbA1c between the intervention and control groups was also statistically significant between individuals with TT and those with CC+CT genotype. For SNP rs10811661, the reduction of fasting blood glucose was significantly higher in people with TT genotype than those with CC + CT genotype (0.44 mmol/L vs 0.12 mmol/L, P=0.021). The difference in reduction of fasting blood glucose between the intervention group and control group was also statistically significant between TT and CC+CT genotype (P<0.001). In summary, the SNP genotypes of both rs9502570 and rs10811661 could modify the effects of lifestyle interventions on reducing fasting blood glucose and HbA1C among the high risk rural population for T2DM. The present study has provided supporting evidence for future development of individualized intervention measures for high-risk population of T2DM.

[Prevalence of occult hepatitis B virus infection and its phylogenetic features among mother-teenager pairs].

OBJECTIVE: Prevalence of occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (OBI) was investigated in a paired mother-teenager population and HBV S gene variation including overt and occult HBV, was determined. METHODS: A follow-up study based on an initial survey of 135 mother-teenager pairs was carried out through collection of questionnaires and blood samples HBsAg were detected by ELISA method, viral load by PCR amplification and HBV S gene by phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS: 102 pairs of subjects were followed-up. Blood samples from 94 mothers and 101 children were collected. OBI prevalence in mothers was 10.0% (6/60), significantly higher than 2.0% (2/101) in teenagers. Medians of viral load were 399.9 IU/ml and 247.6 IU/ml in overt and occult HBV strains, but without significant difference. 1 occult HBV strain belonged to genotype B with serotype adw while the other 7 were genotype C with serotype adr. 15 of the overt HBV strains belonged to genotype B with serotype adw and the other 8 were genotype C with serotype adr. Proportions of genotype-C strains were significantly higher in occult HBV strains than in overt HBV strains. CONCLUSION: OBI was seen in teenage-mother population.

Hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive and HBsAg-negative hepatitis B virus infection among mother-teenager pairs 13 years after neonatal hepatitis B virus vaccination.

It is unclear whether a mother who is negative for hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) but positive for hepatitis B virus (HBV) is at potential risk for mother-to-child transmission of HBV. This study, using a paired mother-teenager population, aimed to assess whether maternal HBsAg-negative HBV infection ((hn)HBI) is a significant source of child HBV infection (HBI). A follow-up study with blood collection has been conducted on the 93 mother-teenager pairs from the initial 135 pregnant woman-newborn pairs 13 years after neonatal HBV vaccination. Serological and viral markers of HBV have been tested, and phylogenetic analysis of HBV isolates has been done. The HBI prevalence was 1.9% (1 (hn)HBI/53) for teenage children of non-HBI mothers, compared with 16.7% (1 (hn)HBI/6) for those of (hn)HBI mothers and 2.9% (1 HBsAg-positive HBV infection [(hp)HBI]/34) for those of (hp)HBI mothers. Similar viral sequences have been found in one pair of whom both the mother and teenager have had (hn)HBI. In comparison with the (hp)HBI cases, those with (hn)HBI had a lower level of HBV load and a higher proportion of genotype-C strains, which were accompanied by differentiated mutations (Q129R, K141E, and Y161N) of the "a" determinant of the HBV surface gene. Our findings suggest that mother-to-teenager transmission of (hn)HBI can occur among those in the neonatal HBV vaccination program.

[Relationship between HBeAg seroconversion with genotypes and HBV specific CTL in patients with chronic hepatitis B treated with Adefovir dipivoxil].

OBJECTIVE: To explore relationship between HBeAg seroconversion with HBV genotypes and HBV specific CTL in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) treated with Adefovir dipivoxil. METHODS: Seventy CHB patients had positive HBV DNA (HBV DNA > or = 1 x 10(4) copy/ml), 45 cases had positive HBeAg, of whom 23 cases (51. 11%) had genotype B, 22 cases (48.89%) had genotype C. ALT > 2 x upper limit of normal value (ULN), human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A(n) positive, patients were treated with Adefovir dipivoxil (commercial name is Mingzheng, Zhengda Tianjing Pharmaceutical Company), 10 mg, orally, once a day. After treatment for 12 months, observe relationship between HBeAg seroconversion with HBV genotypes and HBV specific CTL. RESULTS: After treatment with Adefovir dipivoxil for 12 months, HBV specific CTL (0.68% +/- 0.11%) was higher than that before treatment (0.33% +/- 0.11%), t = 8.36 P < 0.001, HBV DNA (3.01 +/- 0.2) log10 copy/ml was lower than that before treatment (6.27 +/- 0.70) log10 copy/ml, t = 12.63 P < 0.001, HBV DNA turned negative (< 500 copy/ml) 43 cases (61.43%), in 45 cases with positive HBeAg, HBeAg turned negative in 13 cases (28.89%), 8 cases had HBeAg seroconversion (17.78%), HBV specific CTL (0.86% +/- 0.05%) of patients with HBeAg seroconversion is higher than (0.61% +/- 0.07%) of patients without HBeAg seroconversion (37 cases, 82.22%) t = 7.88, P < 0.001. In 8 cases with HBeAg seroconversion, 7 cases had genotype B (30.43% of genotype B), 1 cases had genotype C (4.55% of genotype C), chi2 = 5.15, P < 0.05. CONCLUSION: Adefovir dipivoxil can enhance HBV specific cellular immunity of CHB patients. After treatment, occurrence of HBeAg seroconversion is related to increase of HBV specific CTL level and may be related to genotypes.

[Influence of adefovir dipivoxil on HBV specific CTL in patients with chronic hepatitis B].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the influence of adefovir dipivoxil on HBV specific CTL in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). METHODS: 10 mg adefovir dipivoxil (Zhengda Tianjing Pharmaceutical Company) was used for CHB patients with positive HBV DNA (HBV DNA > or = 1 x 10(4) copies/ml), ALT > 2 x upper limit of normal value (ULN) and positive human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-A2, orally, once a day for 3 months. Real time fluorescent quantitative PCR was used to determine HBV DNA and flowcytometer was used to determine HBV specific CTL. RESULTS: After treatment with adefovir dipivoxil for 3 months, HBV specific CTL (0.52 +/- 0.11)% was higher than that before treatment (0.34 +/- 0.14)%, t = 6.78 P < 0.01, HBV DNA of 28 cases turned to negative (<1 x 10(3) copies/ml) (62.22%). HBV DNA of 17 cases failed to turn negative 3 months after treatment, but their HBV DNA level was lower [(4. 18 +/- 0.4) log 10 copies/ml] than that before treatment [(6.23 +/- 0.73) log 10 copies/ml], t = 9.99, P < 0.01. CONCLUSION: Adefovir dipivoxil can improve HBV specific cellular immunity in patients CHB.

[Seasonal pattern and phylogenetic analysis with human isolates of genotype-IV hepatitis E virus in swine herds, eastern China].

OBJECTIVE: To determine the seasonal prevalence of genotype-IV hepatitis E virus (HEV) in swine herds in Eastern China and explore the phylogenetic relationship between swine HEV and human HEV in the situation that zoonotic features of HEV had been confirmed. METHODS: From September 2007 to June 2008, a total of 1200 swine bile specimens were collected from three slaughter houses located in Zhejiang, Anhui and Jiangsu, the Eastern China, and detected for HEV RNA by using nested RT-PCR. The positive PCR products were sequenced. Then the swine HEV were phylogenetically determined with human HEV isolated in Eastern China. RESULTS: The positive rate for HEV RNA in swine herds was 4.5% totally. Significant differences of HEV detection were not observed among seasonal pattern (Sep - Oct: 6%, Dec - Jan: 4.33%, Mar - Apr: 4.33%, May - Jun: 3.33%) but in geographic distribution (Jiangsu: 6%, Anhui: 5%, Zhejiang: 2.5%). Regardless of isolation from different areas,swine and human genotype-IV HEV shared a high similarity. Phylogenetically, there were 80% - 100% and 96% - 100% identities within swine genotype-lV HEV at the nucleotide and amino acid levels respectively. Between swine HEV and human HEV, there were also similarities of 76% -99% and 95% - 100%. It was noted that some human and swine isolates were clustered with bootstrap values of > 90%. CONCLUSION: Genotype-IV HEV is widely prevalent in swine herds in Eastern China and original common ancestor of evolution and transmission was implied. The sustaining prevalence within swine herds should have a probable influence on the epidemic situation of hepatitis E in human beings.

[Phylogenetic analysis of sporadic hepatitis E virus in Eastern China].

OBJECTIVE: To understand phylogenetic characteristics of sporadic hepatitis E virus (HEV) in eastern China. METHODS: Four hundred and thirteen sera were collected from sporadic hepatitis E cases in 14 second- or first-class hospitals in Eastern China from 2005 to 2008 and detected with a nested RT-PCR assay. Partial nucleotide sequences of the HEV isolates were determined for phylogenetic analysis with prototype sequences in the GenBank. RESULTS: The male-to-female sex ratio of the patients was 1.75:1 with 61.5% of them aged 40 - 69 years old. HEV RNA was detected in 140 out of 413(34%)serum samples. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all the 140 HEV isolates belonged to genotype IV, sharing 77.9% - 88.3%, 80.8% - 90.6%, 73.4% - 85.2% and 91.0% - 95.4% nucleotide sequence identities with prototype I, II, III and IV HEV isolates respectively. CONCLUSION: It was evident that genotype IV HEV served as the main causative agent of sporadic HEV infection in Eastern China. However the viral origin and evolution needs further clarification.