Sewage sludge as an initial fertility driver for rapid improvement of mudflat salt-soils.

Sewage sludge is by-product in the process of centralized wastewater treatment. Land application of sewage sludge is one of the important disposal alternatives. Mudflats in the interaction zone between land and sea can be important alternative sources for arable lands if amended by large amount of organic fertilizers. Rich in organic matter and other nutrients, sewage sludge has been considered as the economic choice for an initial fertility driver. However, sewage sludge amendment has been greatly hampered due to availability of potential toxic metals. Using sewage sludge in compliance with the national standards for agricultural usage could avoid the accumulation of heavy metals. Nevertheless, it is not clear whether massive input of sewage sludge would increase heavy metals concentration in crops. The objective of this study was to investigate impact of sewage sludge amendment (SSA) as an initial fertility driver by one-time input, with the rates of 0, 30, 75, 150, and 300tha-1, on biomass of green manures, soil chemical properties, and growth and heavy metals uptake of maize (Zea mays L.) grown in mudflat soil. Results showed that one-time sewage sludge amendment promoted an initial fertility for infertile mudflat soil, supported growth of ryegrass as the first season green manure. By tilled ryegrass, it modified the chemical properties of mudflat soil by increasing soil organic carbon, total and available N and P, and decreasing soil salinity and pH, which promoted subsequent growth of two green manures for sesbania and ryegrass. The sewage sludge as an initial fertility driver combined with planting and tilling green manures, increased dry matter of the aerial part and grain yield of maize grown in mudflat soil. Cd and Ni concentrations in grain of maize were positively correlated with sewage sludge amendment rates. Importantly, heavy metal concentrations in grain of maize at all SSA rates did not exceed the safety standard for food in China (GB 2762-2012). The study suggests that sewage sludge can be applied as an initial fertility driver for mudflat soil amendment, which provides an innovative solution for arable land resources and solid waste disposal.

Cu2+-labeled dansyl compounds as fluorescent and PET probes for imaging apoptosis.

Compound DNSTT-Cu2+, a novel chelate of Cu2+ with DOTA conjugated to a fluorescent dansyl fragment, is developed for imaging cell apoptosis. Apoptotic U-87MG cells could be selectively visualized by the fluorescence of DNSTT-Cu2+ from cytoplasm of cells, confirmed by the fluorescence of apoptosis cells co-labeled with Alexa Fluor 568-labeled annexin V, a conventional probe for selectively labeling membranes of apoptosis cells. A radioactive 64Cu2+ analog, DNSTT-64Cu2+, was easily synthesized, providing a potential PET probe for imaging apoptosis in vivo.

Distribution of calcification in carotid endarterectomy tissues: comparison of micro-computed tomography imaging with histology.

BACKGROUND: Calcification in atherosclerotic plaques has been viewed as a marker of plaque stability, but whether calcification accumulates in specific anatomic sites in the carotid artery is unknown. We determined the burden and distribution of calcified plaque in carotid endarterectomy (CEA) tissues. METHODS: A total of 22 CEA tissues were imaged with high-resolution micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). Total plaque burden and total calcium score using the Agatston method were quantified. The Agatston score (AS) was also normalized for tissue size. Plaque and calcium distribution were analyzed separately for three CEA regions: common segment (CS), bulb segment (BS), and internal/external segments (IES). RESULTS: The average CEA tissue length was 40.83 (interquartile range [IQR] 33.31-42.41) mm with total plaque burden of 103.45 (IQR: 78.84-156.81) mm(3) and total AS of 38.58 (IQR 11.59-89.97). Total plaque volume was 21.02 (IQR: 14.47-25.42) mm(3) in the CS, 37.89 (22.59-48.32) mm(3) in the BS, and 54.05 (36.87-74.52) mm(3) in the IES. Of the 22 tissues, 15 had no calcium in the CS compared with three in the bulb and two in the IES. Normalized calcified plaque was most prevalent in the BS, the IES and was least prevalent in the CS. The overall correlation of calcification between histology sections and matched micro-CT images was 0.86 (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Calcified plaque is heterogeneously distributed in CEA tissues with most in the bulb and IES regions. The amount of calcification in micro-CT slices shows a high correlation with matched histology sections.

High-fat feeding-induced hyperinsulinemia increases cardiac glucose uptake and mitochondrial function despite peripheral insulin resistance.

In obesity, reduced cardiac glucose uptake and mitochondrial abnormalities are putative causes of cardiac dysfunction. However, high-fat diet (HFD) does not consistently induce cardiac insulin resistance and mitochondrial damage, and recent studies suggest HFD may be cardioprotective. To determine cardiac responses to HFD, we investigated cardiac function, glucose uptake, and mitochondrial respiration in young (3-month-old) and middle-aged (MA) (12-month-old) male Ldlr(-/-) mice fed chow or 3 months HFD to induce obesity, systemic insulin resistance, and hyperinsulinemia. In MA Ldlr(-/-) mice, HFD induced accelerated atherosclerosis and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, common complications of human obesity. Surprisingly, HFD-fed mice demonstrated increased cardiac glucose uptake, which was most prominent in MA mice, in the absence of cardiac contractile dysfunction or hypertrophy. Moreover, hearts of HFD-fed mice had enhanced mitochondrial oxidation of palmitoyl carnitine, glutamate, and succinate and greater basal insulin signaling compared with those of chow-fed mice, suggesting cardiac insulin sensitivity was maintained, despite systemic insulin resistance. Streptozotocin-induced ablation of insulin production markedly reduced cardiac glucose uptake and mitochondrial dysfunction in HFD-fed, but not in chow-fed, mice. Insulin injection reversed these effects, suggesting that insulin may protect cardiac mitochondria during HFD. These results have implications for cardiac metabolism and preservation of mitochondrial function in obesity.

Functional imaging of brown fat in mice with 18F-FDG micro-PET/CT.

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) differs from white adipose tissue (WAT) by its discrete location and a brown-red color due to rich vascularization and high density of mitochondria. BAT plays a major role in energy expenditure and non-shivering thermogenesis in newborn mammals as well as the adults (1). BAT-mediated thermogenesis is highly regulated by the sympathetic nervous system, predominantly via ß adrenergic receptor (2, 3). Recent studies have shown that BAT activities in human adults are negatively correlated with body mass index (BMI) and other diabetic parameters (4-6). BAT has thus been proposed as a potential target for anti-obesity/anti-diabetes therapy focusing on modulation of energy balance (6-8). While several cold challenge-based positron emission tomography (PET) methods are established for detecting human BAT (9-13), there is essentially no standardized protocol for imaging and quantification of BAT in small animal models such as mice. Here we describe a robust PET/CT imaging method for functional assessment of BAT in mice. Briefly, adult C57BL/6J mice were cold treated under fasting conditions for a duration of 4 hours before they received one dose of (18)F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG). The mice were remained in the cold for one additional hour post FDG injection, and then scanned with a small animal-dedicated micro-PET/CT system. The acquired PET images were co-registered with the CT images for anatomical references and analyzed for FDG uptake in the interscapular BAT area to present BAT activity. This standardized cold-treatment and imaging protocol has been validated through testing BAT activities during pharmacological interventions, for example, the suppressed BAT activation by the treatment of ß-adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol (14, 15), or the enhanced BAT activation by ß3 agonist BRL37344 (16). The method described here can be applied to screen for drugs/compounds that modulate BAT activity, or to identify genes/pathways that are involved in BAT development and regulation in various preclinical and basic studies.

Intravenous hedgehog agonist induces proliferation of neural and oligodendrocyte precursors in rodent spinal cord injury.

BACKGROUND: Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is a glycoprotein molecule that upregulates the transcription factor gli-1 and plays a critical role in the proliferation of endogenous neural precursor cells when directly injected into adult rodent spinal cords after injury. OBJECTIVE: To use small-molecule agonists of the hedgehog pathway in an attempt to replicate these findings with intravenous administration. METHODS: Forty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 4 groups. Saline treatment control groups were divided into a contusion injury group and a noninjury sham group; Shh agonist treatment groups were divided into an injury group and a noninjury sham group. Shh agonist Ag11.1 was administered to the treatment groups and saline to the control groups. Injections were performed on days 1 and 4 after surgery. On day 14, 1 group was sacrificed, and injured spinal cord portions were removed for explant cultures. After 7 days in culture, specimens were fixed for immunostaining neural precursor cells, and cell counts were taken. RESULTS: Histological analysis demonstrated cystic cavitary lesions with a rim of white-matter sparing in all specimens. In animals treated with hedgehog agonist for a contusion injury, a significant increase in the number of nestin- and musashi-1-positive neural precursor cells at the rim of the cavity was noted. CONCLUSION: There was a significant increase in the number of O4-positive oligodendrocyte precursors compared with uninjured controls and BrdU-positive cells, reproducing the findings of previous studies using direct Shh protein injection, which demonstrated spared white matter and increased recovery.

Synthesis and evaluation of a near-infrared fluorescent non-peptidic bivalent integrin alpha(v)beta(3) antagonist for cancer imaging.

Computer modeling approaches to identify new inhibitors are essentially a very sophisticated and efficient way to design drugs. In this study, a bivalent nonpeptide intergrin alpha(v)beta(3) antagonist (bivalent IA) has been synthesized on the basis of an in silico rational design approach. A near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent imaging probe has been developed from this bivalent compound. In vitro binding assays have shown that the bivalent IA (IC(50) = 0.40 +/- 0.11 nM) exhibited improved integrin alpha(v)beta(3) affinity in comparison with the monovalent IA (IC(50) = 22.33 +/- 4.51 nM), resulting in an over 50-fold improvement in receptor affinity. NIR imaging probe, bivalent-IA-Cy5.5 conjugate, also demonstrated significantly increased binding affinity (IC(50) = 0.13 +/- 0.02 nM). Fluorescence microscopy studies showed integrin-mediated endocytosis of bivalent-IA-Cy5.5 in U87 cells which was effectively blocked by nonfluorescent bivalent IA. We also demonstrated tumor accumulation of this NIR imaging probe in U87 mouse xenografts.

Endogenous stem cell proliferation induced by intravenous hedgehog agonist administration after contusion in the adult rat spinal cord.

OBJECT: Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is a glycoprotein molecule that upregulates the transcription factor Gli1. The Shh protein plays a critical role in the proliferation of endogenous neural precursor cells when directly injected into the spinal cord after a spinal cord injury in adult rodents. Small-molecule agonists of the hedgehog (Hh) pathway were used in an attempt to reproduce these findings through intravenous administration. METHODS: The expression of Gli1 was measured in rat spinal cord after the intravenous administration of an Hh agonist. Ten adult rats received a moderate contusion and were treated with either an Hh agonist (10 mg/kg, intravenously) or vehicle (5 rodents per group) 1 hour and 4 days after injury. The rats were killed 5 days postinjury. Tissue samples were immediately placed in fixative. Samples were immunohistochemically stained for neural precursor cells, and these cells were counted. RESULTS: Systemic dosing with an Hh agonist significantly upregulated Gli1 expression in the spinal cord (p < 0.005). After spinal contusion, animals treated with the Hh agonist had significantly more nestin-positive neural precursor cells around the rim of the lesion cavity than in vehicle-treated controls (means +/- SDs, 46.9 +/- 12.9 vs 20.9 +/- 8.3 cells/hpf, respectively, p < 0.005). There was no significant difference in the area of white matter injury between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: An intravenous Hh agonist at doses that upregulate spinal cord Gli1 transcription also increases the population of neural precursor cells after spinal cord injury in adult rats. These data support previous findings based on injections of Shh protein directly into the spinal cord.

Stem cell biology and its therapeutic applications in the setting of spinal cord injury.

The development of an acute traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) inevitably leads to a complex cascade of ischemia and inflammation that results in significant scar tissue formation. The development of such scar tissue provides a severe impediment to neural regeneration and healing with restoration of function. A multimodal approach to treatment is required because SCIs occur with differing levels of severity and over different lengths of time. To achieve significant breakthroughs in outcomes, such approaches must combine both neuroprotective and neuroregenerative treatments. Novel techniques modulating endogenous stem cells demonstrate great promise in promoting neuroregeneration and restoring function.

Modulation of dopaminergic and glutamatergic brain function: PET studies on parkinsonian rats.

UNLABELLED: Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta is a cardinal feature of Parkinson's disease (PD). Although uncertain, the pathology has been suggested to derive from a malfunction of the complex interaction between dopaminergic and metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). To further address this issue, we investigated the imaging profile and expression of dopamine D(2) receptors and mGluRs in a classic parkinsonian rodent model induced by the toxin 6-hydroxydopamine. METHODS: Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (250-300 g) received a stereotaxic injection of 8 mug/2 muL of 6-hydroxydopamine (n = 6) or saline solution (n = 4) in the right medial forebrain bundle. Small-animal PET was performed on all rats 4 wk after the surgical procedure to assess dopamine transporter (DAT) status using (11)C-2beta-carbomethoxy-3beta-(4-fluorophenyl)-tropane (CFT), as well as dopamine D(2) receptor and mGluR(5) modulation using (11)C-raclopride and 2-(11)C-methyl-6-(2-phenylethynyl)-pyridine ((11)C-MPEP), respectively. Behavioral studies were also conducted 6 wk after lesioning by d-amphetamine challenge. Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting were carried out at 8 wk after lesioning to confirm dopamine fiber, neuronal loss, and level of striatal mGluR(5) expression. RESULTS: PET images showed decreased (11)C-CFT binding on the lesioned side, including the structures of the striatum, hippocampus, and cortex, compared with the contralateral intact side. Interestingly, dopamine D(2) receptors and mGluR(5) upregulation were observed in the right striatum, hippocampus, and cortex, using (11)C-raclopride and (11)C-MPEP, respectively. A negative correlation was also found between the percentage change in mGluR(5) expression and DAT function. Finally, tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity confirmed both dopamine fiber loss (t test, P < 0.01) and neuronal loss (t test, P < 0.01) on the lesioned side. These changes were accompanied by a strongly enhanced mGluR(5) expression in the right striatum of the lesioned side analyzed by Western plot. CONCLUSION: These findings support the existence of compensatory mechanisms in nigrostriatal dopamine degeneration and provide new insights that help further dissect some of the pathways underlying neurodegeneration. In addition, these results reconfirm that PET is a valuable tool for multilevel receptor studies, significantly contributing to the understanding of pathogenic mechanisms and ultimately opening new avenues in the study of neuroprotective approaches toward PD.

Dual-modality in vivo monitoring of subventricular zone stem cell migration and metabolism.

Rat subventricular zone (SVZ) stem cells were labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (SPIO) to follow their fate and migratory potential with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET). Labeled cells were transplanted into either the right rostral migratory stream (RMS) or striatum of normal adult Sprague-Dawley rats and serially followed for 3 months. Minimal migration of the cells implanted into the striatum was observed after 3 weeks whereas SVZ cells implanted into the RMS migrated toward the olfactory bulb at 1 week post-transplantation. PET studies of glucose metabolism using (18)F-FDG demonstrated enhanced glucose utilization in the striatum of transplanted animals. PET studies conducted 3 months after transplantation showed elevated accumulation of (11)C-raclopride (dopamine receptor type 2) and (11)C-CFT (dopamine transporter) binding in the striatal grafts. Implanted SVZ cells did not induce significant inflammation as identified by PET using (11)C-PK11195, a ligand detecting activated microglia. Histological analysis identified viable SPIO-labeled cells (some of which were nestin-positive) 7 weeks post-transplantation, suggesting a prolonged presence of undifferentiated neural stem cells within transplants. In addition, double immunostaining for neuronal and astrocytic markers (NeuN and GFAP) indicated that differentiation into neuronal and astrocytic phenotypes also occurred. Thus, combining MRI and PET enables monitoring of cell migration and metabolism non-invasively in vivo for extended periods of time.

Positron emission tomography of herpes simplex virus 1 oncolysis.

Viral oncolysis, the destruction of cancer cells by replicating viruses, is under clinical investigation for cancer therapy. Lytic viral replication in cancer cells both destroys the cells and liberates progeny virion to infect adjacent cancer cells. The safety and efficacy of this approach are dependent on selective and robust viral replication in cancer cells rather than in normal cells. Methods to detect and quantify viral replication in tissues have relied on organ sampling for molecular analyses. Preclinical and clinical studies of viral oncolysis will benefit significantly from development of a noninvasive method to repetitively measure viral replication. We have shown that positron emission tomography (PET) allows for in vivo detection of herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 replication in tumor cells using 9-(4-[(18)F]-fluoro-3-[hydroxymethyl]butyl)guanine ([(18)F]FHBG) as the substrate for HSV thymidine kinase (HSV-TK). As expected, phosphorylated [(18)F]FHBG is initially trapped within HSV-1-infected tumor cells and is detectable as early as 2 h following virus administration. MicroPET images reveal that [(18)F]FHBG accumulation in HSV-1-infected tumors peaks at 6 h. However, despite progressive accumulation of HSV-1 titers and HSV-TK protein in the tumor as viral oncolysis proceeds, tumor cell degradation resulting from viral oncolysis increases over time, which limits intracellular retention of [(18)F]FHBG. These observations have important consequences with regard to strategies to use [(18)F]FHBG PET for monitoring sites of HSV-TK expression during viral oncolysis.

Evaluation of four pyridine analogs to characterize 6-OHDA-induced modulation of mGluR5 function in rat brain using microPET studies.

Micro-positron emission tomography imaging studies were conducted to characterize modulation of metabotropic glutamate subtype-5 receptor (mGluR5) function in a 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced rat model of Parkinson's disease using four analogical PET ligands: 2-[(11)C]methyl-6-(2-phenylethynyl) pyridine ([(11)C]MPEP), 2-(2-(3-[(11)C]methoxyphenyl)ethynyl)pyridine ([(11)C]M-MPEP), 2-(2-(5-[(11)C]methoxypyridin-3-yl)ethynyl)pyridine ([(11)C]M-PEPy), and 3-[(2-[(18)F]methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)ethynyl]pyridine ([(18)F]M-TEP). A total of 45 positron emission tomography (PET) imaging studies were conducted on nine male Sprague-Dawley rats within 4 to 6 weeks after unilateral 6-OHDA lesioning into the right medial forebrain bundle. The severity of the lesion was determined with [(11)C]CFT ([(11)C]2-beta-carbomethoxy-3-beta-(4-fluorophenyl)tropane), a specific and sensitive ligand for imaging dopamine transporter function. The binding potential (BP) images were processed on pixel-by-pixel basis by using a method of the distribution volume ratio with cerebellum as a reference tissue. The values for BP were determined on striatum, hippocampus, and cortex. [(11)C]CFT binding was decreased on the lesioned (right) striatum by 35.4%+/-13.4% compared with the intact left striatum, indicating corresponding loss of presynaptic dopamine terminals. On the same areas of the lesioned striatum, three of the four tested mGluR5 ligands showed enhanced binding characteristics. The average differences between the right and left striatum were 4.4%+/-6.5% (P<0.05) with [(11)C]MPEP, -0.1%+/-1.7% (P>0.05) with [(11)C]M-MPEP, 3.9%+/-4.6% (P<0.05) with [(11)C]M-PEPy, and 6.6%+/-2.7% (P>0.05) with [(18)F]M-TEP. The enhanced binding was also observed in the right hippocampus and cortex. These studies showed that glutamatergic neurotransmission might have a complementary role in dopaminergic degeneration, which can be evaluated by in vivo PET imaging.

Tryptamine induces tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase-mediated neurodegeneration with neurofibrillary tangles in human cell and mouse models.

The neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other taupathies include neurofibrillary tangles and plaques. Despite the fact that only 2-10% of AD cases are associated with genetic mutations, no nontransgenic or metabolic models have been generated to date. The findings of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (TrpRS) in plaques of the AD brain were reported recently by the authors. Here it is shown that expression of cytoplasmic-TrpRS is inversely correlated with neurofibrillary degeneration, whereas a nonionic detergent-insoluble presumably aggregated TrpRS is simultaneously accumulated in human cells treated by tryptamine, a metabolic tryptophan analog that acts as a competitive inhibitor of TrpRS. TrpRSN- terminal peptide self-assembles in double-helical fibrils in vitro. Herein, tryptamine causes neuropathy characterized by motor and behavioral deficits, hippocampal neuronal loss, neurofibrillary tangles, amyloidosis, and glucose decrease in mice. Tryptamine induced the formation of helical fibrillary tangles in both hippocampal neurons and glia. Taken together with the authors' previous findings of tryptamine-induced nephrotoxicity and filamentous tangle formation in kidney cells, the authors' data indicates a general role of tryptamine in cell degeneration and loss. It is concluded that tryptamine as a component of a normal diet can induce neurodegeneration at the concentrations, which might be consumed along with food. Tryptophan-dependent tRNAtrp aminoacylation catalyzed by TrpRS can be inhibited by its substrate tryptophan at physiological concentrations was demonstrated. These findings indicate that the dietary supplementation with tryptophan as a tryptamine competitor may not counteract the deleterious influence of tryptamine. The pivotal role of TrpRS in protecting against neurodegeneration is suggested, providing an insight into the pathogenesis and a possible treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

Methoxyphenylethynyl, methoxypyridylethynyl and phenylethynyl derivatives of pyridine: synthesis, radiolabeling and evaluation of new PET ligands for metabotropic glutamate subtype 5 receptors.

We have synthesized three different PET ligands to investigate the physiological function of metabotropic glutamate subtype 5 receptors (mGluR5) in vivo: 2-[(11)C]methyl-6-(2-phenylethynyl)pyridine ([(11)C]MPEP), 2-(2-(3-[(11)C]methoxyphenyl)ethynyl)pyridine ([(11)C]M-MPEP) and 2-(2-(5-[(11)C]methoxypyridin-3-yl)ethynyl)pyridine ([(11)C]M-PEPy). [(11)C]Methyl iodide was used to label the compounds under basic conditions, and a Pd(0) catalyst was applied to label [(11)C]MPEP in a Stille coupling reaction. In vivo microPET imaging studies of the functional accumulation of radiolabeled ligands were conducted in 35 rats (Sprague-Dawley, 8 weeks old male, weight of 300 g). Specific binding was tested using pre-administration of unlabeled mGluR5 antagonist 2-methyl-6-(2-phenylethynyl)pyridine (MPEP) (10 mg/kg iv 5 min before radioactivity injection). In the radiolabeling of [(11)C]MPEP, [(11)C]M-MPEP and [(11)C]M-PEPy, a specific radioactivity of 700-1200 mCi/micromol and over 97% radiochemical purity were obtained. The microPET studies showed these three radiolabeled mGluR5 antagonists having the highest binding in the olfactory bulb followed by striatum, hippocampus and cortex. Pre-administration of the mGluR5 antagonist MPEP induced a 45.1% decrease in [(11)C]MPEP binding, a 59.7% decrease in [(11)C]M-MPEP binding and an 84.6% decrease in [(11)C]M-PEPy binding in the olfactory bulb at 5 min. The feasibility of synthesizing high-affinity and high-selectivity ligands for mGluR5 receptors and their suitability as PET imaging ligands for mGluR5 receptors in vivo are demonstrated.

Organic carbon stock in topsoil of Jiangsu Province, China, and the recent trend of carbon sequestration.

Data collection of soil organic carbon(SOC) of 154 soil series of Jiangsu, China from the second provincial soil survey and of recent changes in SOC from a number of field pilot experiments across the province were collected. Statistical analysis of SOC contents and soil properties related to organic carbon storage were performed. The provincial total topsoil SOC stock was estimated to be 0.1 Pg with an extended pool of 0.4 Pg taking soil depth of 1 m, being relatively small compared to its total land area of 101700 km2 . One quarter of this topsoil stock was found in the soils of the Taihu Lake region that occupied 1/6 of the provincial arable area. Paddy soils accounted for over 50% of this stock in terms of SOC distribution among the soil types in the province. Experimental data from experimental farms widely distributed in the province showed that SOC storage increased consistently over the last 20 years despite a previously reported decreasing tendency during the period between 1950--1970. The evidence indicated that agricultural management practices such as irrigation, straw return and rotation of upland crops with rice or wheat crops contributed significantly to the increase in SOC storage. The annual carbon sequestration rate in the soils was in the range of 0.3-3.5 tC/(hm2 x a), depending on cropping systems and other agricultural practices. Thus, the agricultural production in the province, despite the high input, could serve as one of the practical methods to mitigate the increasing air CO2.

Cerebral PET imaging and histological evidence of transglutaminase inhibitor cystamine induced neuroprotection in transgenic R6/2 mouse model of Huntington's disease.

To investigate efficacy of cystamine induced neuroprotection, we conducted PET imaging studies of cerebral glucose metabolism with [(18)F]FDG (2-deoxy-2-[(18)F]fluoro-d-glucose) and striatal dopamine D2 receptor function with [(11)C]raclopride in R6/2 transgenic Huntington mice. In the control mice, exponentially decreasing glucose utilization was observed in the striatum N(str) [SUV]=(41.75+/-11.80)(58,str)*exp(-(0.041+/-0.007)*t [days]); cortex N(cort) [SUV]=24.14+/-3.66)(58,cort)*exp(-(0.043+/-0.007)*t [days]); and cerebellum N(cer) [SUV]=(34.97+/-10.58)(58,cer)*exp(-(0.037+/-0.008)*t [days]) as a function of age starting at 58 days. Given that the underlying degeneration rate in the cystamine treated mice is similar to that observed in control animals, the protection coefficient (beta) calculated from the equation N(t)=N(58)*exp(-(1-beta)*k*t) was 0.133+/-0.035 for the striatum; 0.122+/-0.028 for the cortex and 0.224+/-00.042 for the cerebellum with a dose of 100 mg/kg. The 50 mg/kg cystamine dose provided significant protection only for the striatum and only minor protection was obtained using lower doses. Striatal binding potential of [(11)C]raclopride was 1.059+/-0.030 in the control mice, and enhanced in the cystamine treated animals in a dose dependent manner up to 1.245+/-0.063 using the 100 mg/kg dose. Histological analysis confirmed cystamine induced neuroprotection of striatal and cortical neurons and Nissl staining revealed that formation of cellular inclusions was reversed in a dose dependent manner. Cerebral imaging and histological evidence support the use of cystamine as a neuroprotective agent for Huntington's disease (HD) pathology.

3-Nitropropionic acid-induced neurotoxicity--assessed by ultra high resolution positron emission tomography with comparison to magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

To explore acute and long-term effects of 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP)-induced neurotoxicity, longitudinal positron emission tomography (PET) studies of energy metabolism and magnetic resonance spectroscopic (MRS) studies of neurochemicals were conducted in a rat model. The first injection of 3-NP (20 mg/kg i.p.) was followed by MRS study of neurochemicals and PET study of glucose utilization using [(18)F]2-fluorodeoxy-D-glucose ((18)F-FDG). After that, 3-NP administration was done two times a day with a dose of 10 mg/kg i.p. until animals were symptomatic or for a maximum of 5 days combined with daily PET studies. Long-term effects were investigated 4 weeks and 4 months after cessation of 3-NP. These studies showed a significant inter-animal variation in response of 3-NP toxicity. Animals that developed large striatal lesions had decreased glucose utilization in the striatum and cortex 1 day after starting 3-NP injections. Similarly succinate and lactate/macromolecule levels were enhanced; these changes being, however, reversible. Progressive degeneration was observed by decreasing striatal glucose utilization and N-acetylaspartate (NAA) and increasing choline. These observations paralleled with weight loss and deficits in behavior. Animals that did not develop lesions showed reversible enhancement in cortical glucose utilization and no change in striatal glucose utilization or neurochemicals or locomotor activity.

Radiolabeling and biodistribution of methyl 2-(methoxycarbonyl)-2-(methylamino) bicyclo[2.1.1] -hexane -5-carboxylate, a potential neuroprotective drug.

Methyl 2-(methoxycarbonyl) -2-(methylamino) bicyclo[2.1.1] -hexane -5-carboxylate (MMMHC) is developed as a potential neuroprotective drug. It was labeled with C-11 from the desmethyl precursor methyl 2-(methoxycarbonyl)-2-amino bicyclo[2.1.1]-hexane-5-carboxylate with [11C]methyl triflate in acetone solution at 60 degrees C with labeling yield of 69% and with radiochemical purity of >99%. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) studies in a normal rat showed that Methyl 2-(methoxycarbonyl)-2-([11C]methylamino)bicyclo[2.1.1]-hexane-5-carboxylate ([11C] MMMHC) accumulated mainly in the cortical brain areas after iv administration. Frontal cortex/cerebellum ratios in a rat brain were 8.0/6.0, 6.8/4.2, 6.3/4.3, 5.5/4.2 and 5.2/4.5 percent of the injected dose in 100 ml at 2 min, 5 min, 10 min, 20 min and 40 min respectively after i.v. injection. During 20-40 min, 2.9+/-0.4% of the total activity stayed in the brain. These results showed that MMMHC could be labeled with C-11 with high yield, and it passed the brain-blood barrier and accumulated in several brain regions.