RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The health of oral cavity is considered as an important indicator of aging. Oral microbiota is highly associated with the oral health, while the variation of oral microbiome in elderly population and characteristic microbes associated with aging remain unclear. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: In this study, 130 elderly subjects were recruited and divided into 3 groups according to their age: Stage I group (65 ≤ years < 70), Stage II group (70 ≤ years < 75), and Stage III group (75 ≤ years < 80). Their physiological indices were analyzed with using Illumina MiSeq platform and the oral microbiome was determined by high-throughput sequencing. RESULTS: Along with aging, the level of fasting blood glucose, systolic pressure and monocytes are significantly increased. No significant difference was detected on the whole structure of the oral microbiome among groups. While using Metastats and Spearman's correlation analysis, specific bacteria were identified as potential age- or health index-related bacterial genera including Fusobacterium, Parvimonas, Porphyromonas, Aminobacter, Collinsella, Clostridium and Acinetobacter. CONCLUSION: Our study revealed that the composition structure of salivary microbiota in elderly population was relatively stable while specific bacteria were correlated with age and health status, which is promising to be served as health indicators of the elderly after further exploration.
Asunto(s)
Envejecimiento , Estado de Salud , Microbiota , Boca , Saliva , Humanos , Anciano , Masculino , Femenino , Envejecimiento/fisiología , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Saliva/microbiología , Boca/microbiología , China , Glucemia/análisis , Presión Sanguínea/fisiología , Salud Bucal , Monocitos/microbiología , Pueblos del Este de AsiaRESUMEN
NASH (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis) is a severe liver disease characterized by hepatic chronic inflammation that can be associated with the gut microbiota. In this study, we explored the therapeutic effect of Gynostemma pentaphyllum extract (GPE), a Chinese herbal extract, on methionine- and choline-deficient (MCD) diet-induced NASH mice. Based on the peak area, the top ten compounds in GPE were hydroxylinolenic acid, rutin, hydroxylinoleic acid, vanillic acid, methyl vanillate, quercetin, pheophorbide A, protocatechuic acid, aurantiamide acetate, and iso-rhamnetin. We found that four weeks of GPE treatment alleviated hepatic confluent zone inflammation, hepatocyte lipid accumulation, and lipid peroxidation in the mouse model. According to the 16S rRNA gene V3-V4 region sequencing of the colonic contents, the gut microbiota structure of the mice was significantly changed after GPE supplementation. Especially, GPE enriched the abundance of potentially beneficial bacteria such as Akkerrmansia and decreased the abundance of opportunistic pathogens such as Klebsiella. Moreover, RNA sequencing revealed that the GPE group showed an anti-inflammatory liver characterized by the repression of the NF-kappa B signaling pathway compared with the MCD group. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) also showed that GPE downregulated the pathogen-induced cytokine storm pathway, which was associated with inflammation. A high dose of GPE (HGPE) significantly downregulated the expression levels of the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), myeloid differentiation factor 88 (Myd88), cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14), and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) genes, as verified by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Our results suggested that the therapeutic potential of GPE for NASH mice may be related to improvements in the intestinal microenvironment and a reduction in liver inflammation.
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Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Gynostemma , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico , Extractos Vegetales , Animales , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico/tratamiento farmacológico , Ratones , Gynostemma/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Masculino , Inflamación/tratamiento farmacológico , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/metabolismo , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Antiinflamatorios/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Butyrate-producing bacteria (BPB) are potential probiotic candidates for inflammatory bowel diseases as they are often depleted in the diseased gut microbiota. However, here we found that augmentation of a human-derived butyrate-producing strain, Anaerostipes hadrus BPB5, significantly aggravated colitis in dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-treated mice while exerted no detrimental effect in healthy mice. We explored how the interaction between BPB5 and gut microbiota may contribute to this differential impact on the hosts. Butyrate production and severity of colitis were assessed in both healthy and DSS-treated mice, and gut microbiota structural changes were analysed using high-throughput sequencing. BPB5-inoculated healthy mice showed no signs of colitis, but increased butyrate content in the gut. In DSS-treated mice, BPB5 augmentation did not increase butyrate content, but induced significantly more severe disease activity index and much higher mortality. BPB5 didn't induce significant changes of gut microbiota in healthy hosts, but expedited the structural shifts 3 days earlier toward the disease phase in BPB5-augmented than DSS-treated animals. The differential response of gut microbiota in healthy and DSS-treated mice to the same potentially beneficial bacterium with drastically different health consequences suggest that animals with dysbiotic gut microbiota should also be employed for the safety assessment of probiotic candidates.
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Ácido Butírico/metabolismo , Clostridiales/patogenicidad , Colitis/microbiología , Colon/microbiología , Disbiosis/microbiología , Genoma Bacteriano , Adulto , Animales , Clostridiales/genética , Clostridiales/crecimiento & desarrollo , Clostridiales/metabolismo , Colitis/inducido químicamente , Colitis/patología , Colon/patología , Sulfato de Dextran , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Disbiosis/inducido químicamente , Disbiosis/patología , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/fisiología , Secuenciación de Nucleótidos de Alto Rendimiento , Humanos , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Endogámicos ICR , Interacciones MicrobianasRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to analyze the diversities and differences of several mammalian' s faecal bacteria, to understand the relationships between bacterium diversities and animals' evolutionary and animals' feeds. METHODS: Genomic DNA of feces was extracted and amplified for the 16S rDNA V3 tags, and then the tags were sequenced by 454 sequencing. QIIME were used to analyze faecal bacterial diversities. RESULTS: Faecal bacteria of all animals were dominated by Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria. Bacterial diversities of Hylobates hoolock, Pan troglodytes and Rhinopithecus roxellanae were the highest, followed by Panthera tigris altaica, Ailuropoda melanoleuca and Ursus thibetanus were the lowest through α diversity analysis. The constituents of faecal bacteria among Hylobates hoolock, Pan troglodytes and Rhinopithecus roxellanae were similar. The constituents of faecal bacteria among Ailuropoda melanoleuca, Ursus thibetanu, and Panthera tigris altaica were similar. Mainly for containning Fusobacteria, the faecal bacterial of Panthera tigris altaica differed from the other two carnivore animals through ß diversity analysis. CONCLUSION: The dominating faecal bacteria were obvious, the bacteria similarities of the two repetitions were the highest. The diversities of each animal were different and higher in the primates. Both evolution and food were related to faecal bacteria. This study provided some references for exploring the new microorganism and further research of faecal bacteria.
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Bacterias/aislamiento & purificación , Biodiversidad , Heces/microbiología , Mamíferos/microbiología , Animales , Bacterias/clasificación , Bacterias/genética , Secuencia de Bases , ADN Bacteriano/genética , Haplorrinos , Secuenciación de Nucleótidos de Alto Rendimiento , Hylobates , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Filogenia , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Tigres , UrsidaeRESUMEN
Accumulating evidence suggests that the gut microbiota is an important factor in mediating the development of obesity-related metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes. Metformin and berberine, two clinically effective drugs for treating diabetes, have recently been shown to exert their actions through modulating the gut microbiota. In this study, we demonstrated that metformin and berberine similarly shifted the overall structure of the gut microbiota in rats. Both drugs showed reverting effects on the high-fat diet-induced structural changes of gut microbiota. The diversity of gut microbiota was significantly reduced by both berberine- and metformin-treatments. Nearest shrunken centroids analysis identified 134 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) responding to the treatments, which showed close associations with the changes of obese phenotypes. Sixty out of the 134 OTUs were decreased by both drugs, while those belonging to putative short-chain fatty acids (SCFA)-producing bacteria, including Allobaculum, Bacteriodes, Blautia, Butyricoccus, and Phascolarctobacterium, were markedly increased by both berberine and, to a lesser extent, metformin. Taken together, our findings suggest that berberine and metformin showed similarity in modulating the gut microbiota, including the enrichment of SCFA-producing bacteria and reduction of microbial diversity, which may contribute to their beneficial effects to the host.
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Fármacos Antiobesidad/farmacología , Bacterias/efectos de los fármacos , Berberina/farmacología , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Metformina/farmacología , Obesidad/tratamiento farmacológico , Animales , Bacterias/clasificación , Bacterias/metabolismo , Secuencia de Bases , Dieta Alta en Grasa , Ácidos Grasos Volátiles/biosíntesis , Heces/microbiología , Tracto Gastrointestinal/microbiología , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Análisis de Secuencia de ADNRESUMEN
The same prebiotics have produced inconsistent effects on microbiota when evaluated in different batch fermentation studies. To understand the reasons behind these discrepancies, we compared impact of one prebiotic formula on the same inoculated fecal microbiota in two frequently used batch systems: phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, oligotrophic) and basal culture medium (BCM, eutrophic). The microbiota was monitored using 454 pyrosequencing. Negative controls (no prebiotic) of both systems showed significant shifts in the microbiota during fermentation, although their pH remained relatively stable, especially in BCM, with increases in Bilophila and Escherichia/Shigella but a decrease in Faecalibacterium. We identified prebiotic responders via redundancy analysis by including both baseline and negative controls. The key positive and negative responders in the two systems were very different, with only 8 consistently modulated OTUs (7 of the 28 positive responders and 1 of the 35 negative responders). Moreover, some OTUs within the same genus responded to the prebiotic in opposite ways. Therefore, to obtain a complete in vitro evaluation of the modulatory effects of a prebiotic on microbiota, it is necessary to use both oligotrophic and eutrophic systems, compare treatment groups with both baseline and negative controls, and analyze the microbiota changes down to the OTU level.
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Reactores Biológicos/microbiología , Medios de Cultivo/metabolismo , Eutrofización/fisiología , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/fisiología , Prebióticos/administración & dosificación , Prebióticos/microbiología , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Proliferación Celular/fisiología , Fermentación/fisiología , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Especificidad de la EspecieRESUMEN
UNLABELLED: The giant panda evolved from omnivorous bears. It lives on a bamboo-dominated diet at present, but it still retains a typical carnivorous digestive system and is genetically deficient in cellulose-digesting enzymes. To find out whether this endangered mammalian species, like other herbivores, has successfully developed a gut microbiota adapted to its fiber-rich diet, we conducted a 16S rRNA gene-based large-scale structural profiling of the giant panda fecal microbiota. Forty-five captive individuals were sampled in spring, summer, and late autumn within 1 year. Significant intraindividual variations in the diversity and structure of gut microbiota across seasons were observed in this population, which were even greater than the variations between individuals. Compared with published data sets involving 124 gut microbiota profiles from 54 mammalian species, these giant pandas, together with 9 captive and 7 wild individuals investigated previously, showed extremely low gut microbiota diversity and an overall structure that diverged from those of nonpanda herbivores but converged with those of carnivorous and omnivorous bears. The giant panda did not harbor putative cellulose-degrading phylotypes such as Ruminococcaceae and Bacteroides bacteria that are typically enriched in other herbivores, but instead, its microbiota was dominated by Escherichia/Shigella and Streptococcus bacteria. Members of the class Clostridia were common and abundant in the giant panda gut microbiota, but most of the members present were absent in other herbivores and were not phylogenetically related with known cellulolytic lineages. Therefore, the giant panda appears not to have evolved a gut microbiota compatible with its newly adopted diet, which may adversely influence the coevolutionary fitness of this herbivore. IMPORTANCE: The giant panda, an endangered mammalian species endemic to western China, is well known for its unique bamboo diet. Unlike other herbivores that have successfully evolved anatomically specialized digestive systems to efficiently deconstruct fibrous plant matter, the giant panda still retains a gastrointestinal tract typical of carnivores. We characterized the fecal bacterial communities from a giant panda population to determine whether this animal relies on its symbiotic gut microbiota to cope with the complex carbohydrates that dominate its diet, as is common in other herbivores. We found that the giant panda gut microbiota is low in diversity and highly variable across seasons. It also shows an overall composition typical of bears and entirely differentiated from other herbivores, with low levels of putative cellulose-digesting bacteria. The gut microbiota of this herbivore, therefore, may not have well adapted to its highly fibrous diet, suggesting a potential link with its poor digestive efficiency.
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Heces/microbiología , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Ursidae/microbiología , Animales , Animales de Zoológico , China , Análisis por Conglomerados , ADN Bacteriano/química , ADN Bacteriano/genética , ADN Ribosómico/química , ADN Ribosómico/genética , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Filogenia , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Estaciones del Año , Análisis de Secuencia de ADNRESUMEN
Structural profiling of healthy human gut microbiota across heterogeneous populations is necessary for benchmarking and characterizing the potential ecosystem services provided by particular gut symbionts for maintaining the health of their hosts. Here we performed a large structural survey of fecal microbiota in 314 healthy young adults, covering 20 rural and urban cohorts from 7 ethnic groups living in 9 provinces throughout China. Canonical analysis of unweighted UniFrac principal coordinates clustered the subjects mainly by their ethnicities/geography and less so by lifestyles. Nine predominant genera, all of which are known to contain short-chain fatty acid producers, co-occurred in all individuals and collectively represented nearly half of the total sequences. Interestingly, species-level compositional profiles within these nine genera still discriminated the subjects according to their ethnicities/geography and lifestyles. Therefore, a phylogenetically diverse core of gut microbiota at the genus level may be commonly shared by distinctive healthy populations as functionally indispensable ecosystem service providers for the hosts.
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Bacterias/genética , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Intestinos/microbiología , Estilo de Vida , Microbiota/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , China , Análisis por Conglomerados , Estudios de Cohortes , Ecosistema , Etnicidad , Ácidos Grasos Volátiles/química , Heces , Femenino , Geografía , Humanos , Masculino , Filogenia , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
The gut microbiota is hypothesized to have a critical role in metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes (T2D). A traditional Chinese herbal formula, Gegen Qinlian Decoction (GQD), can alleviate T2D. To find out whether GQD modulates the composition of the gut microbiota during T2D treatment, 187 T2D patients were randomly allocated to receive high (HD, n=44), moderate (MD, n=52), low dose GQD (LD, n=50) or the placebo (n=41) for 12 weeks in a double-blinded trial. Patients who received the HD or MD demonstrated significant reductions in adjusted mean changes from baseline of fasting blood glucose (FBG) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) compared with the placebo and LD groups. Pyrosequencing of the V3 regions of 16S rRNA genes revealed a dose-dependent deviation of gut microbiota in response to GQD treatment. This deviation occurred before significant improvement of T2D symptoms was observed. Redundancy analysis identified 47 GQD-enriched species level phylotypes, 17 of which were negatively correlated with FBG and 9 with HbA1c. Real-time quantitative PCR confirmed that GQD significantly enriched Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, which was negatively correlated with FBG, HbA1c and 2-h postprandial blood glucose levels and positively correlated with homeostasis model assessment of ß-cell function. Therefore, these data indicate that structural changes of gut microbiota are induced by Chinese herbal formula GQD. Specifically, GQD treatment may enrich the amounts of beneficial bacteria, such as Faecalibacterium spp. In conclusion, changes in the gut microbiota are associated with the anti-diabetic effects of GQD.
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Bacterias/efectos de los fármacos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamiento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/microbiología , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/administración & dosificación , Tracto Gastrointestinal/microbiología , Microbiota/efectos de los fármacos , Adulto , Anciano , Bacterias/genética , Bacterias/crecimiento & desarrollo , Bacterias/aislamiento & purificación , Glucemia/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Femenino , Tracto Gastrointestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Hemoglobina Glucada/metabolismo , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
Chronic inflammation induced by endotoxin from a dysbiotic gut microbiota contributes to the development of obesity-related metabolic disorders. Modification of gut microbiota by a diet to balance its composition becomes a promising strategy to help manage obesity. A dietary scheme based on whole grains, traditional Chinese medicinal foods, and prebiotics (WTP diet) was designed to meet human nutritional needs as well as balance the gut microbiota. Ninety-three of 123 central obese volunteers (BMI ≥ 28 kg m(-2) ) completed a self-controlled clinical trial consisting of 9-week intervention on WTP diet followed by a 14-week maintenance period. The average weight loss reached 5.79 ± 4.64 kg (6.62 ± 4.94%), in addition to improvement in insulin sensitivity, lipid profiles, and blood pressure. Pyrosequencing of fecal samples showed that phylotypes related to endotoxin-producing opportunistic pathogens of Enterobacteriaceae and Desulfovibrionaceae were reduced significantly, while those related to gut barrier-protecting bacteria of Bifidobacteriaceae increased. Gut permeability, measured as lactulose/mannitol ratio, was decreased compared with the baseline. Plasma endotoxin load as lipopolysaccharide-binding protein was also significantly reduced, with concomitant decrease in tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and an increase in adiponectin. These results suggest that modulation of the gut microbiota via dietary intervention may enhance the intestinal barrier integrity, reduce circulating antigen load, and ultimately ameliorate the inflammation and metabolic phenotypes.