The non-ionizing electromagnetic stimulation enhanced antibody production (NESEAP) effect - Discovery and technological applications.

The rise of biological therapeutics in the global pharmaceuticals market has escalated the demand for quality monoclonal antibodies for healthcare and scientific applications. Reducing costs while enhancing production yields without compromising quality are the main challenges to the growth of this industry today. Over the last two decades non-ionizing radiation has been demonstrated to elicit targeted biological responses in a frequency and dose dependent manner. We hypothesize and design a millimeter wave radiation procedure to enhance the yields of antibody-producing hybridoma cell lines. We demonstrate this method enhances the production of IgA and IgG antibodies from MOPC315.BM and U13.6 cells by a factor of 24.05 ± 3.32 and 1.41 ± 0.03 respectively relative to untreated cells. No treatment associated cytotoxicity was observed in either cell line corroborating physiological viability of irradiated cells. Our results demonstrate proof-of-concept of a novel technique to significantly enhance antibody yields from hybridoma cells which could lead to a reduction in antibody production costs. Further studies will focus on scaling up of this technology and employment of non-contact, tuned electromagnetic stimulation of biological systems for targeted responses.

A Fluid Perspective of Relativistic Quantum Mechanics.

In previous papers, it has been shown how Schrödinger's equation which includes an electromagnetic field interaction can be deduced from a fluid dynamical Lagrangian of a charged potential flow that interacts with an electromagnetic field. The quantum behaviour is derived from Fisher information terms added to the classical Lagrangian, showing that a quantum mechanical system is driven by information and not only electromagnetic fields. This program was applied to Pauli's equations by removing the restriction of potential flow and using the Clebsch formalism. Although the analysis was quite successful, there were terms that did not admit interpretation, a number of which can be easily traced to the relativistic Dirac theory. Here, this analysis is repeated for a relativistic flow, pointing to a new approach for deriving relativistic quantum mechanics.

Pauli's Electron in Ehrenfest and Bohm Theories, a Comparative Study.

Electrons moving at slow speeds much lower than the speed of light are described by a wave function which is a solution of Pauli's equation. This is a low-velocity limit of the relativistic Dirac equation. Here we compare two approaches, one of which is the more conservative Copenhagen's interpretation denying a trajectory of the electron but allowing a trajectory to the electron expectation value through the Ehrenfest theorem. The said expectation value is of course calculated using a solution of Pauli's equation. A less orthodox approach is championed by Bohm, and attributes a velocity field to the electron also derived from the Pauli wave function. It is thus interesting to compare the trajectory followed by the electron according to Bohm and its expectation value according to Ehrenfest. Both similarities and differences will be considered.

Fisher Information Perspective of Pauli's Electron.

An electron moving at velocities much lower that the speed of light with a spin, is described by a wave function which is a solution of Pauli's equation. It has been demonstrated that this system can be viewed as a vortical fluid which has remarkable similarities but also differences with classical ideal flows. In this respect, it was shown that the internal energy of the Pauli fluid can be interpreted, to some degree, as Fisher Information. In previous work on this subject, electromagnetic fields which are represented by a vector potential were ignored, here we remove this limitation and study the system under general electromagnetic interaction.

Phase-Amplitude Relations for a Particle with a Superposition of Two Energy Levels in a Double Potential Well.

We study the connection between the phase and the amplitude of the wave function and the conditions under which this relationship exists. For this we use the model of particle in a box. We have shown that the amplitude can be calculated from the phase and vice versa if the log analytical uncertainty relations are satisfied.

Spontaneous and explicit parity-time-symmetry breaking in drift-wave instabilities.

A method of parity-time- (PT) symmetry analysis is introduced to study the high-dimensional, complicated parameter space of drift-wave instabilities. We show that spontaneous PT-symmetry breaking leads to the ion temperature gradient instability of drift waves, and the collisional instability is the result of explicit PT-symmetry breaking. A new unstable drift wave induced by finite collisionality is identified. It is also found that gradients of ion temperature and density can destabilize the ion cyclotron waves when PT symmetry is explicitly broken by a finite collisionality.

The Lack of Toxic Effect of High-Power Short-Pulse 101 GHz Millimeter Waves on Healthy Mice.

Irradiation of cancer cells by non-ionizing millimeter waves (MMW) causes increased cell mortality. We examined if MMW have toxic effects on healthy mice. To that end, the skin of healthy C57BL/6 mice was irradiated locally at the right flank with 101 GHz MMW in a pulsed (5-10 µs) regime using a free electron laser. Irradiation was performed in a dose-dependent manner, with 20-50 pulses and a power range of 0.5-1.5 kW. Physical, physiological, and pathological parameters as well as behavior were examined before and after irradiation. Our results showed that all parameters were within normal range for all experimental mice groups and for the control group. No significant changes were noted in the physical, physiological, or behavioral status of the mice following irradiation as compared with the control group. In addition, no significant changes were found in locomotor, exploratory behavior, or anxiety of the irradiated mice and no pathological changes were noted following the hematological and biochemical blood analysis. Our results indicate that irradiation of healthy mice with MMW does not cause any general toxic effects. Bioelectromagnetics. © 2020 Bioelectromagnetics Society.

Entropy Measures as Geometrical Tools in the Study of Cosmology.

Classical chaos is often characterized as exponential divergence of nearby trajectories. In many interesting cases these trajectories can be identified with geodesic curves. We define here the entropy by S = ln χ ( x ) with χ ( x ) being the distance between two nearby geodesics. We derive an equation for the entropy, which by transformation to a Riccati-type equation becomes similar to the Jacobi equation. We further show that the geodesic equation for a null geodesic in a double-warped spacetime leads to the same entropy equation. By applying a Robertson-Walker metric for a flat three-dimensional Euclidean space expanding as a function of time, we again reach the entropy equation stressing the connection between the chosen entropy measure and time. We finally turn to the Raychaudhuri equation for expansion, which also is a Riccati equation similar to the transformed entropy equation. Those Riccati-type equations have solutions of the same form as the Jacobi equation. The Raychaudhuri equation can be transformed to a harmonic oscillator equation, and it has been shown that the geodesic deviation equation of Jacobi is essentially equivalent to that of a harmonic oscillator. The Raychaudhuri equations are strong geometrical tools in the study of general relativity and cosmology. We suggest a refined entropy measure applicable in cosmology and defined by the average deviation of the geodesics in a congruence.