Involvement of the scalloped gene in morphogenesis of the wing margin via regulating cell growth in a hemimetabolous insect Gryllus bimaculatus.

The acquisition of wings was a key event in insect evolution. As hemimetabolous insects were the first group to acquire functional wings, establishing the mechanisms of wing formation in this group could provide useful insights into their evolution. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the expression and function of the gene scalloped (sd), which is involved in wing formation in Drosophila melanogaster, and in Gryllus bimaculatus mainly during postembryonic development. Expression analysis showed that sd is expressed in the tergal edge, legs, antennae, labrum, and cerci during embryogenesis and in the distal margin of the wing pads from at least the sixth instar in the mid to late stages. Because sd knockout caused early lethality, nymphal RNA interference experiments were performed. Malformations were observed in the wings, ovipositor, and antennae. By analyzing the effects on wing morphology, it was revealed that sd is mainly involved in the formation of the margin, possibly through the regulation of cell proliferation. In conclusion, sd might regulate the local growth of wing pads and influence wing margin morphology in Gryllus.

EBV-positive mucocutaneous ulcer arising in methotrexate-treated rheumatoid arthritis patients: a clinicopathological study of 12 cases with analysis of PD-L1 expression.

Epstein-Barr virus-positive mucocutaneous ulcer (EBVMCU) is a newly recognized disease entity characterized by EBV-positive atypical B-cell proliferation. EBVMCU is a localized self-limited disease that affects mucosa and skin, especially the oral cavity. EBVMCU develops in immunosuppressive patients, such as those with methotrexate (MTX)-administrated rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Here we clinicopathologically analyzed 12 EBVMCU patients in a single institution. All cases were administrated MTX for RA, and five cases occurred in the oral cavity. All cases except one had demonstrated spontaneous regression after withdrawal of the immunosuppressive agent. We found 4 of 5 cases in the oral cavity had preceding traumatic events in the same site within a week before the onset of EBVMCU. Although there is no detailed and large study that has analyzed the trigger of EBVMCU, a traumatic event would indeed be a significant trigger for EBVMCU in the oral cavity. The cases were histologically classified; six cases were diffuse large B-cell lymphoma-type, five were polymorphous-type, and one was Hodgkin-like lesion type due to morphological appearance and immunophenotype. The PD-L1 expression was also examined by two antibodies for PD-L1 (E1J2J and SP142). Both antibodies revealed identical results for PD-L1 expression, and three cases were positive for PD-L1. The application of SP142 for evaluating the immune status of lymphomagenesis has also been proposed. Nine of 12 cases were negative for PD-L1, which implies that most EBVMCU cases may be caused by an immunodeficiency, rather than an immune-evasion, mechanism. However, as three cases were positive for PD-L1, immune escape may underly the pathogenesis in a subset of EBVMCU cases.

Cancer Antigen 125 Expression Enhances the Gemcitabine/Cisplatin-Resistant Tumor Microenvironment in Bladder Cancer.

Cancer antigen 125 (CA125) is one of the mucin family proteins and is a serum tumor marker for various tumors, such as ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, pancreatic cancer, and bladder cancer. CA125 is used to distinguish between benign and malignant tumors, monitor the response to chemotherapy, and detect relapse after initial treatment. Recently, CA125 was reported to be involved in chemoresistance through the physical characteristics of mucin or by modifying the immune tumor-microenvironment. However, the relationship between CA125 expression and chemoresistance in bladder cancer is still unclear. In this study, the clinicopathologic features of bladder cancer with CA125 expression and the status of the tumor-microenvironment related to gemcitabine/cisplatin resistance were investigated using publicly available data sets (Cancer Genome Atlas Expression, GSE169455 data set) from the cBioPortal website, the National Center for Biotechnology Information website, and an in-house case collection of bladder cancer. The cases with CA125 expression had poorer disease-free and overall survival rates than those without CA125 expression. A mucinous area surrounding cancer cells was frequently detected in cases with CA125 expression (81%; 13/16 cases). CA125 expression was also related to the immunosuppressive tumor-microenvironment through the infiltration of immunosuppressive immune cells, such as regulatory T cells and M2 macrophages. These results suggest that the status of tumor-microenvironment associated with CA125 is involved in gemcitabine/cisplatin resistance in bladder cancer.

[Epstein-Barr virus-associated subacute sensorimotor neuropathy with multiple cerebellar microbleeding: a case report].

We report the case of an 82-year-old male with subacute sensorimotor neuropathy associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, who presented with diplopia followed by gait disturbance due to limb weakness. Pathological findings of a biopsied cervical lymph node showed a high frequency of EBV-positive cells. EBV-DNA was detected in blood. A nerve conduction study suggested a mixture of axonal damage and demyelination. Brain MRI showed multiple microbleeds in cerebellar cortices, but cerebrospinal fluid EBV-PCR was negative, suggesting bleeding due to EBV-related vasculitis. Corticosteroid therapy improved the neurological symptoms and the patient was able to walk independently four months later. The main pathogenesis of the neuropathy in this case is likely to be a mixture of vasculitic neuropathy and immune-mediated demyelinating neuropathy, which are considered to be due to EBV reactivation.

CD24 is a surrogate for 'immune-cold' phenotype in aggressive large B-cell lymphoma.

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a critical regulator of the development of malignant lymphoma. Therapeutics targeting the TME, especially immune checkpoint molecules, are changing the treatment strategy for lymphoma. However, the overall response to these therapeutics for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is modest and new targets of immunotherapy are needed. To find critical immune checkpoint molecules for DLBCL, we explored the prognostic impact of immune checkpoint molecules and their ligands using publicly available datasets of gene expression profiles. In silico analysis of three independent datasets (GSE117556, GSE10846, and GSE181063) revealed that DLBCL expressing CD24 had a poor prognosis and had a high frequency of MYC aberrations. Moreover, gene set enrichment analysis showed that the 'MYC-targets-hallmark' (false discovery rate [FDR] = 0.024) and 'inflammatory-response-hallmark' (FDR = 0.001) were enriched in CD24-high and CD24-low DLBCL, respectively. In addition, the expression of cell-specific markers of various immune cells was higher in CD24-low DLBCL than in CD24-high DLBCL. CIBERSORT analysis of the datasets showed fewer macrophages in CD24-high DLBCL than in CD24-low DLBCL. Additionally, immunohistochemical analysis of 335 cases of DLBCL showed that few TME cells were found in CD24-high DLBCL, although statistical differences were not observed. These data indicate that CD24 expression suppresses immune cell components of the TME in DLBCL, suggesting that CD24 may be a target for cancer immunotherapy in aggressive large B-cell lymphoma.

Evolutionarily conserved function of the even-skipped ortholog in insects revealed by gene knock-out analyses in Gryllus bimaculatus.

Comparing the developmental mechanisms of segmentation among insects with different modes of embryogenesis provides insights on how the function of segmentation genes evolved. Functional analysis of eve by genetic mutants shows that the Drosophila pair-rule gene, even-skipped (eve), contributes to initial segmental patterning. However, eve orthologs tends to have diverse functions in other insects. To compare the evolutionary functional divergence of this gene, we evaluated eve function in a phylogenetically basal insect, the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus. To investigate the phenotypic effects of eve gene knock-out, we generated CRISPR/Cas9 system-mediated mutant strains of the cricket. CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis of multiple independent sites in the eve coding region revealed that eve null mutant embryos were defective in forming the gnathal, thoracic, and abdominal segments, consequently shortening the anterior-posterior axis. In contrast, the structures of the anterior and posterior ends (e.g., antenna, labrum, and cercus) formed normally. Hox gene expression in the gnathal, thoracic, and abdominal segments was detected in the mutant embryos. Overall, this study showed that Gryllus eve plays an important role in embryonic elongation and the formation of segmental boundaries in the gnathal to abdominal region of crickets. In the light of studies on other species, the eve function shown in Gryllus might be ancestral in insects.

[De novo blast phase of chronic myeloid leukemia with 3q26 abnormality diagnosed by cytogenetic analysis of extramedullary lesion].

A 62-year-old woman was presented at our hospital with visual disturbance. An ocular examination revealed bilateral Roth spots. Laboratory data revealed leukocytosis (236,200 µl) with an excess blast (11%). Physical examination and computed tomography (CT) showed systemic lymphadenopathy. A bone marrow examination revealed a composition of 9.2% blast. Chromosomal analysis on bone marrow cells revealed 46,XX,t (3;12)(q26.2;p13),t (9;22)(q34.1;q11.2) in 80% of metaphases (16/20). Inguinal lymph node biopsy revealed diffuse proliferation of myeloperoxidase (MPO)-positive abnormal cells. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis was used to detect the BCR-ABL1 fusion gene and split the signals of MECOM and ETV6. She was diagnosed with de-novo chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) extramedullary blast crisis. She received tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) combination chemotherapy and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and achieved a major molecular response. In this study, we reported a case of CML in blast-phase initially presenting as extramedullary, in which cytogenetic and molecular analyses were useful in the staging method.

Fluorescent nanoparticle-mediated semiquantitative MYC protein expression analysis in morphologically diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.

The current World Health Organization (WHO) classification defines a new disease entity of high-grade B-cell lymphoma with MYC and BCL2 and/or BCL6 rearrangements, making fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) screening for these genes mandatory. In addition, the prognostic significance of MYC expression was reported, with a cut-off value of 40%. However, interobserver discrepancies arise due to the heterogeneous intensity of MYC expression by immunohistochemistry. Moreover, a cut-off value of positivity for MYC protein in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) varies among studies at present. Here, we applied a high-sensitivity semiquantitative immunohistochemical technique using fluorescent nanoparticles called phosphor-integrated dots (PID) to evaluate the MYC expression in 50 de novo DLBCL cases, and compared it with the conventional diaminobenzidine (DAB)-developing system. The high MYC expression detected by the PID-mediated system predicted poor overall survival in DLBCL patients. However, we found no prognostic value of MYC protein expression for any cut-off value by the DAB-developing system, even if the intensity was considered. These results indicate that the precise evaluation of MYC protein expression can clarify the prognostic values in DLBCL, irrespective of MYC rearrangement.

Masked malignant phenotype with a benign appearance: beat-up copy number profile may be the key for hemangioblastoma dissemination.

Dissemination of histologically benign hemangioblastoma is rare; approximately 30 cases have previously been reported, and all cases occurred several months to years after surgical resection. Herein, we report a case of hemangioblastoma in which leptomeningeal dissemination occurred 2 years after hypofractionated radiation therapy (39 Gy/13 fractions). The tumor was treated primarily with radiation without surgical resection. Biopsy of the disseminated lesion confirmed histological diagnosis as histologically benign hemangioblastoma. Ki67 index was not remarkably elevated for hemangioblastomas. In addition, the methylation class determined by the methylation profiling classifier developed by the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)/University Hospital Heidelberg/German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research was consistent with that of common hemangioblastomas. However, genetic analyses showed significant gains and losses throughout the whole genome, indicating that highly aberrant copy number profiles may be the key to elucidating this rare but life-threatening clinical entity. Accumulation of more detailed case reports based on the comparison of specimens obtained before and after surgery or radiation is necessary to better understand the pathophysiology of the dissemination phenotype of hemangioblastoma.

Integrative genomic analysis focused on cell cycle genes for MYC-driven aggressive mature B-cell lymphoma.

MYC is a transcriptional factor that regulates growth and proliferation through cell cycle pathways. MYC alterations, in particular MYC rearrangements, are important in assessing the prognosis of aggressive B-cell lymphoma. In this study, we focused on the impact of nine major cell cycle genes for MYC-driven aggressive mature B-cell lymphoma and analyzed the mutational status using targeted next generation sequencing. Our 40 cases of aggressive mature B-cell lymphomas included 5 Burkitt lymphomas, 17 high-grade B-cell lymphomas and 18 diffuse large B-cell lymphomas with MYC breaks in 100%, 88% and 11%, respectively. Our data allowed a molecular classification into four categories partially independent from the histopathological diagnosis but correlating with the Ki-67 labelling index: (I) harboring TP53 and CDKN2A mutations, being highly proliferative, (II) with MYC rearrangement associated with MYC and/or ID3 mutations, being highly proliferative, (III) with MYC rearrangement combined with additional molecular changes, being highly proliferative, and (IV) with a diverse pattern of molecular alterations, being less proliferative. Taken together, we found that mutations of TP53, CDKN2A, MYC and ID3 are associated with highly proliferative B-cell lymphomas that could profit from novel therapeutic strategies.

Decreased MYC-associated factor X (MAX) expression is a new potential biomarker for adverse prognosis in anaplastic large cell lymphoma.

MYC-associated factor X (MAX) is a protein in the basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper family, which is ubiquitously and constitutively expressed in various normal tissues and tumors. MAX protein mediates various cellular functions such as proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis through the MYC-MAX protein complex. Recently, it has been reported that MYC regulates the proliferation of anaplastic large cell lymphoma. However, the expression and function of MAX in anaplastic large cell lymphoma remain to be elucidated. We herein investigated MAX expression in anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) and peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified (PTCL-NOS) and found 11 of 37 patients (30%) with ALCL lacked MAX expression, whereas 15 of 15 patients (100%) with PTCL-NOS expressed MAX protein. ALCL patients lacking MAX expression had a significantly inferior prognosis compared with patients having MAX expression. Moreover, patients without MAX expression significantly had histological non-common variants, which were mainly detected in aggressive ALCL cases. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that MAX expression was related to the expression of MYC and cytotoxic molecules. These findings demonstrate that lack of MAX expression is a potential poor prognostic biomarker in ALCL and a candidate marker for differential diagnosis of ALCL and PTCL-NOS.

Abemaciclib, a CDK4/6 inhibitor, exerts preclinical activity against aggressive germinal center-derived B-cell lymphomas.

The revised WHO classification newly defined the entities "High-grade B-cell lymphoma with MYC and BCL2, and/or BCL6 rearrangements (HGBL-DH/TH)" and "HGBL, NOS." Standard immunochemotherapy for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), R-CHOP, is insufficient for HGBL patients, and there are currently no optimized therapeutic regimens for HGBL. We previously reported that CCND3, which encodes cyclin D3, harbored high mutation rates in Burkitt lymphoma (BL), HGBL and a subset of DLBCL. Furthermore, the knockdown of cyclin D3 expression was toxic to germinal center (GC)-derived B-cell lymphomas. Thus, the fundamental function of cyclin D3 is important for the pathogenesis of GC-derived B-cell lymphoma. We herein used two structurally different CDK4/6 inhibitors, palbociclib and abemaciclib, and examined their suppressive effects on cell proliferation and their ability to induce apoptosis in various aggressive B-cell lymphoma cell lines. The results obtained demonstrated that abemaciclib more strongly suppressed cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in GC-derived B-cell lymphoma cell lines than the control, but only slightly inhibited those features in activated B-cell (ABC)-like DLBCL cell lines. Palbociclib exerted partial or incomplete effects compared with the control and the effect was intermediate between abemaciclib and the control. Moreover, the effects of abemaciclib appeared to depend on cyclin D3 expression levels based on the results of the expression analysis of primary aggressive B-cell lymphoma samples. Therefore, abemaciclib has potential as a therapeutic agent for aggressive GC-derived B-cell lymphomas.

Anaplastic large cell lymphoma with TP63 rearrangement: A dismal prognosis.

Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) with TP63 rearrangement is a new entity and has the most dismal prognosis in all types of ALCL. This might be due to the resulting fusion protein having N-terminal truncated p63 with high oncogenic ability. Since this N-terminal domain has the function of tumor suppressor activity, the mechanism for high oncogenic capacity is thought to be the dominant negative function. Here, we report two ALCL cases with TP63 rearrangement that was each given too short a prognosis (Case 1 and 2: four and six months) in spite of intensive treatment. Immunohistochemically, p63 was highly expressed, and a sprit signal was detected using a TP63 break apart fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in each case. Additionally, a poor prognostic marker of ALCL, all cytotoxic molecules (TIA-1, Granzyme B, and Perforin) were also expressed in almost all ALCL cells. Taken together, we suggest that not only the dominant negative function of N-truncated p63 but also the effect of cytotoxic molecules may influence the dismal prognosis of ALCL with TP63 rearrangement.

Retroperitoneal Cystic Nodal Metastasis of Renal Cell Carcinoma.

Cystic nodal metastasis of renal cell carcinoma is very rare. The pathogenesis of cystic nodal metastasis is thought to involve obstruction of a lymphoid vessel draining the kidney by tumor cells and retrograde metastasis from the primary site to the lymph node along the lymphatic vessels. In this study, a surgical case of small renal cell carcinoma with retroperitoneal cystic nodal metastasis is reported.

Nuclear expression of Y box binding-1 is important for resistance to chemotherapy including gemcitabine in TP53-mutated bladder cancer.

The development and acquisition of multiple drug resistance in cancer cells remain a major obstacle in the treatment of bladder cancer. Nuclear translocation of Y box binding-1 (YB-1), which is a member of a family of DNA-binding proteins that contain a cold shock domain, plays a significant role in the acquisition of drug resistance by upregulating expression of the multidrug resistance-1 (MDR-1) gene product, p-glycoprotein. The tumor suppressor protein p53 is thought to be essential for nuclear translocation of YB-1. We hypothesized that nuclear translocation of YB-1 might be associated with drug resistance of bladder cancer with an abnormality of the TP53 gene that results in a mutated p53 protein. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed the association of YB-1 with drug resistance of TP53-mutated bladder cancer, including immunohistochemical analysis of YB-1, p-glycoprotein and p53 in vivo as well as the function of YB-1 nuclear translocation and regulation of its translocation by p53 in vitro. Additionally, we examined the association between the nuclear translocation of YB-1 and gemcitabine, a major anticancer-drug for bladder cancer, in cancer cell lines. Nuclear expression of YB-1 was correlated with the expression of p-glycoprotein and p53 in bladder cancer cases (p<0.05). In vitro, both introduction of TP53 and gemcitabine induced nuclear translocation of YB-1. These data indicate that YB-1 translocates to the nucleus coordinately with p53 expression and is involved in gemcitabine resistance in bladder cancer. Nuclear expression of YB-1 is important for resistance to chemotherapy including gemcitabine in TP53-mutated bladder cancer.

[HUGE RENAL ANGIOMYOLIPOMA COMPLICATED WITH COMMON ILIAC VEIN THROMBUS BECAUSE OF THE TUMOR PRESSURE].

A 47-year-old woman was transferred to our hospital in June 2014 in hemorrhagic shock due to rupture of a huge right renal angiomyolipoma (AML). Selective right renal arterial embolization performed that same day reversed the shock immediately. Despite the huge abdominal tumor, the patient was discharged 2 weeks later after refusing any further treatment.Two weeks later she noticed the abdominal tumor growing. One month after discharge, she was readmitted due to dyspnea caused by restriction of her breathing by the growing tumor mass. A CT revealed a massive increase in tumor size with internal liquefaction, a thrombus in the left common iliac vein, and a 12 mm aneurysm in the right renal artery. The patient requested removal of the abdominal tumor since her ADL had deteriorated. We decided to perform a right nephrectomy with consideration of the left common iliac vein thrombus and right renal arterial aneurysm.As a precaution against pulmonary embolism in case the left common iliac vein thrombus dislodged, a retrievable inferior vena cava (IVC) filter was inserted before surgery. We were also concerned about possible rupture of the right renal aneurysm, so the right renal artery was embolized before surgery. After these procedures, a right nephrectomy was performed via a transperitoneal approach.The surgery was uneventful. The tumor weighed about 11 kg including 7,000 mL of bloody fluid. The IVC filter was removed the day after surgery, but the thrombus in the left common iliac vein remained, and an anticoagulant was started. Three months later, the thrombus had disappeared, and the anticoagulant was discontinued six months after surgery.According to the treatment guidelines for deep vein thrombosis, anticoagulants are the drugs of choice. IVC filters are seldom used to prevent pulmonary embolism. We initially administered an anticoagulant for the thrombus in the left iliac vein. However, an increase in abdominal tumor size suggested the drug had caused internal rebleeding and it had to be discontinued. Ultimately, we used a temporary retrievable IVC filter during the right nephrectomy with success.There is currently no consensus on when to use an IVC filter. Moreover, very little data exists on the use of an IVC filter during the perioperative period. Therefore, given the risk of potential thromboembolism, although we were able to use it successfully in our surgery, it should not be employed without a thorough benefit-risk assessment.

Loss of HLA-DR expression is related to tumor microenvironment and predicts adverse outcome in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.

The interaction between tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment is essential in the development and progression of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Loss of human leukocyte antigen DR (HLA-DR) in DLBCL is a robust adverse prognostic marker. We evaluated the immunohitochemical expression of HLA-DR in lymphoma and the biologic implications of the loss of HLA-DR. The loss of HLA-DR correlated with clinical stage (p < 0.05), International Prognosis Index (p < 0.05), soluble interleukin-2 receptor (p < 0.05) and poor outcome in patients with DLBCL, especially among elderly patients. Flow cytometry analysis of the infiltrating T-cells showed that the mean CD4 + CD25 +/CD8 ratio of the infiltrating T-cells was higher in the HLA-DR positive group than in the HLA-DR negative group (p < 0.05). These data suggest that loss of HLA-DR expression in DLBCL decreases the ratio of helper T-cell within the T-cell population in the tumor microenvironment and might contribute to escape from immunosurveillance.

[Case of far-advanced retroperitoneal extra-gonadal germ cell tumor responding to intensive treatment including multi-drug chemotherapy with peripheral blood stem cell transplantation and residual tumor removal].

A 37-year-old man with the chief complaints of lumbago and fever is presented. Laboratory data showed the extreme elevation of alfa feto-protein (AFP), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and lactate dehydorgenase (LDH). Computed tomography (CT) scan revealed a huge retroperitoneal tumor with multiple pulmonary nodules as well as left supraclavicular and left axillary lymph nodes enlargement. Although he was suspected the testicular tumor with metastasis, he had no testicular abnormalities including tumor and microlithiasis. Therefore, he was diagnosed as a retroperitoneal extra-gonadal germ cell tumor, which had poor prognosis because of multiple metastasis and the tremendous increase of hCG. Although he was treated with three cycles of bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin (BEP), he achieved partial response and no normalization of tumor markers. After three cycles of BEP, he was treated with four cycles of paclitaxel and ifosfamide plus cisplatin (TIP) immediately. During chemotherapy, he was treated with his peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT) as well. After the completion of two regimens' chemotherapies, all his tumor markers returned to be normal. However, retroperitoneal tumor, left supraclavicular and axillary lymphnodes still remained. He underwent three operations including retroperitoneal lymphnode dissection with nephrectomy, left supraclavicular and axillary lymphnodes removal, respectively. All specimens had no viable cells, histologically, The patient has been quite well and free of disease for 24 months. It is concluded that even if far-advanced germ cell tumor is discovered, a more promising prognosis could be expected with intensive and aggressive treatment such as our case.

[Prevalence of hydronephrosis and vesicoureteral reflux in pediatric urinary tract infection].

We studied 108 children diagnosed with urinary tract infection (UTI) to determine the frequency of hydronephrosis and vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). Fifty-two children (48.1%) had hydronephrosis (pyeloureteral junction obstruction: 27.8%) and 43 children (39.8%) had VUR (primary VUR: 36.1%). A renal scar was seen in 25.8% of the VUR cases. We recognized again that children with a history of UTI need to be examined promptly and thoroughly.