Augmented type 2 inflammatory response in allergic rhinitis patients experiencing systemic reactions to house dust mite subcutaneous immunotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Subcutaneous immunotherapy (SCIT) can induce systemic reactions (SRs) in certain patients, but the underlying mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated. METHODS: AR patients who were undergoing standardized HDM SCIT (Alutard, ALK) between 2018 and 2022 were screened. Those who experienced two consecutive SRs were included in the study group. A control group was established, matched 1:1 by gender, age, and disease duration with the study group, who did not experience SRs during SCIT. Clinical and immunological parameters were recorded and analyzed both before SCIT and after 1 year of treatment. RESULTS: A total of 161 patients were included, with 79 (49.07%) in the study group. The study group had a higher proportion of AR combined asthma (26.8% vs. 51.8%, p < 0.001) and higher levels of sIgE to HDM and HDM components (all p < .001). Serum IL-4 and IL-13 levels in the study group were higher than those in the control group (p < .05). The study group received a lower maintenance dosage of HDM extracts injections than control group due to SRs (50000SQ vs. 100000SQ, p < .05). After 1 year of SCIT, the VAS score, the lung function parameters of asthmatic patients over 14 years old significantly improved in both groups (all p < .05). After a 7-day exposure to 20 µg/mL HDM extracts, the percentages of Th1, Th17, Tfh10, and Th17.1 in PBMCs decreased, while the Tfh13 cells significantly increased in the study group (p < .05). CONCLUSION: The type 2 inflammatory response is augmented in HDM-induced AR patients who experienced SRs during SCIT. Despite this, SCIT remains effective in these patients when administered with low-dosage allergen extracts.

2D/3D hierarchical porous structure of mNPC/SMOH@C to construct an electrochemical sensor for the simultaneous determination of p-acetylaminophenol and p-aminophenol.

BACKGROUND: As persistent organic pollutants (POPs), the accumulation of p-acetylaminophenol (PAT) and p-aminophenol (PAP) in water can seriously damage the health of plants and animals, ultimately leading to threats to human health and safety. Electrochemical sensors have the advantages of being fast, inexpensive, and accurate compared to the complex, expensive, and cumbersome conventional analytical methods. In this study, we designed and synthesized composites with two-dimensional/three-dimensional (2D/3D) porous structures to construct an efficient electrochemical platform for the simultaneous detection of PAT and PAP. RESULTS: In this work, a novel 3D foamy birnessite Na0.55Mn2O4·1.5H2O@C (SMOH@C) was synthesized, which was composited with 2D ordered mesoporous nanosheets (mNPC) to construct electrochemical sensors detecting PAT and PAP simultaneously. The prepared 2D/3D porous structure of mNPC/SMOH@C increased the exposure of active sites due to its large specific surface area. The introduction of a 3D carbon skeleton altered the charge transfer rate of SMOH@C, and the rich pore structure and oxygen-rich vacancies created favorable conditions for the diffusion and adsorption of PAP and PAT, which enabled the sensitive detection of PAT and PAP. The constructed mNPC/SMOH@C electrochemical sensor could simultaneously detect PAT (1 × 10-7 - 1 × 10-4 M) and PAP (5 × 10-8 - 1 × 10-4 M) with detection limits of 20.4 nM and 30.1 nM, respectively. The sensor has good repeatability (RSD <4 %) and reproducibility (RSD <4 %), and satisfactory recoveries (96.7-102.8 %) were obtained in the analysis of natural water samples. SIGNIFICANCE: In this paper, for the first time, we present the synthesis of 3D foam birnessite and its composite with mNPC for the electrochemical simultaneous detection of PAT and PAP. Our proposed strategy for fabricating 2D/3D porous composites lays the foundation for the design and synthesis of other porous materials. In addition, this study provides new ideas for developing efficient and practical electrochemical sensors for detecting pollutants in aquatic environments.

Nanosized-laser-induced sub-20nm homogenous alloy nanoparticles.

Alloy nanoparticles (NPs) have great potential in nanosized 3D-printing, surface coating, plasmonic enhancement, information coding, and so forth. However, chemical-pollution-free and homogeneous sub-20nm NPs maintain still a challenge in preparation. Here we present a smart nanosecond laser scan strategy of alloy-NPs preparation on a bilayer metal film by using a nanosized focused beam, sucessfully realizing controllable fabrication of the sub-20nm homogeneous alloy NPs without pollution. As demonstration, various sub-20nm AgCu GPs with different volume ratios have been prepared, all GPs show narrow size distribution and uniform interparticle spacing. The simple and cost-effective method is a stable and adaptable for other alloy-GPs such as AuAg GPs. In addition, such alloy NPs exhibit two-peak plasma resonance feature and information cording capacity. We believe that homogenous alloy sub-20nm GPs will provide new application opportunities in many fields. .

Ferroptosis: a novel mechanism of cell death in ophthalmic conditions.

Ferroptosis, a new type of programmed cell death proposed in recent years, is characterized mainly by reactive oxygen species and iron-mediated lipid peroxidation and differs from programmed cell death, such as apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy. Ferroptosis is associated with a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes. Recent studies have shown that ferroptosis can aggravate or reduce the occurrence and development of diseases by targeting metabolic pathways and signaling pathways in tumors, ischemic organ damage, and other degenerative diseases related to lipid peroxidation. Increasing evidence suggests that ferroptosis is closely linked to the onset and progression of various ophthalmic conditions, including corneal injury, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinal detachment, and retinoblastoma. Our review of the current research on ferroptosis in ophthalmic diseases reveals significant advancements in our understanding of the pathogenesis, aetiology, and treatment of these conditions.

Machine Learning-Assisted High-Throughput Identification and Quantification of Protein Biomarkers with Printed Heterochains.

Advanced in vitro diagnosis technologies are highly desirable in early detection, prognosis, and progression monitoring of diseases. Here, we engineer a multiplex protein biosensing strategy based on the tunable liquid confinement self-assembly of multi-material heterochains, which show improved sensitivity, throughput, and accuracy compared to standard ELISA kits. By controlling the material combination and the number of ligand nanoparticles (NPs), we observe robust near-field enhancement as well as both strong electromagnetic resonance in polymer-semiconductor heterochains. In particular, their optical signals show a linear response to the coordination number of the semiconductor NPs in a wide range. Accordingly, a visible nanophotonic biosensor is developed by functionalizing antibodies on central polymer chains that can identify target proteins attached to semiconductor NPs. This allows for the specific detection of multiple protein biomarkers from healthy people and pancreatic cancer patients in one step with an ultralow detection limit (1 pg/mL). Furthermore, rapid and high-throughput quantification of protein expression levels in diverse clinical samples such as buffer, urine, and serum is achieved by combining a neural network algorithm, with an average accuracy of 97.3%. This work demonstrates that the heterochain-based biosensor is an exemplary candidate for constructing next-generation diagnostic tools and suitable for many clinical settings.

Peptide-TLR7/8a-Coordinated DNA Vaccines Elicit Enhanced Immune Responses against Infectious Diseases.

DNA vaccines represent an innovative approach for the immunization of diverse diseases. However, their clinical trial outcomes are constrained by suboptimal transfection efficiency and immunogenicity. In this work, we present a universal methodology involving the codelivery of Toll-like receptor 7/8 agonists (TLR7/8a) and antigen gene using TLR7/8a-conjugated peptide-coated poly(ß-amino ester) (PBAE) nanoparticles (NPs) to augment delivery efficiency and immune response. Peptide-TLR7/8a-coated PBAE NPs exhibit advantageous biophysical attributes, encompassing diminutive particle dimensions, nearly neutral ζ potential, and stability in the physiological environment. This synergistic approach not only ameliorates the stability of plasmid DNA (pDNA) and gene delivery efficacy but also facilitates subsequent antigen production. Furthermore, under optimal formulation conditions, the TLR7/8a-conjugated peptide coated PBAE NPs exhibit a potent capacity to induce robust immune responses. Collectively, this nanoparticulate gene delivery system demonstrates heightened transfection efficacy, stability, biodegradability, immunostimulatory effect, and low toxicity, making it a promising platform for the clinical advancement of DNA vaccines.

Iguratimod suppresses plasma cell differentiation and ameliorates experimental Sjögren's syndrome in mice by promoting TEC kinase degradation.

Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease with an unclear pathogenesis, and there is currently no approved drug for the treatment of this disease. Iguratimod, as a novel clinical anti-rheumatic drug in China and Japan, has shown remarkable efficacy in improving the symptoms of patients with pSS in clinical studies. In this study we investigated the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effect of iguratimod in the treatment of pSS. Experimental Sjögren's syndrome (ESS) model was established in female mice by immunizing with salivary gland protein. After immunization, ESS mice were orally treated with iguratimod (10, 30, 100 mg·kg-1·d-1) or hydroxychloroquine (50 mg·kg-1·d-1) for 70 days. We showed that iguratimod administration dose-dependently increased saliva secretion, and ameliorated ESS development by predominantly inhibiting B cells activation and plasma cell differentiation. Iguratimod (30 and 100 mg·kg-1·d-1) was more effective than hydroxychloroquine (50 mg·kg-1·d-1). When the potential target of iguratimod was searched, we found that iguratimod bound to TEC kinase and promoted its degradation through the autophagy-lysosome pathway in BAFF-activated B cells, thereby directly inhibiting TEC-regulated B cells function, suggesting that the action mode of iguratimod on TEC was different from that of conventional kinase inhibitors. In addition, we found a crucial role of TEC overexpression in plasma cells of patients with pSS. Together, we demonstrate that iguratimod effectively ameliorates ESS via its unique suppression of TEC function, which will be helpful for its clinical application. Targeting TEC kinase, a new regulatory factor for B cells, may be a promising therapeutic option.

Associations between pinch strength, cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) experience increased mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risks; however, the potential connection between pinch strength (PS) and the prognosis of these patients remains unknown. Consequently, this study aimed to comprehensively assess the influence of PS and handgrip strength (HGS) on both survival and cardiovascular events (CVE) in patients undergoing MHD. METHODS: Data were gathered from patients undergoing MHD at the Hemodialysis Center of Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital in March 2021. We performed a retrospective follow-up spanning 24 months, with death serving as the primary endpoint for observation and CVE as the secondary endpoint. Multifactorial Cox regression analysis, Kaplan-Meier survival curves, trend tests, and restricted cubic spline were applied to explore the association. RESULTS: During a 24-month follow-up, data were collected from 140 patients undergoing MHD with an average age of 66.71 ± 12.61 years. Among them, 52 (37.14%) experienced mortality, whereas 36 (40.00%) had CVE without baseline CVD. Kaplan-Meier survival curves demonstrated better survival rates and reduced CVE risk for patients in the second, third, and fourth quartiles compared with those in the first quartile for PS. Adjusted analyses in different models revealed higher PS levels were independently associated with all-cause mortality (major model, model 4, HR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.64-0.95) but not with CVE risk (unadjusted HR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.77-1.05). Compared with lower quartile PS levels, higher PS levels significantly reduced all-cause mortality (HR, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.10-1.02), and this trend remained consistent (P for trend = 0.021). Finally, the restricted cubic spline method using different models showed a linear relationship between PS and all-cause mortality (P > 0.05), when PS exceeded 4.99 kg, the all-cause mortality of MHD patients significantly decreased. CONCLUSIONS: PS was independently associated with all-cause mortality but not with CVE in patients undergoing MHD.

Gamma-aminobutyric acid supplementation improves olanzapine-induced insulin resistance by inhibiting macrophage infiltration in mice subcutaneous adipose tissue.

AIMS: To investigate whether gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) supplementation improves insulin resistance during olanzapine treatment in mice and to explore the underlying mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Insulin resistance and body weight gain were induced in mice by 10 weeks of olanzapine treatment. Simultaneously, the mice were administered GABA after 4 weeks of olanzapine administration. RESULTS: We found that mice treated with olanzapine had lower GABA levels in serum and subcutaneous white adipose tissue (sWAT). GABA supplementation restored GABA levels and improved olanzapine-induced lipid metabolism disorders and insulin resistance. Chronic inflammation in adipose tissue is one of the main contributors to insulin resistance. We found that GABA supplementation inhibited olanzapine-induced adipose tissue macrophage infiltration and M1-like polarization, especially in sWAT. In vitro studies showed that stromal vascular cells, rather than adipocytes, were sensitive to GABA. Furthermore, the results suggested that GABA improves olanzapine-induced insulin resistance at least in part through a GABAB receptor-dependent pathway. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that targeting GABA may be a potential therapeutic approach for olanzapine-induced metabolic disorders.

A survey on prevalence and parents' perceptions of food allergy in 3- to 16-year-old children in Wuhan, China.

Background: The prevalence of food allergy (FA) has risen in recent decades, yet there is limited data on the cognition and beliefs of FA among the parents of FA children. Objective: To investigate the prevalence of FA and assess the knowledge and perception of FA among parents of FA children in Wuhan, China. Methods: Online questionnaires were conducted for the parents of 3- to 16-year-old children. They reported symptoms of suspected FA in the screening questionnaire were interviewed for further diagnostic evaluation. All the parents of the suspected FA children completed the subsequent assessments of the knowledge and perception on FA as well as their attitude towards the current online platforms. Results: A total of 1963 children were recruited. The prevalence of self-reported FA was 10.2% (95% CI: 8.1-12.4%) and the physician-diagnosed FA was 6.2% (95% CI: 5.1-7.2%) in 3- to 16-year-olds in Wuhan. And the children with family history (57.9%) were predisposed to developing FA (P＜0.001). The total Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (B-IPQ) score was 41.3 ± 10.0 among the parents. The B-IPQ scores correlated with symptom onset, but not with family history or other atopic comorbidities. The parents who never sought treatments obtained lower B-IPQ scores on most items compared to those who received treatments. The accuracy rate of the FA knowledge questionnaire was 56.7%. 11.6% of participants reported that children's FA had an impact on their lives. 67.2% of participants had searched information of FA online, among whom 80% expected to obtain professional suggestions on management and prevention strategies of FA from online platform. Conclusion: In 3- to 16-year-old children in Wuhan, the prevalence of self-reported and physician-diagnosed FA was 10.2% and 6.2% respectively. Parents' knowledge of FA was insufficient and only a small proportion of parents perceived that their lives and careers have been affected considerably by FA of their children. Patient education and current online platforms should be improved among parents of FA children.

Restoration of Intestinal Microbiota After Inulin Supplementation Halted: The Secondary Effect of Supplemented Inulin.

SCOPE: Consumption of inulin could affect the intestinal microbiota composition. Hereby, it is aimed to investigate the intestinal microbial community restoration process when the inulin supplementation is terminated (i.e., the secondary effect). METHODS AND RESULTS: The current study investigates the response and restoration of intestinal microbiota to/after high (Inulin-H) and low (Inulin-L) dosage of inulin supplementation or sequential antibiotics and inulin (Anti-Inulin-L) supplementation, based on analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences in C57BL/6 mice. The number of significantly changed genera in response to inulin is highest in Anti-Inulin-L (n = 66) group, followed by Inulin-H (n = 51) and Inulin-L (n = 38) group. After inulin supplementation stops, microbiota of all studied groups tend to recover to their original states, with highest percentage of inulin-responding microbes stay significantly different at Anti-Inulin-L (93.94%) group, followed by Inulin-H (74.51%) and Inulin-L (44.12%) groups. Of note, the relative abundance of some non-inulin-responding taxa significantly increases during restoration. CONCLUSION: Sequential antibiotics and inulin supplementation induce greatest changes in the intestinal microbial composition, followed by high and low dosage of inulin. Additionally, the changes induce by supplemented inulin in the intestinal microbial community, provide a chance for some microbes to outcompete the other microbes during the spontaneous restoration.

Genome-wide identification of dysregulated alternative splicing and RNA-binding proteins involved in atopic dermatitis.

Objectives: We explored the role and molecular mechanisms of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and their regulated alternative splicing events (RASEs) in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD). Methods: We downloaded RNA-seq data (GSE121212) from 10 healthy control skin samples (healthy, Ctrl), 10 non-lesional skin samples with AD damage (non-lesional, NL), and 10 lesional skin samples with AD damage (lesional, LS). We performed the analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), differentially expressed RBPs (DE-RBPs), alternative splicing (AS), functional enrichment, the co-expression of RBPs and RASEs, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Results: We identified 60 DE-RBP genes by intersecting 2141 RBP genes from existing reports with overall 2697 DEGs. Most of the DE-RBP genes were found to be upregulated in the AD LS group and related to immune and apoptosis pathways. We observed different ASEs and RASEs among the healthy, AD NL, and AD LS groups. In particular, alt3p and alt5p were the main ASEs and RASEs in AD NL and AD LS groups, compared to the healthy group. Furthermore, we constructed co-expression networks of DE-RBPs and RAS, with particular enrichment in biological pathways including cytoskeleton organization, inflammation, and immunity. Subsequently, we selected seven genes that are commonly present in these three pathways to assess their expression levels in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from both healthy individuals and AD patients. The results demonstrated the upregulation of four genes (IFI16, S100A9, PKM, and ENO1) in the PBMCs of AD patients, which is highly consistent with DE-RBP genes analysis. Finally, we selected four RAS genes regulated by RBPs that were related to immune pathways and examined their RASEs in PBMCs from both AD patients and healthy controls. The results revealed an increased percentage of RASEs in the DDX60 gene in AD, which is highly consistent with AS analysis. Conclusion: Dysregulated RBPs and their associated RASEs may have a significant regulatory role in the development of AD and could be potential therapeutic targets in the future.

A novel NMDA receptor modulator: the antidepressant effect and mechanism of GW043.

AIMS: The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor (NMDAR) has been proven to be strongly correlated with rapid antidepressant effects. Here, GW043, as a new compound targeting NMDAR, we explored its antidepressant effects and its mechanism of action. METHODS: Our study utilized electrophysiological techniques to confirm the effect of GW043 on NMDAR currents. Additionally, we assessed the selectivity of GW043 through high-throughput receptor-ligand binding experiments. The antidepressant properties of GW043 were examined using rodent behavioral models including the Forced Swim Test (FST), Tail Suspension Test (TST), and Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress (CUMS). Mechanistic insight into GW043's onset was gained through western blot analysis, BrdU staining, Golgi staining, and electrophysiological techniques. RESULTS: Electrophysiological studies indicated that GW043 acts as a partial agonist of NMDAR. Behavioral experiments confirmed the antidepressant effect of GW043 in rodents. Mechanistic investigations revealed that GW043 modulates synaptic plasticity through the LTP and BDNF-mTOR pathways, consequently leading to an increase in the number of newborn neurons and subsequent antidepressant effects. CONCLUSION: Our findings disclose that GW043, as a partial agonist of NMDAR, can reverse depression-like behaviors in rats by modulating synaptic plasticity, indicating its potential as an antidepressant agent.

Morphological Characterization of the Antenna and Scent Patch of Three Danaus Species (Papilionoidea: Nymphalidae, Danainae).

The scent system of Danaus is important for the study of butterfly sexual communication and relevant investigations in biomimetics due to its involvement with mimicry. Using light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy, the morphological characteristics of Danaus' antennae and scent patches of the scent system for three species, D. chrysippus, D. genutia, and D. plexippus, were investigated herein. Their apical clubs of the flagellums contain sensilla trichodea, sensilla chaetica, and sensilla coeloconica. The scent patch scales typically have a tree-like structure in its lumen at the nano-scale. Comparisons were made between the androconial scales and the other scales in scent patches. Rank sum tests showed significant differences in scent patch scales' characteristics between the species, as well as in the ultrastructure of antennal segments between species and sexes. Spearman's correlation tests showed significant correlations between the morphological characteristics of androconial scales in scent patches. Moreover, the antennal characteristics were significantly correlated. The morphological characteristics of the females' antennae were significantly correlated with those of the males' antennae and androconial scales. However, the significance and coefficient of these correlations were inconsistent across species and sexes. This study provides fundamental morphological information that helps in understanding the pheromone recognition system of Danaus.

Interactions between human norovirus and intestinal microbiota/microbes: A scoping review.

Human norovirus (HuNoV) is an important foodborne virus, which causes non-bacterial acute gastroenteritis and is associated with a high disease burden. Recently, researchers have focus on the interaction between HuNoV and intestinal microbiota/microbes and engaged in studies investigating the implications of this interaction on HuNoV infection. However, the interaction mechanism and the implication of this interaction on host remain obscure. Current scoping review aimed to systematically investigate the interaction between HuNoV and intestinal microbiota, as well as their implication on HuNoV or HuNoV related symptoms. We found that HuNoV could bind to intestinal microbes and affect the intestinal microbial composition, diversity, and microbial gene expression. In reverse, intestinal microbes could affect HuNoV infectivity, although demonstrating contradictory effects (i.e., promote or inhibit HuNoV replication). These contradictory effects existed among microbes, in part, could be attributed to the differences among microbes (histo-blood group antigens and/or other small molecule substances). Results of current scoping review could assist in the selection and isolation of potential microbial candidates to prevent and/or alleviate HuNoV related symptoms.

Characterization of de novo Dementia with Lewy Body with different duration of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder.

BACKGROUND: Cognitive disorder, parkinsonism, autonomic dysfunction (AuD) and rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) can occur prior to or simultaneously with Dementia with Lewy Body (DLB) onset. RBD is generally linked with progressive neurodegenerative traits. However, associations between RBD with DLB, RBD without DLB, and RBD duration effects on DLB symptoms remain unclear. OBJECTIVES: To examine DLB symptom frequency and subtypes in RBD, and explore the effects of different RBD onset times on symptoms in de novo DLB patients. METHODS: In this multicenter investigation, we consecutively recruited 271 de novo DLB patients. All had standardized clinical and comprehensive neuropsychological evaluations. Subgroup analyses, performed based on the duration of RBD confirmed by polysomnography before the DLB diagnosis, we compared the proportion of patients with cognitive impairment, parkinsonism, and AuD features between groups. RESULTS: Parkinsonism and AuD incidences were significantly elevated in DLB patients with RBD when compared with patients without RBD. Subgroup analyses indicated no significant differences in parkinsonism between DLB patients who developed RBD ≥10 years prior to the DLB diagnosis and DLB patients without RBD. The incidence of non-tremor-predominant parkinsonism and AuD was significantly higher in DLB patients whose RBD duration before the DLB diagnosis was <10 years when compared with DLB patients without RBD. CONCLUSIONS: We identified significant symptom and phenotypic variability between DLB patients with and without RBD. Also, different RBD duration effects before the DLB diagnosis had a significant impact on symptomatic phenotypes, suggesting the existence of a slowly progressive DLB neurodegenerative subtype.

Construction of Monoatomic-Modified Defective Ti4+αTi3+1-αO2-δ Nanofibers for Photocatalytic Oxidation of HMF to Valuable Chemicals.

Efficiently upgrading 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) into high-value-added products, such as 2,5-diformylfuran (DFF) and 2,5-furan dicarboxylic acid (FDCA), through a photocatalytic process by using solar energy has been incessantly pursued worldwide. Herein, a series of transition-metal (TM = Ni, Fe, Co, Cu) single atoms were supported on Ti4+αTi3+1-αO2-δ nanofibers (NFs) with certain defects (Ov), denoted as TM SAC-Ti4+αTi3+1-αO2-δ NFs (TM = Ni, Fe, Co, Cu), aiming to enhance the photocatalytic conversion of HMF. A super HMF conversion rate of 57% and a total yield of 1718.66 µmol g-1 h-1 (DFF and FDCA) surpassing that of the Ti4+αTi3+1-αO2-δ NFs by 1.6 and 2.1 times, respectively, are realized when TM is Co (Co SAC-Ti4+αTi3+1-αO2-δ NFs). Experiments combined with density functional theory calculation (DFT) demonstrate that the TM single atoms occupy the Ti site of Ti4+αTi3+1-αO2-δ NFs, which plays a dominant role in the photo-oxidation of HMF. Raman, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) characterizations confirm the strong electron local exchange interaction in TM SAC-Ti4+αTi3+1-αO2-δ NFs and demonstrate the substitution of Ti by the TM SACs. The projected density of states and charge density difference reveal that the strong interaction between metal-3d and O-2p orbitals forms Ti-O-TM bonds. The bonds are identified as the adsorption site, where TM single atoms on the surface of Ti4+αTi3+1-αO2-δ NFs reduce HMF molecule adsorption energy (Eads). Furthermore, the TM single atom modulates the electronic structure of TM SAC-Ti4+αTi3+1-αO2-δ NFs through electron transfer, leading to narrow band gaps of the photocatalysts and enhancing their photocatalytic performance. This study has uncovered a newer strategy for enhancing the photocatalytic attributes of semiconducting materials.

Canine distemper virus (CDV)-neutralizing activities of an anti-CDV canine-derived single-chain variable antibody fragment 4-15 (scFv 4-15) screened by phage display technology.

Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a highly contagious pathogen that causes severe diarrhea, fever and vomiting in domestic dogs, posing a serious threat to the dog breeding industry. Currently, there are no effective therapeutic agents for emergency treatment despite the availability of vaccines against CDV infection. Single-chain fragment variable (scFv) antibody has been demonstrated to effectively inhibit virus infections, suggesting a potential candidate as a therapeutic agent for canine distemper. In this study, a phage-displayed scFv library was constructed from the peripheral blood lymphocytes of dog immunized intramuscularly with live-attenuated CDV vaccine, and was subjected to four rounds of pannings against CDV. Subsequent indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay screening revealed high-affinity scFv antibodies specific to CDV, and indirect immunofluorescence assay screening revealed CDV-neutralizing activity of scFv antibodies. Our results showed that a scFv antibody 4-15 (scFv 4-15) with high-affinity binding to CDV and neutralizing activity against CDV was obtained, which displayed effective therapeutic potential in vivo for dogs challenged with a lethal dose of CDV. Conclusively, the scFv 4-15 with high-affinity binding and neutralizing activity to CDV that was obtained by phage display technology provides a promising candidate for the therapeutic agents against CDV infection.

Mechanism of GW117 antidepressant action: melatonin receptor-mediated regulation of sleep rhythm.

Alterations in circadian sleep patterns constitute a salient manifestation in major depressive disorder. GW117, an emergent antidepressant, functions as an agonist for melatonin 1 and melatonin 2 (MT1/MT2) receptors, in tandem with antagonism of the serotonin (5-HT) 2C receptor. The present investigation is dedicated to elucidating the role and underlying mechanisms by which GW117 ameliorates circadian sleep disruptions. Utilizing an adapted chronic unpredictable mild stress protocol, we induced a depressive-like phenotype and perturbed circadian rhythms in rodent models. Our methodological approach integrated quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in real-time, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and immunoblotting techniques to probe alterations in the expression of core circadian genes and homeostatic sleep markers. The impact of GW117 was assessed across various dosages (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg) on these molecular signatures. In a parallel examination, we evaluated the influence of GW117 (administered at 15, 40, and 60 mg/kg) on the sleep patterns of healthy mice. The results showed that GW117 significantly improved sleep-wake circadian rhythms, altered sleep architecture, and shortened sleep latency. Furthermore, GW117 increased the expression of several clock genes in the hypothalamus of chronic unpredictable mild stress model rats and normal mice. It also regulated circadian biomarkers, including melatonin and cortisol. Based on our findings, we propose that the beneficial effects of GW117 on sleep rhythms may be due to the melatonin system-mediated activation of the Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway.