Mechanism of action of Taohong Siwu decoction in the alleviation of primary dysmenorrhea.

Background: As one of the most common gynecological disorders, PD significantly impacts the quality of life for women. TSD, a well-known traditional Chinese medical prescription, has gained popularity for its use in treating gynecological cold coagulation and blood stasis syndromes such as PD. However, the lack of comprehensive data hinders our understanding of its molecular mechanism. Purpose: The objective of the present study is to investigate the therapeutic effects of TSD on PD and elucidate its plausible mechanism. Methods: HPLC was employed to confirm the presence of the principal metabolites of TSD. The rat model of PD was induced by OT exposure following IWM and EB pretreatment, and subsequently treated with TSD via gastric gavage. The effects and potential mechanisms of TSD on PD rats were explored, encompassing general behavior, morphological alterations in the uterus and ovaries, biochemical indicators in the uterus and serum, and levels of proteins related to the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Results: Gallic acid, hydroxysafflower yellow A, albiflorin, paeoniflorin, and ferulic acid were determined to be the primary active metabolites of TSD. The pharmacological studies yielded results indicating the successful establishment of the PD model in rats. Additionally, TSD demonstrated its ability to protect PD rats by ameliorating general behavior, mitigating pathological damage to uterine and ovarian tissues, and modulating the expression levels of correlated factors (PGE2, PGF2α, Ca2+, TXB2, IL-6, TNF-α, NO, and COX-2) as well as p-PI3K/PI3K and p-AKT/AKT proteins. Conclusion: TSD exhibited protective effects against PD in rats through its interaction with multiple targets including P13K/AKT signaling pathway, indicating that TSD holds therapeutic potential for PD treatment and providing evidence supporting the rational utilization of TSD.

(±)-Involucrasin D, a pair of enantiomeric bisflavonoid from the roots of Shuteria involucrata and its anti-inflammatory activity.

An undescribed bisflavonoid, named involucrasin D (1), along with two known flavonoids, 2(S)7,3',5'-trihydroxydihydroflavone (2) and sigmone (3) were isolated from the roots of Shuteria involucrata. A further chiral separation of 1 to yielded a pair of enantiomers (+)-1 and (-)-1. The structures were elucidated based on spectroscopic analyses and electron circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. Among them, bisflavonoid 1 and its enantiomers displayed remarkable anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the production of TNF-α and IL-6 in a dose-dependent manner.

Biomimetic Total Synthesis of Bimagnolignan: A Natural Anti-Breast Cancer Agent.

A short scalable biomimetic route to bioactive natural product bimagnolignan (1) was accomplished. Compound 1 was successfully prepared through a three-step metal-free synthesis from honokiol (2). Alternatively, 1 was also synthesized by biomimetic transformations that mimic tyrosinase in four steps. The key reactions feature a regioselective acetylation, a highly efficient C(sp2)-H oxidation, a cascade aerobic oxidative cyclization/coupling, and a Cu-catalyzed direct oxidative coupling. In addition, cell-based assays validate that 1 is a promising natural lead for HER2-positive breast cancer treatment.

Involucrasin B Inhibits the Proliferation of Caco-2 Cells by Regulating the TGFß/SMAD2-3-4 Pathway.

(1) Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignant tumor worldwide and the second most common cause of cancer death. However, effective anti-CRC drugs are still lacking in clinical settings. This article investigated the anti-proliferative effect of involucrasin B on CRC Caco-2 cells. (2) Methods: This study employed a sulforhodamine B (SRB) method, colony formation experiments, flow cytometry, FastFUCCI assay, dual luciferase assay, and Western blot analysis for the investigation. (3) Results: The SRB method and colony formation experiments showed that involucrasin B exhibited an inhibitory effect on the Caco-2 cells cultured in vitro. Subsequently, the flow cytometry, FastFUCCI assay, and Western blotting results showed that involucrasin B induced cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase dose-dependently. Involucrasin B significantly enhanced the TGFß RII protein level and SMAD3 phosphorylation, thus inhibiting the expression of CDK4 and cyclin D1 and causing G1 cell cycle arrest. (4) Conclusion: This study shows that involucrasin B exerts its anti-proliferative effect by regulating the TGFß/SMAD2-3-4 pathway to cause G1 cycle arrest in Caco-2 cells.

Integrating multi-level interactive network and in vivo/vitro studies to explore the protective mechanism of Ampelopsis grossedentata in hyperuricemia.

The strategies or drugs for preventing and treating Hyperuricemia (HUA) are still lacking. As a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with a profound history, Ampelopsis grossedentata has been shown to play diverse biological roles. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate hypouricemic effect of A. grossedentata, and investigate its involved material basis and mechanism. A HUA mice model was established to evaluate the therapeutic effects of A. grossedentata. And then some extracts from A. grossedentata were prepared, isolated and analyzed. Furthermore, network pharmacology, based on the above results, was used to discover potential active ingredients and therapeutic targets, and they were further verified and explored by molecular docking and in vitro experiments. In vivo experiments showed that A. grossedentata exerted hypouricemic effect on mice of HUA. The core active ingredients (quercetin, myricetin and dihydromyricetin etc.) and core targets (PTGS2, XOD and ABCG2 etc.) for A. grossedentata to treat HUA were predicted by network pharmacology. And molecular docking showed that the spontaneous binding activities of above components and targets were marvelous. In vitro experiments further demonstrated that A. grossedentata exerted hypouricemic effect by decreasing the levels of UA, XOD, antioxidant factors, inflammatory factors, GLUT9 and URAT1 in HK-2 cells of HUA. Taken together, this study integrates multi-level interaction network with in vivo/vitro experiments to systematically reveal the material basis and mechanism of A. grossedentata in treating HUA, which provides a scientific basis for further study of A. grossedentata and HUA.

Anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of Streblus indicus.

The bark of Streblus indicus, a Dai medicine in China, has been listed in the Chinese Materia Medica as possessing hemostatic and analgesic properties. Ethnic medicine books record that its bark or leaves for the treatment of mumps and lymphoma. However, according to the literature survey, anti-inflammatory and analgesic studies available for leaves and branches of S. indicus have been seldom reported so far. The current study focuses on the metabolites of S. indicus bark and leaves responsible for anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects on the basis of bioactive-included acetic acid writhing, hot-plate, and xylene-induced ear swelling. The secretion of inflammatory mediators, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1ß, IL-4, and IL-10, were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory by xylene-induced in mouse ear cells. Histological examination was used to assess the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of the branches and leaves of S. indicus, and Western blot analysis determined the mechanism of the methanolic extract of branches and leaves. Different metabolites of S. indicus significantly alleviated analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects, with no discernable differences among them. All metabolites decreased the levels of TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6 and increased the levels of IL-4 and IL-10. The analgesic and anti-inflammatory mechanism of the methanolic extract was related to the NF-kB signaling pathway. These results not only would account for scientific knowledge for the traditional application of S. indicus, but also provide a credible theoretical foundation for the further development of anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents.

Swertiamarin or heat-transformed products alleviated APAP-induced hepatotoxicity via modulation of apoptotic and Nrf-2/NF-κB pathways.

Objective: Swertiamarin (STM) belongs to iridoid class of compounds, and the heat-transformed products (HTPS) are produced by STM in the process of drug processing. The purpose of this study was to explore the protective effect and mechanism of STM or HTPS on acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity. Methods: Mice and L-O2 cells were given APAP to establish the hepatotoxicity model in vivo and in vitro. The effects of STM or HTPS on oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis induced by APAP were evaluated, with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) as a positive control. Results: STM or HTPS reduced the APAP-induced apoptosis of L-O2 cells and significantly alleviated the liver injury index induced by APAP (p < 0.01, 0.005) Interestingly, HTPS had better protective effect against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity than STM (p < 0.05). In addition STM or HTPS improved the histological abnormalities; inhibited lipid peroxidation and reduced the level of inflammatory mediators. They also activated the defense system of nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf-2) and inhibited nuclear factor-κ B (NF-κB).

Anticancer effect of involucrasin A on colorectal cancer cells by modulating the Akt/MDM2/p53 pathway.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide; however, there is still a lack of effective clinical anti-CRC agents. Naturally-occurring compounds have been considered a potentially valuable source of new antitumorigenic agents. Involucrasin A, a novel natural molecule, was isolated from Shuteria involucrata (Wall.) Wight & Arn by our team. In the present study, the anticancer activity of involucrasin A in HCT-116 CRC cells was evaluated. Firstly, the anti-proliferative effect of involucrasin A on HCT-116 cells was analyzed by sulforhodamine B and colony formation assays. The results revealed that involucrasin A exhibited a potent inhibitory effect on HCT-116 CRC cell proliferation in vitro. Subsequently, flow cytometry and western blotting indicated that involucrasin A induced apoptosis and upregulated the expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins, such as cleaved-caspase 6 and cleaved-caspase 9, in a dose-dependent manner. Mechanistically, involucrasin A significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt and murine double minute 2 homologue (MDM2), which resulted in increased intracellular levels of p53. This was reversed by exogenous expression of the constitutively active form of Akt. Similarly, either knocking out p53 or knocking down Bax abrogated involucrasin A-induced proliferation inhibition and apoptosis. Together, the present study indicated that involucrasin A exerts antitumorigenic activities via modulating the Akt/MDM2/p53 pathway in HCT-116 CRC cells, and it is worthy of further exploration in preclinical and clinical trials.

(±)-Gentiovarisin A and gentiovarisin B, unusual secoiridoid dimer skeletons from gentiopicroside.

Gentiana scabra, a famous traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), has been documented in Chinese Pharmacopoeia for the treatment of hepatitis. Its index component gentiopicroside could not be detected in the decoction, which suggested that the quality control of the TCM with this ingredient needs attention. The transformed products were obtained from gentiopicroside, mimicking the traditional process of G. scabra. Further investigation of the heat-transformed products yielded two secoiridoid dimers, gentiovarisin A (1) and B (2), with an unprecedented 6/6/6/6/6-fused pentacyclic skeletons. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, and the absolute configurations of 1 were confirmed as (+)-1 and (-)-1 by ECD method. Plausible transformation pathways of the isolates were also proposed. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited in vitro hepatoprotective activity similar to gentiopicroside, while (+)-1 displayed a more potent hepatoprotective activity than N-Acetyl-L-cysteine.

Involucrasin C, Anti-Inflammatory 2,3-Dihydro-1H-Indene Derivative from Chinese Dai Ethnic Medicine Shuteria involucrata.

(±)-Involucrasin C (1), a pair of new 2,3-dihydro-1H-indene enantiomers, along with an enantiomeric analog (2), were isolated from Shuteria involucrata. Their structures were established by the basis of comprehensive spectroscopic data analysis and X-ray crystallographic diffraction. Both 1 and 2 significantly inhibited the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1ß, suggesting that these two natural 2,3-dihydro-1H-indene derivatives may be active components of S. involucrata and may block inflammation in the initial stage.

Therapeutic Effect of Renifolin F on Airway Allergy in an Ovalbumin-Induced Asthma Mouse Model In Vivo.

Renifolin F is a prenylated chalcone isolated from Shuteria involucrata, a traditional minority ethnic medicine used to treat the respiratory diseases and asthma. Based on the effects of the original medicine plant, we established an in vivo mouse model of allergic asthma using ovalbumin (OVA) as an inducer to evaluate the therapeutic effects of Renifolin F. In the research, mice were sensitized and challenged with OVA to establish an allergic asthma model to evaluate the effects of Renifolin F on allergic asthma. The airway hyper-reactivity (AHR) to methacholine, cytokine levels, ILC2s quantity and mircoRNA-155 expression were assessed. We discovered that Renifolin F attenuated AHR and airway inflammation in the OVA-induced asthmatic mouse model by inhibiting the regulation of ILC2s in the lung, thereby, reducing the upstream inflammatory cytokines IL-25, IL-33 and TSLP; the downstream inflammatory cytokines IL-4, IL-5, IL-9 and IL-13 of ILC2s; and the co-stimulatory factors IL-2 and IL-7; as well as the expression of microRNA-155 in the lung. The findings suggest a therapeutic potential of Renifolin F on OVA-induced airway inflammation.

(±)-Involucrasins A and B, two pairs of flavanone enantiomers from Shuteria involucrata and their inhibitory effects on the proliferation of various cancer cell lines.

(±)-Involucrasins A (1) and B (2), two pairs of flavanone enantiomers were isolated from Shuteria involucrata. Structurally, both 1 and 2 are rare representatives of 5-dehydroxy/5-demethoxy 2',3',4'-trisubstituted flavanones. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of comprehensive spectroscopic data analysis and comparison with the literature data. Involucrasin B (2) exhibited moderate anti-proliferative activity against Caco-2, MCF-7, MDA-MB-468, and HCT116 cell lines with IC50 values ranging from 7.9-22.7 µM. Involucrasin A (1) exhibited weak inhibitory activity against Caco-2 and MCF-7 cell lines with IC50 values of 25.8 and 26.5 µM, respectively.

Sweritranslactone D, a hepatoprotective novel secoiridoid dimer with tetracyclic lactone skeleton from heat-transformed swertiamarin.

Swertia mileensis, known as Qing-Ye-Dan (QYD), has been documented in Chinese Pharmacopoeia to cure hepatitis. Interestingly, its announced main active component, swertiamarin, could not be detected in the decoction, which indicated that the efficacy of QYD might be attributed to heat-transformed products of swertiamarin (HTPS). Further investigation on HTPS led to the isolation of sweritranslactone D (1), a novel secoiridoid dimer possessing a tetracyclic lactone skeleton, with better hepatoprotective activity than N-acetyl-L-cysteine in vitro.

Sweritranslactones A-C: Unusual Skeleton Secoiridoid Dimers via [4 + 2] Cycloaddition from Swertiamarin.

Skeleton-diversity-oriented chemical conversion from pure natural products is a valuable method to obtain natural product-like compounds, especially those with novel architecture. The application of phytochemical methods to iridoids yielded three novel secoiridoid dimers: sweritranslactones A-C (1-3). These molecules possess a 6/6/6/6/6/6-fused hexacyclic skeleton and were obtained from swertiamarin, one of the major constituents of the genus Swertia, via a [4 + 2] cycloaddition and intramolecular nucleophilic addition under aqueous conditions. The structures were established based on extensive spectroscopic characterization and X-ray crystallographic diffraction analysis.

New norditerpenoid alkaloids from Aconitum vilmorinianum Komarov.

Aconitum vilmorinianum Komarov is a local medicinal plant used in many well-known clinical preparations to treat rheumatism and pains in Yunnan Province, China. Phytochemical examination of the roots of A. vilmorinianum led to the isolation of three novel imine-type norditerpenoid alkaloids named vilmorrianines E-G (1-3), and a new natural alkaloid N-desethyl-N-formyl-8-O-methyltalatisamine (4), together with 14 known alkaloids. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic evidence. Vilmorrianine E is the first known norditerpenoid alkaloid containing both an imine group and a three-membered ring formed by C8, C9, and C10.

Two new chalcones from Shuteria sinensis.

Two new chalcones, 2',3,4,4'-tetrahydroxy-2-prenylchalcone (1) and 3-methoxy-2',4,4'-trihydroxy-2-prenylchalcone (2), together with two known compounds, munsericin (3) and 3,4-dihydroxylonchocarpin (4), were isolated from the ethanol extract of the whole plant of Shuteria sinensis. Their structures were identified by spectroscopic analysis methods, such as 1D and 2D NMR, along with HR-MS data. Glucose metabolism activity of four compounds was tested, compounds 3 and 4 showed effect on the glucose consumption of insulin-resistant HepG2 cells.

[Chemical Constituents from Processed Products of Aconitum Vilmoriniani Radix].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the chemical constituents of the processed products of Aconitum Vilmorinian Radix. METHODS: The constituents were isolated by repeated column chromatography over silica gel, alumina and RP-C18 as well as recrystallization. The structures were elucidated on the basis of spectral analysis and physicochemical properties. RESULTS: Ten compounds were obtained from the methanol extract, and they were identified as yunaconitine (1), 8-deacetyl-yunaconitine (2), geniculatine C (3), vilmorrianine B (4), vilmorrianine C(5), vilmorrianine D (6), talatisamine (7), ß-sitosterol (8), ß-daucosterol (9) and ß-sitosterol acetate (10). CONCLUSION: All compounds are obtained from the processed products of Aconitum Vilmoriniani Radix for the first time.

[Chemical constituents of Aconitum bulleyanum].

OBJECTIVE: To study the chemical constituents of chloroform fraction from Aconitum bulleyanum. METHODS: The compounds were isolated by various chromatographic techniques and identified by spectroscopic methods. RESULTS: 7 compounds were obtained and identified as yunaconitine (1), crassicaudine (2), foresaconitine (3), chasmaconitine (4), bulleyaconitine A (5), franchetine (6), and beta-sitosterol (7), CONCLUSION: Compounds 2-7 are isolated from this plant for the first time.