Analysis and prediction of older adult sports participation in South Korea using artificial neural networks and logistic regression models.

BACKGROUND: Korea's aging population and the lack of older adult participation in sports are increasing medical expenses. AIMS: This study aimed to segment older adult sports participants based on their demographic characteristics and exercise practice behavior and applied artificial neural network and logistic regression models to these segments to best predict the effect of medical cost reduction. It presents strategies for older adult sports participation. METHODS: A sample comprising data on 1,770 older adults aged 50 years and above was drawn from the 2019 National Sports Survey. The data were analyzed through frequency analysis, hierarchical and K-means clustering, artificial neural network, logistic regression, cross-tabulation analyses, and one-way ANOVA using SPSS 23 and Modeler 14.2. RESULTS: The participants were divided into five clusters. The artificial neural network and logistic analysis models showed that the cluster comprising married women in their 60s who participated in active exercise had the highest possibility of reducing medical expenses. DISCUSSION: Targeting women in their 60s who actively participate in sports, the government should expand the supply of local gymnasiums, community centers, and sports programs. If local gymnasiums and community centers run sports programs and appoint appropriate sports instructors, the most effective medical cost reduction effect can be obtained. CONCLUSIONS: This study contributes to the field by providing insights into the specific demographic segments to focus on for measures to reduce medical costs through sports participation.

Swimming Exercise Ameliorates Symptoms of MOG-Induced Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Inhibiting Inflammation and Demyelination in Rats.

PURPOSE: Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease that affects the central nerve system, resulting in cumulative loss of motor function. Multiple sclerosis is induced through multiple mechanisms and is caused by inflammation and demyelination. This study aims to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of swimming exercise in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) rats, an animal model of multiple sclerosis. METHODS: EAE was induced by an intradermal injection of 50-µg purified myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 33-55 (MOG33-55) dissolved in 200-µL saline at the base of the tail. The rats in the swimming exercise group were made to swim for 30 minutes once pert a day for 26 consecutive days, starting 5 days after induction of EAE. To compare the effect of swimming exercise with interferon-ß, a drug for multiple sclerosis, interferon-ß was injected intraperitoneally into rats of the EAE-induced and interferon-ß-treated group during the exercise period. RESULTS: Injection of MOG33-55 caused weight loss, decreased clinical disability score, and increased level of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory mediators in the lumbar spinal cord. Loss of motor function and weakness increased demyelination score. Swimming exercise suppressed demyelination and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory mediators. These changes promoted recovery of EAE symptoms such as body weight loss, motor dysfunction, and weakness. Swimming exercise caused the same level of improvement as interferon-ß treatment. CONCLUSION: The results of this experiment suggest the possibility of swimming exercise in urological diseases that are difficult to treat. Swimming exercises can be considered for relief of symptom in incurable multiple sclerosis.

Analysis of differences in subjective health status according to characteristics of hospitalized cancer patients.

This study is intended to analyze differences in the self-rated health of patients according to the characteristics of hospitalized cancer patients. To this end, this study analyzed the differences in self-rated health according to cancer diagnosis type, cancer stage and adjunctive treatment and analyzed the recognition of difficulties in physical activities during hospitalization. A questionnaire survey was conducted among data of 162 hospitalized cancer patients. For the self-rated health of cancer patients according to diagnosis type, it was lower in the gastric cancer group than in the thyroid cancer group and the breast cancer group. For self-rated health according to cancer stage, it was higher in the order of the stage 3 group, stage 2 group and stage 1 group. For the self-rated health of patients receiving adjunctive treatment, it was the lowest in the chemotherapy+radiotherapy group. And for personal constraints according to cancer stage in the category of "physical," it was higher in the stage 3 group than in the stage 1 group. For hospital environment restrictions according to cancer stage in the category of "tool," it was higher in the stage 1 group than in the stage 3 group. In conclusion, personal constraints on the physical activities of cancer patients appear to be due to fatigue and a lack of motivation, but medical services that influence motivation are critical to individual and continued care strategies for the patients.

A study of the physical activity restriction in the cancer patients using hierarchical regression analysis.

This study aimed to examine and analyze the relationship between the physical activity of cancer patients during the hospitalization and the change in exercise recognition and restrictions on physical activity in depth. In this study, adult cancer patients aged more than 20 years residing in the metropolitan area (such as Seoul, Gyeonggi, and Incheon) were selected as a population, and 194 cancer patients from five general hospitals located in metropolitan area were selected as subjects by the purposive sampling. The relative importance for the effect on the physical restriction was greater in the order of the time spent in sedentary activities and exercise positive recognition. The relative importance for cognitive psychological restriction was greater in the order of negative exercise recognition, positive exercise recognition, the time spent in sedentary activities, the time spent in ordinary daily activities and the time spent in intentional movement. In the hospital environment restriction, the facility had a statistically significant effect on the movement and positive exercise recognition. But, sociocultural restrictions were not affected by positive exercise recognition. As a result of this study, it was found that the physical activity restrictions of the cancer patients may affect differently depending on the physical activity level, exercise experience, and exercise recognition, requiring the interpretation of the physical activity restrictions in various ways.

Analysis of the relationship between physical activity and metabolic syndrome risk factors in adults with intellectual disabilities.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between physical activities and metabolic syndrome risk factors in adults with intellectual disabilities. Seventeen adults with intellectual disabilities at a sheltered workshop wore Actical for 5 days on workdays to measure their physical activity, and blood samples were taken to measure their physical fitness factors and examine their risk factors for metabolic syndrome. The average daily physical activity was found to be 655.41± 129.36 kcal, and the average total physical activity over 5 days was 3,224.94±149.68 kcal. A positive correlation was confirmed between physical activity and muscular strength, muscular endurance, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and disability rating. Factors that predicted physical activity of adults with disabilities were disability rating (t=6.280, P<0.001) and glycated hemoglobin (t= -2.315, P<0.036), which had a 73.9% correlation (R 2=0.739) with the physical activities of adults with intellectual disabilities. In conclusion, the physical activity level of adults with intellectual disabilities was significantly lower than that of adults in similar age groups, and such low physical activity may affect their muscular strength, muscular endurance, and metabolic syndrome risk factors. Therefore, additional studies on programs to improve and enhance physical activities at sheltered workshops, where adults with intellectual disabilities are mainly supervised and active, and guidelines for continuous health management are needed.

Factors that influence hospital inpatients' exercise constraints.

The purpose of this study is to present ways to provide more precise patient-oriented services by presenting implications and promoting a better understanding of exercise constraints. This study used questionnaire survey as measurement tool for 196 hospital inpatients in 5 general hospitals in the metropolitan area (Seoul, Gyeonggi, and Incheon). The collected data were analyzed using frequency analysis, exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, and hierarchical regression analysis using IBM SPSS Statistics ver. 23.0. The following results were obtained. First, physical activity level and health condition on their physical constraints showed that their health condition factors such as pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression had greater effects on physical constraints than other factors. Second, physical activity level, and health condition on their psychological constraints showed that health condition factors had major effects on patients' psychological constraints. Thirdly, physical activity level, and health condition on their sociocultural constraints found that anxiety/depression appeared as the key influence factor in physical and psychological constraints.

The influence of environmental constraints within hospitals on physical activity level of cancer patients.

This study aims to examine the influence of hospital environmental constraints on physical activity level of cancer patients. The subjects of this study were 194 cancer patients from five general hospitals in the Seoul metropolitan area (Seoul, Gyeonggi-do, and Incheon). The collected data was analyzed by using SPSS ver. 23.0. As a result of analyzing the effect of environmental constraints on the physical activity level of cancer patients, the constraints related to hospital facilities and programs had no effect on patients' time spent in a hospital bed and their time spent on daily. However, the time cancer patients spend on intentional physical movements is affected by hospital facilities or programs. This means that hospital facilities or programs play an important role in patients' intentional physical activities. In conclusion, for hospitalized cancer patients, physical activity levels are influenced by environmental constraints in the hospital. Therefore, it is important to improve the hospital environment to increase physical activities such as walking and physical exercise, which are an important factor for cancer recovery and prevention of recurrence.

Development and validation of exercise rehabilitation program for cognitive function and activity of daily living improvement in mild dementia elderly.

We investigated the effect of exercise rehabilitation based on fine motor movement for the elderly with mild dementia. Using electroencephalogram (EEG), the change of brain wave of them based on fine motor movement and comparing the improvement level of cognitive ability and performance capability in daily living activity was recorded. The subjects were the elderly with mild dementia living in a sanatorium in Incheon city. Mini-Mental Status Examination, activity of daily living (ADL), and the influence on depression were examined. After 8-week exercise program, significant difference in cognitive function and ADL was observed, however, and there was no significant difference in depression. In the EEG, there was a significant difference in α-wave. This study suggests the chance to remind the necessity of exercise programs for improving cognitive function and ADL of the elderly with dementia.

Analysis of differences in exercise recognition by constraints on physical activity of hospitalized cancer patients based on their medical history.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the differences among the hospitalized cancer patients on their perception of exercise and physical activity constraints based on their medical history. The study used questionnaire survey as measurement tool for 194 cancer patients (male or female, aged 20 or older) living in Seoul metropolitan area (Seoul, Gyeonggi, Incheon). The collected data were analyzed using frequency analysis, exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis t-test, and one-way distribution using statistical program SPSS 18.0. The following results were obtained. First, there was no statistically significant difference between cancer stage and exercise recognition/physical activity constraint. Second, there was a significant difference between cancer stage and sociocultural constraint/facility constraint/program constraint. Third, there was a significant difference between cancer operation history and physical/socio-cultural/facility/program constraint. Fourth, there was a significant difference between cancer operation history and negative perception/facility/program constraint. Fifth, there was a significant difference between ancillary cancer treatment method and negative perception/facility/program constraint. Sixth, there was a significant difference between hospitalization period and positive perception/negative perception/physical constraint/cognitive constraint. In conclusion, this study will provide information necessary to create patient-centered healthcare service system by analyzing exercise recognition of hospitalized cancer patients based on their medical history and to investigate the constraint factors that prevents patients from actually making efforts to exercise.

A study on the effects of exercise motivation of the elderly people on euphoria.

The present study aimed to empirically determine the relationship between the degree of exercise participation by the elderly people and their euphoria. The analysis results are as follows. First, the difference between the elderly people's participation in the exercises and the euphoria that they have experienced showed that in all low variables of euphoria, the group who participated in the exercises showed a higher level of euphoria than the group who did not participate in the exercises. Second, the analysis of the effects of the elderly people's motivations for exercise participation on euphoria showed that there was a significant relation between the two. Furthermore, the following suggestions were made for areas that the current study did not cover, as well as for the follow-up studies. The follow-up studies would need an in-depth multiangled analysis of various fun factors in order to encourage the elderly people to participate in the exercises by conducting interviews and observation studies with the study participants.

Nationwide survey of cancer center programs in Korea.

This study was conducted to investigate cancer centers established for the purpose of satisfying various needs about cancer, improving the cancer treatment environment, and subdividing services ranging from diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation to palliative care. To this end, the authors have surveyed programs in 17 cancer centers representing Korea, including 12 national cancer centers and five major hospitals. As a result, it was found that the most common type of lecture program was disease management, followed by health care and hospitalization, while the most common type of participation program was psychological relief, followed by physical activity. The most frequently operated type of program was found to be psychological relief, followed by physical activity and health care in the regional cancer centers, while the most frequently operated type was disease management, followed by psychological relief and health care in the five major hospitals. The proportion of physical activity was very high in two regional cancer centers, whereas five regional cancer centers did not offer physical activity programs at all. In the five major hospitals, physical activity programs were conducted regularly at least once a month or at least once a week. In addition, further studies are required to provide professional and detailed medical services for the establishment and operation of programs for cancer patient management and the environmental aspects of the hospital.

Chronic stress-induced dendritic reorganization and abundance of synaptosomal PKA-dependent CP-AMPA receptor in the basolateral amygdala in a mouse model of depression.

Chronic stress is a precipitating factor for disorders including depression. The basolateral amygdala (BLA) is a critical substrate that interconnects with stress-modulated neural networks to generate emotion- and mood-related behaviors. The current study shows that 3 h per day of restraint stress for 14 days caused mice to exhibit long-term depressive behaviors, manifested by disrupted sociality and despair levels, which were rescued by fluoxetine. These behavioral changes corresponded with morphological and molecular changes in BLA neurons, including chronic stress-elicited increases in arborization, dendritic length, and spine density of BLA principal neurons. At the molecular level, calcium-permeable α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (CP-AMPARs) within the synaptosome exhibited an increased GluR1:GluR2 subunit ratio. We also observed increased GluR1 phosphorylation at Ser 845 and enhanced cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) activity in the BLA. These molecular changes reverted to the basal state post-treatment with fluoxetine. The expression of synaptophysin (SYP) and postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95) at BLA neuronal synapses was also enhanced by chronic stress, which was reversed post-treatment. Finally, chronic stress-provoked depressive behavior was overcome by local blockage of CP-AMPARs in the BLA via stereotaxic injection (IEM-1460). Chronic stress-elicited depressive behavior may be due to hypertrophy of BLA neuronal dendrites and increased of PKA-dependent CP-AMPAR levels in BLA neurons. Furthermore, fluoxetine can reverse chronic stress-triggered cytoarchitectural and functional changes of BLA neurons. These findings provide insights into depression-linked structural and functional changes in BLA neurons.

A study on the social behavior and social isolation of the elderly Korea.

This study aimed at presenting what factors are to predict the social isolation of the elderly as an element to prevent the problem of why various matters related to old people are inevitably taking place by carefully examining the meaning of social isolation and the conditions of social isolation that the South Korean senior citizens go through after working on previous studies. This section discusses the results obtained through document analysis. First, the aspects of the elderly's social isolation arising from the changes of the South Korean society are changes of family relationship, the social structure, the economic structure and the culture. Second, the social isolation and social activity of the elderly are problems (suicide, criminals, dementia, depression and medical costs) of the elderly, change trend of the elderly issues related to social isolation and prediction factors that personal and regional. Lastly, as a role and challenges of the field of rehabilitation exercise aimed at resolving social isolation should be vitalized such as the development and provision of various relationship-building programs.

A study on the effect of self bedside exercise program on resilience and activities of daily living for patients with hemiplegia.

The purpose of this study was to design a repeatable universal rehabilitation program in which patients with hemiplegia can participate voluntarily, complementing physical and occupational therapies to increase voluntary exercise practice rate. Also, this study attempted to identify the relationship between psychological resilience due to the implementation of self-bedside exercise and functional recovery of activity of daily living (ADL). 12 patients with hemiplegia voluntarily participated in 8 weeks of self-bedside exercise 5 times a day and more than 5 days a week. Their program implementation, resilience, activities of daily living (MBI), upper limb motor functions (MFT), and balance ability (BBS) were analyzed and compared before and after the program. Compared to before implementing the program, significant increases were found in resilience, MBI, BBS, and MFT in the affected side after the implementation, and the resilience scores showed statistically positive correlation in MBI and MFT. Also, the change in resilience before and after the program implementation showed a statistically positive correlation. Therefore, it can be concluded that the self-bedside exercise developed in this study had a positive effect on voluntary participation in exercise as well as resilience and ADL. However, many studies which complement the psychological aspects of hemiparetic patients with stroke are still needed.

Study deviance-type scale in the development of Korean elder.

This research aims to develop a questionnaire of deviant behavior for the Korean elderly people which may make a big contribution to the examination of deviance behavior of the elderly people and may play an important role in providing a methodological basis. In order to accomplish the purpose of the this study, there were three different stages; (a) making preliminary question items, (b) refining the items of the scale through a plot study, and (c) finalizing question items by a main survey. In the first stage, 43 question items were developed using the open-ended questionnaire and structural inquiry of succession from 137 elderly people who are over 65 yr. In the second phase, based on data collected by the 200 elderly people pilot testing was performed through exploratory factor analysis and reliability test. The scale is a 27-item self-report questionnaire. In the main survey conducted by 184 elderly people, 21 items, which consisted of four subfactors, were finalized in order to measure deviance behaviors of the Korean elderly people: social deviance (n=8), economic deviance (n=5), psychological deviance (n=5), and physical deviance (n=3).

Verification of relationship model between Korean new elderly class's recovery resilience and productive aging.

The purpose of this study is to verification of relationship model between Korean new elderly class's recovery resilience and productive aging. As of 2013, this study sampled preliminary elderly people in Gyeonggi-do and other provinces nationwide. Data from a total of effective 484 subjects was analyzed. The collected data was processed using the IBM SPSS 20.0 and AMOS 20.0, and underwent descriptive statistical analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and structure model verification. The path coefficient associated with model fitness was examined. The standardization path coefficient between recovery resilience and productive aging is ß=0.975 (t=14.790), revealing a statistically significant positive effect. Thus, it was found that the proposed basic model on the direct path of recovery resilience and productive aging was fit for the model.

The effect of push factors in the leisure sports participation of the retired elderly on re-socialization recovery resilience.

This study aimed to provide useful materials for the realization of healthy and happy welfare society through the re-socialization of the retired elderly by identifying the effect of the push factors in the leisure sports participation of the retired elderly on re-socialization and recovery resilience. To achieve the study purpose, 304 subjects over the age of 55 residing in Seoul and Gyeonggin among the retired elderly were selected by using the method of systematic stratified cluster random sampling. As research methods, questionnaire papers were used. The data were collected and data which were judged to be incomplete or unreliable in responses were excluded from the analysis. After inputting data which are available to analysis and SPSS 18.0 program was used for statistical techniques. In this, data were processed by factor analysis, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis. The study results that were obtained from this analysis are as follows: First, the psychological stability among the push factors in the leisure sports participation of the elderly had a significant effect on re-socialization, while health pursuit had a significant effect on personal exchange and economic activity among the sub-factors of re-socialization. Second, psychological stability among the push factors in the leisure sports participation of the retired elderly had a significant effect on recovery resilience; personal relationships had an effect on empathy skills, impulse control, and self-efficacy; and health pursuit had a significant effect on impulse control, optimism, and self-efficacy.

A study on the development of the protocol of leisure activity program for the elderly's deviant prevention.

The purpose of this study is to provide planning methods for leisure activity program to prevent the elderly's deviance, using the program components and protocol factors. This section discusses the results obtained through document analysis and Delphi technique. First, the components of leisure activity program were classified into five stages such as definition, condition analysis, program composition, application and evaluation. Second, the protocol factors in each stage of leisure activity program for the elderly's deviant prevention were 19 main themes and 75 sub-themes respectively. In the stage of condition analysis, five main themes such as deviant prediction, individual, socio-demographic, social and cultural factors and 25 sub-themes were found. Program composition included three main themes, facilities, instructor and program and 16 sub-themes and in the application stage, there were three key themes, facilities, instructor and program and 14 sub-themes. Lastly, the evaluation found four main themes such as deviant prevention, participation in leisure activities, management and wellbeing and 16 sub-themes.

Analysis on leisure patterns of the pre-elderly adults.

The purpose of study is to analyze how leisure activities affect the near elders' preparation for successful and productive aging. To achieve the purpose of the study, this study was conducted in 2012 and the data was collected by using multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method in the great city area (6 places), metropolitan area (7 places), medium-sized urban area (6 places), and rural area (6 places). Out of the total number of 1,000 copies of questionnaire distributed to pre-elders (Baby-boomers from 55 yr to 64 yr), 978 were collected and used for data analysis. According to the result, the more time, frequency and intensity in leisure and recreational participation, the higher the satisfaction level and the happiness level in their life. It means that leisure and recreational activities play an important role for their life. In other words, for pre-elders, leisure activities can be regarded as the important element for preparation of their old age. Therefore, the leisure and recreation for pre-elderly adults should not be recognized as a tool for improving the economic productivity but for reinforcing the recovery resilience.

Age-dependent effect of treadmill exercise on hemorrhage-induced neuronal cell death in rats.

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a major cause of death and disability in the elderly. In the present study, we examined the age-dependence of the effect of treadmill exercise on the intrastriatal hemorrhage-induced neuronal cell death in rats. Young (8 weeks old) and old (64 weeks old) Sprague-Dawley male rats were used in the present study. Intrastriatal hemorrhage was induced by injection of 0.2 U collagenase (1 µL volume) into the striatum using a stereotaxic instrument. The rats in the exercise groups were forced to run on a treadmill for 30 min daily for 7 days. Lesion size was determined by Nissl staining. Apoptosis was assessed by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. In the present results, induction of hemorrhage increased lesion size and enhanced apoptosis. Treadmill exercise decreased the lesion size with suppressing apoptosis. However, the size of lesion induced by hemorrhage and the number of apoptotic cells were not different between young and old rats. Treadmill exercise significantly reduced the ICH-induced lesion size and the number of apoptotic cells irrespective of age. The data suggest that treadmill exercise may provide therapeutic value against ICH by suppressing neuronal apoptosis regardless of age.