Characteristics of the Serum Microbiota and Circulating Metabolites in Cynomolgus Monkeys With Spontaneous Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is widely recognized as a serious global public health concern with a substantial economic burden on patients, their families, and society. Accumulating evidence suggests that an etiologic role for serum microbiota and circulating metabolites in the pathogenesis of T2DM. This study aims to characterize the serum microbiota and circulating metabolites in cynomolgus monkeys with spontaneous T2DM, and provide a reference for the diagnosis and treatment of clinical T2DM. METHODS: We collected serum samples of the 14 cynomolgus monkeys (15-20 years old, male) for serum microbiota analysis by 16S rRNA gene V3-V4 region amplicon sequencing and circulating metabolites analysis by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, of which seven were spontaneous T2DM cynomolgus monkeys and seven were healthy controls. RESULTS: Our results showed that the serum microbiota abundance and diversity were significantly increased in cynomolgus monkeys with spontaneous T2DM compared to healthy controls, the phyla of Cyanobacteria and Chloroflexi and the genera of Lactobacillus, rhodobacter and collinsella were also significantly increased. A total of 114 serum differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) were identified, of which 22 were selected as potential biomarkers candidates related to spontaneous T2DM in cynomolgus monkeys by multivariate data analysis. In addition, serum levels of total SCFAs, acetate, butyrate, caproate, isobutyrate, and isovalerate were also significantly increased in the present study. The correlation network analyses have selected certain key DEMs, such as D-Psicose, 4-Oxoproline, D-Glutamine, and Hydroxyphenyllactic acid, which may serve as potential biomarkers for distinguishing between T2DM and healthy controls. CONCLUSION: Our results provide preliminary insights on perturbed serum microbiota and circulating metabolites of cynomolgus monkeys with spontaneous T2DM. These findings would be useful to develop microbiota-based strategies for T2DM prevention and control.

Single-cell and spatial transcriptome analyses reveal tertiary lymphoid structures linked to tumour progression and immunotherapy response in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Tertiary lymphoid structures are immune cell aggregates linked with cancer outcomes, but their interactions with tumour cell aggregates are unclear. Using nasopharyngeal carcinoma as a model, here we analyse single-cell transcriptomes of 343,829 cells from 77 biopsy and blood samples and spatially-resolved transcriptomes of 31,316 spots from 15 tumours to decipher their components and interactions with tumour cell aggregates. We identify essential cell populations in tertiary lymphoid structure, including CXCL13+ cancer-associated fibroblasts, stem-like CXCL13+CD8+ T cells, and B and T follicular helper cells. Our study shows that germinal centre reaction matures plasma cells. These plasma cells intersperse with tumour cell aggregates, promoting apoptosis of EBV-related malignant cells and enhancing immunotherapy response. CXCL13+ cancer-associated fibroblasts promote B cell adhesion and antibody production, activating CXCL13+CD8+ T cells that become exhausted in tumour cell aggregates. Tertiary lymphoid structure-related cell signatures correlate with prognosis and PD-1 blockade response, offering insights for therapeutic strategies in cancers.

Identification of DNA methylation-regulated WEE1 with potential implications in prognosis and immunotherapy for low-grade glioma.

BACKGROUND: WEE1 is a critical kinase in the DNA damage response pathway and has been shown to be effective in treating serous uterine cancer. However, its role in gliomas, specifically low-grade glioma (LGG), remains unclear. The impact of DNA methylation on WEE1 expression and its correlation with the immune landscape in gliomas also need further investigation. METHODS: This study used data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA), and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and utilized various bioinformatics tools to analyze gene expression, survival, gene correlation, immune score, immune infiltration, genomic alterations, tumor mutation burden, microsatellite instability, clinical characteristics of glioma patients, WEE1 DNA methylation, prognostic analysis, single-cell gene expression distribution in glioma tissue samples, and immunotherapy response prediction based on WEE1 expression. RESULTS: WEE1 was upregulated in LGG and glioblastoma (GBM), but it had a more significant prognostic impact in LGG compared to other cancers. High WEE1 expression was associated with poorer prognosis in LGG, particularly when combined with wild-type IDH. The WEE1 inhibitor MK-1775 effectively inhibited the proliferation and migration of LGG cell lines, which were more sensitive to WEE1 inhibition. DNA methylation negatively regulated WEE1, and high DNA hypermethylation of WEE1 was associated with better prognosis in LGG than in GBM. Combining WEE1 inhibition and DNA methyltransferase inhibition showed a synergistic effect. Additionally, downregulation of WEE1 had favorable predictive value in immunotherapy response. Co-expression network analysis identified key genes involved in WEE1-mediated regulation of immune landscape, differentiation, and metastasis in LGG. CONCLUSION: Our study shows that WEE1 is a promising indicator for targeted therapy and prognosis evaluation. Notably, significant differences were observed in the role of WEE1 between LGG and GBM. Further investigation into WEE1 inhibition, either in combination with DNA methyltransferase inhibition or immunotherapy, is warranted in the context of LGG.

Efficient solar-driven: Photothermal catalytic reduction of atmospheric CO2 at the gas-solid interface by CuTCPP/MXene/TiO2.

Directly capturing atmospheric CO2 and converting it into valuable fuel through photothermal synergy is an effective way to mitigate the greenhouse effect. This study developed a gas-solid interface photothermal catalytic system for atmospheric CO2 reduction, utilizing the innovative photothermal catalyst (Cu porphyrin) CuTCPP/MXene/TiO2. The catalyst demonstrated a photothermal catalytic performance of 124 µmol·g-1·h-1 for CO and 106 µmol·g-1·h-1 for CH4, significantly outperforming individual components. Density functional theory (DFT) results indicate that the enhanced catalytic performance is attributed to the internal electric field between the components, which significantly enhances carrier utilization. The introduction of CuTCPP reduces free energy of the photothermal catalytic reaction. Additionally, the local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect and high-speed electron transfer properties of MXene further boost the catalytic reaction rate. This well-designed catalyst and catalytic system offer a simple method for capturing atmospheric CO2 and converting it in-situ through photothermal catalysis.

Gut Lactococcus garvieae promotes protective immunity to foodborne Clostridium perfringens infection.

The gut microbiota, a pivotal component of the intestinal mucosal barrier, is critical for host resistance to enteric pathogen infection. Here, we report a novel function of the potentially probiotic Lactococcus garvieae strain LG1 (L. garvieae strain LG1) in maintaining intestinal mucosal barrier integrity and protecting against foodborne Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) infection. L. garvieae was isolated from the intestinal contents of Chinese Mongolian sheep (MS) and exhibited potential probiotic properties. In a C. perfringens enterocolitis model, L. garvieae-pretreated mice were less susceptible to C. perfringens infection compared with Phosphate buffered solution (PBS)-pretreated mice, which manifested as higher survival rates, lower pathogen loads, less weight loss, mild clinical symptoms and intestinal damage, and minor inflammation. Further mechanistic analysis showed that L. garvieae could ameliorate the disruption of intestinal permeability and maintain the integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier by promoting the expression of tight junction proteins and mucoproteins. Moreover, L. garvieae was also able to facilitate antimicrobial peptide expression and ameliorate dysbiosis of the gut microbiota caused by C. perfringens. Together, these findings highlight the prospect of immunomodulatory potentially probiotic L. garvieae and might offer valuable strategies for prophylaxis and/or treatment of pathogenic C. perfringens mucosal infection. IMPORTANCE: C. perfringens necrotic enteritis leads to losses of about US $2 billion to the poultry industry worldwide every year. Worse, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has estimated that C. perfringens causes nearly 1 million foodborne illnesses in the United States annually. Nowadays, the treatment recommendation is a combination of a broad-spectrum synergistic penicillin with clindamycin or a carbapenem, despite growing scientific concern over antibiotic resistance. The global understanding of the gut microbiome for C. perfringens infection may provide important insights into the intervention. L. garvieae originated from Mongolian sheep intestine, exhibited potentially probiotic properties, and was able to limit C. perfringens enterocolitis and pathogenic colonization. Importantly, we found that L. garvieae limits C. perfringens invasion via improving intestinal mucosal barrier function. Also, L. garvieae alleviates C. perfringens-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis. It allowed us to convince that utilization of probiotics to promote protective immunity against pathogens infection is of pivotal importance.

FAM210A: An emerging regulator of mitochondrial homeostasis.

Mitochondrial homeostasis serves as a cornerstone of cellular function, orchestrating a delicate balance between energy production, redox status, and cellular signaling transduction. This equilibrium involves a myriad of interconnected processes, including mitochondrial dynamics, quality control mechanisms, and biogenesis and degradation. Perturbations in mitochondrial homeostasis have been implicated in a wide range of diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic syndromes, and aging-related disorders. In the past decades, the discovery of numerous mitochondrial proteins and signaling has led to a more complete understanding of the intricate mechanisms underlying mitochondrial homeostasis. Recent studies have revealed that Family with sequence similarity 210 member A (FAM210A) is a novel nuclear-encoded mitochondrial protein involved in multiple aspects of mitochondrial homeostasis, including mitochondrial quality control, dynamics, cristae remodeling, metabolism, and proteostasis. Here, we review the function and physiological role of FAM210A in cellular and organismal health. This review discusses how FAM210A acts as a regulator on mitochondrial inner membrane to coordinate mitochondrial dynamics and metabolism.

Molecularly imprinted photoelectrochemical sensor for ultrasensitive and selective detection of hydroquinone using 0D CdS nanoparticle/3D flower-like ZnIn2S4 microsphere nanocomposite.

A novel photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensor was developed for the ultra-sensitive and highly selective detection of hydroquinone (HQ), featuring a composite structure that combines 0D CdS nanoparticles with a 3D flower-like ZnIn2S4 microsphere. The sensor, termed rMIP/CdS/ZnIn2S4, employed molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) to achieve specific recognition of HQ. An p-phenylenediamine (pPD) polymer film was electrochemically polymerized onto the surface of the CdS/ZnIn2S4 composite-coated glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Through hydrogen bonding, HQ molecules were imprinted onto the polymer film. Subsequent elution removed these molecules, leaving behind specific recognition sites, enabling selective detection of HQ. The unique spatial structure and heterojunction properties of the 0D CdS nanoparticle/3D flower-like ZnIn2S4 composite, combined with molecular imprinting, significantly enhanced the photocurrent response and increased the selectivity and sensitivity for HQ detection. Under optimal conditions, the rMIP/CdS/ZnIn2S4 sensor demonstrated a low detection limit (0.7 nmol·L-1, S/N=3) over a wide linear range of 1-1200 nmol·L-1. The sensor was successfully applied to detect HQ in real water samples, showing promise for environmental pollution control applications.

Interspecies regulatory landscapes and elements revealed by novel joint systematic integration of human and mouse blood cell epigenomes.

Knowledge of locations and activities of cis-regulatory elements (CREs) is needed to decipher basic mechanisms of gene regulation and to understand the impact of genetic variants on complex traits. Previous studies identified candidate CREs (cCREs) using epigenetic features in one species, making comparisons difficult between species. In contrast, we conducted an interspecies study defining epigenetic states and identifying cCREs in blood cell types to generate regulatory maps that are comparable between species, using integrative modeling of eight epigenetic features jointly in human and mouse in our Validated Systematic Integration (VISION) Project. The resulting catalogs of cCREs are useful resources for further studies of gene regulation in blood cells, indicated by high overlap with known functional elements and strong enrichment for human genetic variants associated with blood cell phenotypes. The contribution of each epigenetic state in cCREs to gene regulation, inferred from a multivariate regression, was used to estimate epigenetic state regulatory potential (esRP) scores for each cCRE in each cell type, which were used to categorize dynamic changes in cCREs. Groups of cCREs displaying similar patterns of regulatory activity in human and mouse cell types, obtained by joint clustering on esRP scores, harbor distinctive transcription factor binding motifs that are similar between species. An interspecies comparison of cCREs revealed both conserved and species-specific patterns of epigenetic evolution. Finally, we show that comparisons of the epigenetic landscape between species can reveal elements with similar roles in regulation, even in the absence of genomic sequence alignment.

Northwestern University resource and education development initiatives to advance collaborative artificial intelligence across the learning health system.

Introduction: The rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare has exposed the unmet need for growing a multidisciplinary workforce that can collaborate effectively in the learning health systems. Maximizing the synergy among multiple teams is critical for Collaborative AI in Healthcare. Methods: We have developed a series of data, tools, and educational resources for cultivating the next generation of multidisciplinary workforce for Collaborative AI in Healthcare. We built bulk-natural language processing pipelines to extract structured information from clinical notes and stored them in common data models. We developed multimodal AI/machine learning (ML) tools and tutorials to enrich the toolbox of the multidisciplinary workforce to analyze multimodal healthcare data. We have created a fertile ground to cross-pollinate clinicians and AI scientists and train the next generation of AI health workforce to collaborate effectively. Results: Our work has democratized access to unstructured health information, AI/ML tools and resources for healthcare, and collaborative education resources. From 2017 to 2022, this has enabled studies in multiple clinical specialties resulting in 68 peer-reviewed publications. In 2022, our cross-discipline efforts converged and institutionalized into the Center for Collaborative AI in Healthcare. Conclusions: Our Collaborative AI in Healthcare initiatives has created valuable educational and practical resources. They have enabled more clinicians, scientists, and hospital administrators to successfully apply AI methods in their daily research and practice, develop closer collaborations, and advanced the institution-level learning health system.

Impact of non-emergency surgical timing on postoperative recovery quality in mild or asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infected patients: a grouped cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship between the timing of non-emergency surgery in mild or asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) infected individuals and the quality of postoperative recovery from the time of confirmed infection to the day of surgery. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 300 cases of mild or asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infected patients undergoing elective general anaesthesia surgery at Yijishan Hospital between January 9, 2023, and February 17, 2023. Based on the time from confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection to the day of surgery, patients were divided into four groups: ≤2 weeks (Group A), 2-4 weeks (Group B), 4-6 weeks (Group C), and 6-8 weeks (Group D). The primary outcome measures included the Quality of Recovery-15 (QoR-15) scale scores at 3 days, 3 months, and 6 months postoperatively. Secondary outcome measures included postoperative mortality, ICU admission, pulmonary complications, postoperative length of hospital stay, extubation time, and time to leave the PACU. RESULTS: Concerning the primary outcome measures, the QoR-15 scores at 3 days postoperatively in Group A were significantly lower compared to the other three groups (P < 0.05), while there were no statistically significant differences among the other three groups (P > 0.05). The QoR-15 scores at 3 and 6 months postoperatively showed no statistically significant differences among the four groups (P > 0.05). In terms of secondary outcome measures, Group A had a significantly prolonged hospital stay compared to the other three groups (P < 0.05), while other outcome measures showed no statistically significant differences (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The timing of surgery in mild or asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infected patients does not affect long-term recovery quality but does impact short-term recovery quality, especially for elective general anaesthesia surgeries within 2 weeks of confirmed infection. Therefore, it is recommended to wait for a surgical timing of at least greater than 2 weeks to improve short-term recovery quality and enhance patient prognosis.

Predictive value of CXCL1+_FAP+ phenotype in CAFs for distant metastasis and its correlation with PD-L1 expression in locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients.

OBJECTIVE: There is a lack of effective biomarkers for predicting the distant metastasis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). We aimed to explore the expression of FAP+Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) derived CXCL1 in NPC and its predictive values for distant metastasis and correlation with PD-L1 expression. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 345 patients with locoregionally advanced NPC were retrospectively enrolled (the training cohort: the validation cohort = 160:185). Co-expression of CXCL1 and FAP and the expression of PD-L1 were detected by multi-immunofluorescence staining and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The primary end-point was distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS). The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate the survival. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to assess prognostic risk factors. RESULTS: A novel CXCL1+_FAP+ phenotype in CAFs was identified in NPC and then used to divide patients into low and high risk groups. Both in the training cohort and validation cohort, patients in the high risk group had poorer DMFS, overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS) and locoregional relapse-free survival (LRFS) than patients in the low risk group. Multivariate analysis revealed CXCL1+_FAP+ phenotype was an independent prognostic factor for DMFS, OS, PFS and LRFS. Further results showed patients in the high risk group had higher PD-L1 expression than those in the low risk group. CONCLUSION: Our study showed CXCL1+_FAP+ phenotype in CAFs could effectively classified locoregionally advanced NPC patients into different risk groups for distant metastasis and might be a potential biomarker for anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy.

Identification of m6A modification patterns and RBM15 mediated macrophage phagocytosis in pancreatic cancer: An integrative analysis.

Pancreatic cancer (PC) responds weakly to conventional immunotherapy. RNA N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification has an essential role in the immune response, while its potential role in PC tumor microenvironment (TME) immune cell infiltration remains unknown. In this study, we thoroughly assessed the m6A modification patterns of 472 PC samples using 19 m6A regulators, and we systematically correlated these modification patterns with TME immune cell infiltration characteristics. We also created the m6Ascore and evaluated the m6A modification patterns of individual tumors, identified three different m6A modification patterns, and explored the role of the important m6A "writer" RBM15 in the regulation of macrophage function in PC. Two independent PC cohorts confirmed that patients with higher m6Ascore showed significant survival benefit. We verified that knockdown of RBM15 has the ability to inhibit PC growth and to promote macrophage infiltration and enhance phagocytosis of PC cells by macrophages. In conclusion, m6A modifications play a non-negligible role in the formation of TME diversity and complexity in PC. We reveal that inhibition of RBM15 suppresses PC development and modulates macrophage phagocytosis, and provide a more effective immunotherapeutic strategy for PC.

Single-crystalline hole-transporting layers for efficient and stable organic light-emitting devices.

Efficient charge-carrier injection and transport in organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) are essential to simultaneously achieving their high efficiency and long-term stability. However, the charge-transporting layers (CTLs) deposited by various vapor or solution processes are usually in amorphous forms, and their low charge-carrier mobilities, defect-induced high trap densities and inhomogeneous thickness with rough surface morphologies have been obstacles towards high-performance devices. Here, organic single-crystalline (SC) films were employed as the hole-transporting layers (HTLs) instead of the conventional amorphous films to fabricate highly efficient and stable OLEDs. The high-mobility and ultrasmooth morphology of the SC-HTLs facilitate superior interfacial characteristics of both HTL/electrode and HTL/emissive layer interfaces, resulting in a high Haacke's figure of merit (FoM) of the ultrathin top electrode and low series-resistance joule-heat loss ratio of the SC-OLEDs. Moreover, the thick and compact SC-HTL can function as a barrier layer against moisture and oxygen permeation. As a result, the SC-OLEDs show much improved efficiency and stability compared to the OLEDs based on amorphous or polycrystalline HTLs, suggesting a new strategy to developing advanced OLEDs with high efficiency and high stability.

Regulation of TMEM100 expression by epigenetic modification, effects on proliferation and invasion of esophageal squamous carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a prevalent malignancy with a high morbidity and mortality rate. TMEM100 has been shown to be suppressor gene in a variety of tumors, but there are no reports on the role of TMEM100 in esophageal cancer (EC). AIM: To investigate epigenetic regulation of TMEM100 expression in ESCC and the effect of TMEM100 on ESCC proliferation and invasion. METHODS: Firstly, we found the expression of TMEM100 in EC through The Cancer Genome Atlas database. The correlation between TMEM100 gene expression and the survival of patients with EC was further confirmed through Kaplan-Meier analysis. We then added the demethylating agent 5-AZA to ESCC cell lines to explore the regulation of TMEM100 expression by epigenetic modification. To observe the effect of TMEM100 expression on tumor proliferation and invasion by overexpressing TMEM100. Finally, we performed gene set enrichment analysis using the Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes Orthology-Based Annotation System database to look for pathways that might be affected by TMEM100 and verified the effect of TMEM100 expression on the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathway. RESULTS: In the present study, by bioinformatic analysis we found that TMEM100 was lowly expressed in EC patients compared to normal subjects. Kaplan-meier survival analysis showed that low expression of TMEM100 was associated with poor prognosis in patients with EC. Then, we found that the demethylating agent 5-AZA resulted in increased expression of TMEM100 in ESCC cells [quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blotting]. Subsequently, we confirmed that overexpression of TMEM100 leads to its increased expression in ESCC cells (qRT-PCR and western blotting). Overexpression of TMEM100 also inhibited proliferation, invasion and migration of ESCC cells (cell counting kit-8 and clone formation assays). Next, by enrichment analysis, we found that the gene set was significantly enriched in the MAPK signaling pathway. The involvement of TMEM100 in the regulation of MAPK signaling pathway in ESCC cell was subsequently verified by western blotting. CONCLUSION: TMEM100 is a suppressor gene in ESCC, and its low expression may lead to aberrant activation of the MAPK pathway. Promoter methylation may play a key role in regulating TMEM100 expression.

The Co-oligomers of Aß42 and Human Islet Amyloid Polypeptide Exacerbate Neurotoxicity and Alzheimer-like Pathology at Cellular Level.

The Aß hypothesis has long been central to Alzheimer's disease (AD) theory, with a recent surge in attention following drug approvals targeting Aß plaque clearance. Aß42 oligomers (AßO) are key neurotoxins. While ß-amyloid (Aß) buildup is a hallmark of AD, postmortem brain analyses have unveiled human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP) deposition in AD patients, suggesting a potential role in Alzheimer's pathology. This study investigates the neurotoxic effects of co-aggregates of Aß42 and hIAPP, specifically focusing on their impact on cell survival, apoptosis, and AD-like pathology. We analyzed and compared the impact of AßO and Aß42-hIAPP on cell survival in SH-SY5Y cells, apoptosis and inducing AD-like pathology in glutamatergic neurons. Aß42-hIAPP co-oligomers exhibited significantly greater toxicity, causing 2.3-3.5 times higher cell death compared to AßO alone. Furthermore, apoptosis rates were significantly exacerbated in glutamatergic neurons when exposed to Aß42-hIAPP co-oligomers. The study also revealed that Aß42-hIAPP co-oligomers induced typical AD-like pathology in glutamatergic neurons, including the presence of Aß deposits (detected by 6E10 and 4G8 immunofluorescence) and alterations in tau protein (changes in total tau HT7, phosphorylated tau AT8, AT180). Notably, Aß42-hIAPP co-oligomers induced a more severe AD pathology compared to AßO alone. These findings provide compelling evidence for the heightened toxicity of Aß42-hIAPP co-oligomers on neurons and their role in exacerbating AD pathology. The study contributes novel insights into the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, highlighting the potential involvement of hIAPP in AD pathology. Together, these findings offer novel insights into AD pathogenesis and routes for constructing animal models.

Multifaceted roles of cohesin in regulating transcriptional loops.

Cohesin is required for chromatin loop formation. However, its precise role in regulating gene transcription remains largely unknown. We investigated the relationship between cohesin and RNA Polymerase II (RNAPII) using single-molecule mapping and live-cell imaging methods in human cells. Cohesin-mediated transcriptional loops were highly correlated with those of RNAPII and followed the direction of gene transcription. Depleting RAD21, a subunit of cohesin, resulted in the loss of long-range (>100 kb) loops between distal (super-)enhancers and promoters of cell-type-specific genes. By contrast, the short-range (<50 kb) loops were insensitive to RAD21 depletion and connected genes that are mostly housekeeping. This result explains why only a small fraction of genes are affected by the loss of long-range chromatin interactions due to cohesin depletion. Remarkably, RAD21 depletion appeared to up-regulate genes located in early initiation zones (EIZ) of DNA replication, and the EIZ signals were amplified drastically without RAD21. Our results revealed new mechanistic insights of cohesin's multifaceted roles in establishing transcriptional loops, preserving long-range chromatin interactions for cell-specific genes, and maintaining timely order of DNA replication.

Single-Cell Oral Delivery Platform for Enhanced Acid Resistance and Intestinal Adhesion.

Oral delivery of cells, such as probiotics and vaccines, has proved to be inefficient since cells are generally damaged in an acidic stomach prior to arrival at the intestine to exert their health benefits. In addition, short retention in the intestine is another obstacle which affects inefficiency. To overcome these obstacles, a cell-in-shell structure was designed with pH-responsive and mucoadhesive properties. The pH-responsive shell consisting of three cationic layers of chitosan and three anionic layers of trans-cinnamic acid (t-CA) was made via layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly. t-CA layers are hydrophobic and impermeable to protons in acid, thus enhancing cell gastric resistance in the stomach, while chitosan layers endow strong interaction between the cell surface and the mucosal wall which facilitates cell mucoadhesion in the intestine. Two model cells, probiotic L. rhamnosus GG and dead Streptococcus iniae, which serve as inactivated whole-cell vaccine were chosen to test the design. Increased survival and retention during oral administration were observed for coated cells as compared with naked cells. Partial removal of the coating (20-60% removal) after acid treatment indicates that the coated vaccine can expose its surface immunogenic protein after passage through the stomach, thus facilitating vaccine immune stimulation in the intestine. As a smart oral delivery platform, this design can be extended to various macromolecules, thus providing a promising strategy to formulate oral macromolecules in the prevention and treatment of diseases at a cellular level.

S-scheme heterojunction Cu-porphyrin/TiO2 nanosheets with highly efficient photocatalytic reduction of CO2 in ambient air.

Directly capturing CO2 in ambient air and converting it into value-added fuels using photocatalysis is a potentially valuable technology. In this study, Cu-porphyrin (tetrakis-carboxyphenyl porphyrin copper, CuTCPP) was innovatively anchored on the surface of TiO2 (titanium dioxide) nanosheets to form an S-scheme heterojunction. Based on this, a photocatalytic reaction system for stably converting CO2 in ambient air into value-added fuels at the gas-solid interface was constructed without addition of sacrificial agents and alkaline liquids. Under the illumination of visible light and sunlight, the evolution rate of CO is 56 µmol·g-1·h-1 and 73 µmol·g-1·h-1, respectively, with a potential CO2 conversion rate of 35.8 % and 50.4 %. The enhanced of photocatalytic performance is attributed to the introduction of CuTCPP, which provides additional active sites, significantly improves capture capacity of CO2 and the utilization of electrons. Additionally, the formation of S-scheme heterojunction expands the redox range and improves the separation efficiency of photo-generated charges.

The allostery and modification of hGHRH molecules and specific dimer produced significant fertility effect by proliferating and activating in-situ ovarian mesenchymal stem cells.

The negative coordination of growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R) and growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor (GHRH-R) involves in the repair processes of cellular injury. The allosteric U- or H-like modified GHRH dimer Grinodin and 2Y were comparatively evaluated in normal Kunming mice and hamster infertility models induced by CPA treatment. 1-3-9 µg of Grinodin or 2Y per hamster stem-cell-exhaustion model was subcutaneously administered once a week, respectively inducing 75-69-46 or 45-13-50 % of birth rates. In comparison, the similar mole of human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) or human growth hormone (hGH) was administered once a day but caused just 25 or 20 % of birth rates. Grinodin induced more big ovarian follicles and corpora lutea than 2Y, hMG, hGH. The hMG-treated group was observed many distorted interstitial cells and more connective tissues and the hGH-treated group had few ovarian follicles. 2Y had a plasma lifetime of 21 days and higher GH release in mice, inducing lower birth rate and stronger individual specificity in reproduction as well as only promoting the proliferation of mesenchymal-stem-cells (MSCs) in the models. In comparison, Grinodin had a plasma lifetime of 30 days and much lower GH release in mice. It significantly promoted the proliferation and activation of ovarian MSCs together with the development of follicles in the models by increasing Ki67 and GHS-R expressions, and decreasing GHRH-R expression in a dose-dependent manner. However, the high GH and excessive estrogen levels in the models showed a dose-dependent reduction in fertility. Therefore, unlike 2Y, the low dose of Grinodin specifically shows low GHS-R and high GHRH-R expressions thus evades GH and estrogen release and improves functions of organs, resulting in an increase of fertility.

Hijacked enhancer-promoter and silencer-promoter loops in cancer.

Recent work has shown that besides inducing fusion genes, structural variations (SVs) can also contribute to oncogenesis by disrupting the three-dimensional genome organization and dysregulating gene expression. At the chromatin-loop level, SVs can relocate enhancers or silencers from their original genomic loci to activate oncogenes or repress tumor suppressor genes. On a larger scale, different types of alterations in topologically associating domains (TADs) have been reported in cancer, such as TAD expansion, shuffling, and SV-induced neo-TADs. Furthermore, the transformation from normal cells to cancerous cells is usually coupled with active or repressive compartmental switches, and cancer-specific compartments have been proposed. This review discusses the sites, and the other latest advances in studying how SVs disrupt higher-order genome structure in cancer, which in turn leads to oncogene dysregulation. We also highlight the clinical implications of these changes and the challenges ahead in this field.