RESUMEN
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus that belongs to Hepeviridae family. HEV is the most common cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), there are estimated 20 million HEV infections worldwide every year, leading to estimated 3.3 million symptomatic cases of HEV infection. The WHO estimates that HEV infection caused approximately 44,000 deaths in 2015, which represents 3.3% of mortality rates due to viral hepatitis. In low-income (LI) countries and lower-middle-income (LMI) countries, HEV is a waterborne infection induced by HEV genotype (gt) 1 and HEV gt 2 that cause large outbreaks and affect young individuals with a high mortality rate in pregnant women from South Asian countries and patients with liver diseases. HEV gt 3, HEV gt 4, and HEV gt 7 are responsible for sporadic infections with zoonotic transmission mainly through the consumption of raw or undercooked meat from different animals. Acute HEV infection is relatively asymptomatic or mild clinical form, in rare cases the disease can be moderate/severe clinical forms and result in fulminant hepatitis or acute liver failure (ALF). Furthermore, HEV infection is associated with extrahepatic manifestations, including renal and neurological clinical signs and symptoms. Pregnant women, infants, older people, immunocompromised individuals, patients with comorbidities, and workers who come into close contact with HEV-infected animals are recognized as major risk groups for severe clinical form of HEV infection and fatal outcome. Chronic HEV infection can occur in immunocompromised individuals with the possibility of progression to cirrhosis.
RESUMEN
The study reports the synthesis and characterization of novel triple stimuli responsive interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) based on two polyzwitterionic networks, namely of poly(carboxybetaine methacrylate) and poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate). The zwitterionic IPN hydrogel demonstrates the ability to expand or shrink in response to changes in three "biological" external stimuli such as temperature, pH, and salt concentration. The IPN hydrogel shows good mechanical stability. In addition, other important features such as non-cytotoxicity and antibiofouling activity against three widespread bacteria as P. Aeruginosa, A. Baumanii, and K. Pneumoniae are demonstrated. The in vivo behavior of the novel zwitterionic IPN hydrogel suggests that this smart material has very good potential as a biomaterial.