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Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains one of the most prevalent malignant tumors of the digestive system, yet the availability of safe and effective chemotherapeutic agents for clinical use remains limited. Camptothecin (CPT) and its derivatives, though approved for cancer treatment, have encountered significant challenges in clinical application due to their low bioavailability and high systemic toxicity. Strategic modification at the 7-position of CPT enables the development of novel CPT derivatives with high activity. In the present study, a series of compounds incorporating aminoureas, amino thioureas, and acylamino thioureas as substituents at the 7-position were screened. These compounds were subsequently evaluated for their cytotoxicity against the human gastric cancer (GC) cell line AGS and the CRC cell line HCT116. Two derivatives, XSJ05 (IC50 = 0.006 ± 0.003 µM) and XSJ07 (IC50 = 0.013 ± 0.003 µM), exhibited remarkably effective anti-CRC activity, being better than TPT. In addition, they have a better safety profile. In vitro mechanistic studies revealed that XSJ05 and XSJ07 exerted their inhibitory effects on CRC cell proliferation by suppressing the activity of topoisomerase I (Topo I). This suppression triggers DNA double-strand breaks, leads to DNA damage and subsequently causes CRC cells to arrest in the G2/M phase. Ultimately, the cells undergo apoptosis. Collectively, these findings indicate that XSJ05 and XSJ07 possess superior activity coupled with favorable safety profiles, suggesting their potential as lead compounds for the development of CRC therapeutics.
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Developing novel drugs from natural products has proven to be a very effective strategy. Neocryptolepine was isolated from Cryptolepis sanguinolenta, a traditional endemic African herb, which exerts a wide range of biological activities such as antimalaria, antibacterial, and antitumor. 2-Chloro-8-methoxy-5-methyl-5H-indolo [2,3-b] quinoline (compound 49) was synthesized, and its cytotoxicity was assessed on pancreatic cancer PANC-1 cells, colorectal cancer HCT116 cells, liver cancer SMMC-7721 cells, and gastric cancer AGS cells in vitro. The results of the in vitro assay showed that compound 49 exerted remarkable cytotoxicity on colorectal cancer HCT116 and Caco-2 cells. The cytotoxicity of compound 49 to colorectal cancer HCT116 cells was 17 times higher than that of neocryptolepine and to human normal intestinal epithelial HIEC cells was significantly reduced. Compound 49 exhibited significant cytotoxicity against the colorectal cancer HCT116 and Caco-2 cells, with IC50 of 0.35 and 0.54 µM, respectively. The mechanism of cytotoxicity of compound 49 to colorectal cancer HCT116 and Caco-2 cells was further investigated. The results showed that compound 49 could inhibit colony formation and cell migration. Moreover, compound 49 could arrest the cell cycle at the G2/M phase, promote the production of reactive oxygen species, reduce mitochondrial membrane potential, and induce apoptosis. The results of Western blot indicated that compound 49 showed cytotoxicity on HCT116 and Caco-2 cells by modulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. In conclusion, these results suggested that compound 49 may be a potentially promising lead compound for the treatment of colorectal cancer.
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Chemotherapy is commonly used clinically to treat colorectal cancer, but it is usually prone to drug resistance, so novel drugs need to be developed continuously to treat colorectal cancer. Neocryptolepine derivatives have attracted a lot of attention because of their good cytotoxic activity; however, cytotoxicity studies on colorectal cancer cells are scarce. In this study, the cytotoxicity of 8-methoxy-2,5-dimethyl-5H-indolo[2,3-b] quinoline (MMNC) in colorectal cells was evaluated. The results showed that MMNC inhibits the proliferation of HCT116 and Caco-2 cells, blocks the cell cycle in the G2/M phase, decreases the cell mitochondrial membrane potential and induces apoptosis. In addition, the results of western blot experiments suggest that MMNC exerts cytotoxicity by inhibiting the expression of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway-related proteins. Based on these results, MMNC is a promising lead compound for anticancer activity in the treatment of human colorectal cancer.
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Antineoplásicos , Neoplasias Colorrectales , Quinolinas , Humanos , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Apoptosis , Células CACO-2 , Línea Celular Tumoral , Proliferación Celular , Neoplasias Colorrectales/patología , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinasas/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt/metabolismo , Quinolinas/farmacología , Transducción de Señal , Serina-Treonina Quinasas TOR/metabolismoRESUMEN
Gastric cancer is highly heterogeneous and there is still a lack of efficient, low-toxicity small molecule compounds for the treatment of gastric cancer. Natural products are important sources for the development of antitumor compounds. Therefore, it is promising strategy to find the lead compound of anti-gastric cancer agents by structural modification of natural products. The aim of this study was to synthesize a novel neocryptolepine derivative CFNC and explore its potential anti-gastric cancer effect and molecular mechanism. The MTT assay showed that the IC50 of CFNC on AGS cells reached 148 nM. CFNC arrested AGS cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. Furthermore, CFNC inhibited cell proliferation and migration, leading to the loss of membrane potential by causing mitochondrial dysfunction, which induced the apoptosis of AGS cells. Western blot assay suggested that CFNC could inhibit the expression of important proteins in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. These results showed that CFNC exhibited strong cytotoxic activity in gastric cancer cell lines by regulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Taken together, CFNC could be a promising lead compound for the clinical treatment of gastric cancer.
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Antineoplásicos , Productos Biológicos , Neoplasias Gástricas , Humanos , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt/metabolismo , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinasas/metabolismo , Línea Celular Tumoral , Serina-Treonina Quinasas TOR/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal , Neoplasias Gástricas/patología , Apoptosis , Proliferación Celular , Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , Productos Biológicos/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Natural products play an important role in drug development and lead compound synthesis. Neocryptolepine is a polycyclic quinoline compound isolated from Cryptolepis sanguinolent. The cytotoxicity of neocryptolepine to gastric cancer cells AGS, MKN45, HGC27, and SGC7901 was not very strong, and it also had certain toxicity to gastric mucosa cells GES-1. Therefore, a series of neocryptolepine derivatives were synthesized by the modification of the structure of neocryptolepine, and their cytotoxicity was evaluated. The results showed that compounds C5 and C8 exhibited strong cytotoxicity to AGS cells. The cell colony formation and cell migration experiments suggested that compounds C5 and C8 could inhibit the proliferation and cell migration of AGS and HGC27 cells. Cell cycle and apoptosis experiments showed that compounds C5 and C8 did not cause the apoptosis of AGS and HGC27 cells but, mainly, caused cell necrosis. Compound C5 had no significant effect on AGS and HGC27 cell cycles at low concentration. After treatment with AGS cells for 24 h at high concentration, compound C5 could significantly arrest the AGS cell cycle in the G2/M phase. Compound C8 had no significant effect on the AGS and HGC27 cell cycles. The results of molecular docking and Western blot showed that compounds C5 and C8 might induce cytotoxicity through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Therefore, compounds C5 and C8 may be promising lead compounds for the treatment of gastric cancer.
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Antineoplásicos , Productos Biológicos , Quinolinas , Neoplasias Gástricas , Alcaloides , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , Apoptosis , Productos Biológicos/farmacología , Línea Celular Tumoral , Proliferación Celular , Humanos , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinasas , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt/metabolismo , Quinolinas/farmacología , Neoplasias Gástricas/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Gástricas/metabolismoRESUMEN
Gastrodiae Rhizoma and its active constituents are known to exhibit neuroprotective effects in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the effect of Rhizoma Gastrodiae water extract (WERG) on AD and the detailed mechanism of action remain unclear. In this study, the mechanism of action of WERG was investigated by the microbiome-gut-brain axis using a D-galactose (D-gal)/AlCl3-induced AD mouse model. WERG improved the cognitive impairment of D-gal/AlCl3-induced mice. The expression level of p-Tauthr231 in the WERG-H treatment group was decreased, and p-Tauthr231 was found negative in hippocampal DG, CA1, and CA3 regions. Here, the diversity and composition of the gut microbiota were analyzed by 16sRNA sequencing. WERG-H treatment had a positive correlation with Firmicutes, Bacilli, Lactobacillus johnsonii, Lactobacillus murinus, and Lactobacillus reuteri. Interestingly, the Rikenellaceae-RC9 gut group in the gut increased in D-gal/AlCl3-induced mice, but the increased L. johnsonii, L. murinus, and L. reuteri reversed this process. This may be a potential mechanistic link between gut microbiota dysbiosis and P-TauThr231 levels in AD progression. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that WERG improved the cognitive impairment of the AD mouse model by enriching gut probiotics and reducing P-TauThr231 levels.
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Isaindigotone is an alkaloid containing a pyrrolo-[2,1-b]quinazoline moiety conjugated with a benzylidene group and isolated from the root of Isatis indigotca Fort. However, further anticancer activities of this alkaloid and its derivatives have not been fully explored. In this work, a novel isaindigotone derivative was synthesized and three different gastric cell lines and one human epithelial gastric cell line were used to study the anti-proliferation effects of the novel isaindigotone derivative BLG26. HGC27 cells and AGS cells were used to further explore the potential mechanisms. BLG26 exhibited better anti-proliferation activities in AGS cells with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 1.45 µM. BLG26 caused mitochondrial membrane potential loss and induced apoptosis in both HGC27 cells and AGS cells by suppressing mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and PI3K/AKT/mTOR axis. Acute toxicity experiment showed that LD50 (median lethal dose) of BLG26 was above 1000.0 mg/kg. This research suggested that BLG26 can be a potential candidate for the treatment of gastric cancer.
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Alcaloides , Antineoplásicos , Neoplasias Gástricas , Alcaloides/farmacología , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , Apoptosis , Línea Celular Tumoral , Proliferación Celular , Humanos , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinasas/metabolismo , Quinazolinas/farmacología , Transducción de Señal , Neoplasias Gástricas/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Gástricas/metabolismoRESUMEN
Serofluid dish is a traditional fermented food that contains rich microbial populations. To gain insight into the environmental variables shaping the microbial diversity patterns, serofluid dish samples were collected from different areas, and 16S rRNA sequencing was performed. Analyses revealed both species and community diversity, including phylotype richness, Shannon index and phylogenetic diversity, were mostly influenced by pH. Additionally, such effects were corroborated by the Mantel test of pairwise UniFrac distances and variable selection of multiple linear regression models. Eventually, correlations between dominant lineages and the pH of serofluid dish other than geographical distance explained a large portion of the changes in microbial composition and diversity. Lactobacillus and related genera, Pediococcus and Acetobacter were largely driven by the variability of pH, and higher richness was observed under moderate pH ranges. Collectively, the results demonstrated that a microbial diversity pattern in serofluid dish is predictable by natural environmental variation and can be better understood through pH conditions.
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Alimentos Fermentados , Verduras , China , Filogenia , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genéticaRESUMEN
Cancer is second only to heart disease as a cause of death, despite improvements in its early diagnosis and precision medicine. Due to the limitations of commonly used anticancer methods such as surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, biological therapy, especially probiotics such as lactic acid bacteria, has received widespread attention. Lactobacillus has been proven to inhibit the proliferation of a variety of cancer cells. In this work, the effects of the cell-free culture supernatant of serofluid dish (CCS1) and the cell-free culture supernatant of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum YT013 (CCS2) isolated from serofluid dish on AGS, HCT116, HepG2 and PANC-1 cells were investigated. Based on the CCK-8 assay, CCS1 and CCS2 were shown to suppress the growth of cancer cells in a concentration-dependent manner. The IC50 values of CCS2 of AGS, HCT116, HepG2 and PANC-1 cells were 346.51 ± 35.28, 1207.69 ± 333.18, 650.94 ± 123.78 and 808.96 ± 126.27 µg/ml, respectively. In addition, the results of fluorescence microscopy showed that CCS2 changed cell morphology and treated with CCS2 (200, 400 and 800 µg/ml) for 48 h, AGS cell apoptosis was quantitatively surveyed by flow cytometry, showing 25.0, 34.1, and 42.6% total apoptotic cells. Moreover, western blotting confirmed that BAX, BAD and Caspase-3/8/9 were significantly upregulated and that BCL-2 was significantly downregulated in AGS cells treated with CCS2. These results indicated that CCS2 might lead to apoptosis via the endogenous mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. In summary, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum YT013 may be considered a good candidate for anticancer therapies.
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1H-imidazole [4,5-f][1,10] phenanthroline is a promising chemical structure for cancer treatment. Herein, we synthesized a novel 1H-imidazole [4,5-f][1,10] phenanthroline derivative named IPM714 and found it exhibited selectively colorectal cancer (CRC) cells inhibitory activities, with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 1.74 µM and 2 µM in HCT116 cells and SW480 cells, respectively. The present study is intended to explore the cytotoxicity of IPM714 in cancer cells of various types and its anticancer mechanism in vitro. Cellular functional analyses indicated IPM714 can arrest HCT116 cell cycle in S phase and induce apoptosis in HCT116 and SW480 cells. Western blot and molecular docking showed that IPM714 may suppress PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway to inhibit cell proliferation and regulate cell cycle as well as apoptosis. This study proved IPM714 to be a promising drug in CRC therapy.
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Antineoplásicos , Neoplasias Colorrectales , Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , Apoptosis , Línea Celular Tumoral , Proliferación Celular , Neoplasias Colorrectales/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Colorrectales/metabolismo , Células HCT116 , Humanos , Imidazoles/farmacología , Imidazoles/uso terapéutico , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Fenantrolinas/farmacología , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinasas/metabolismoRESUMEN
A series of novel derivatives of isaindigotone, which comes from the root of isaits indinatca Fort, were synthesised (Compound 1-26). Four human gastrointestinal cancer cells (HCT116, PANC-1, SMMC-7721, and AGS) were employed to evaluate the anti-proliferative activity. Among them, Compound 6 displayed the most effective inhibitory activity on AGS cells with an IC50 (50% inhibitory concentration) value of 2.2 µM. The potential mechanism study suggested that Compound 6 induced apoptosis in AGS cells. The collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in AGS cells was proved. In docking analysis, good affinity interaction between Compound 6 and AKT1 was discovered. Treatment of AGS cells with Compound 6 also resulted in significant suppression of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signal pathway. The collapse of MMP and suppression of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signal pathway may be responsible for induction of apoptosis. This derivative Compound 6 could be useful as an underlying anti-tumour agent for treatment of gastric cancer.
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Antineoplásicos , Neoplasias Gástricas , Humanos , Alcaloides , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , Apoptosis , Línea Celular Tumoral , Proliferación Celular , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinasas/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt/farmacología , Quinazolinas , Neoplasias Gástricas/tratamiento farmacológico , Serina-Treonina Quinasas TOR/metabolismoRESUMEN
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common clinical malignant tumor and closely related to intestinal microbiome disorders. Especially, Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum) is one of the most prevalent pathogens in CRC. However, its change in CRC patients of Northwest China, an area with a high incidence of gastrointestinal tumors, is unclear, and therapeutic strategies targeting F. nucleatum remain unresolved. Here, fecal samples of healthy people and CRC patients were studied using 16S rRNA sequencing to explore microbial community alterations. Additionally, vanillin derivate (IPM711 and IPM712) intervention by coculture with CRC cells and potential mechanism were investigated. Results showed that intestinal microbial homeostasis was gradually dysregulated, and the abundance of Fusobacterium was higher in CRC patients. Moreover, IPM711 and IPM712 showed better anti-F. nucleatum activity than vanillin by increasing cell membrane permeability and destroying bacterial integrity. In addition, IPM711 and IPM712 could downregulate the expression of E-cadherin and ß-catenin, thus, suppressing the migration of HCT116. Collectively, IPM711 and IPM712 have both anticolorectal cancer and anti-F. nucleatum activities, providing potential natural product drug candidates for microbe-targeted strategies for the treatment of CRC.
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Neocryptolepine derivatives have attracted great interest because of their unique cytotoxic activity. 8-Fluoroneocryptolepine (8FNC) was synthesized, and its cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT assay in AGS gastric cancer cells and gastric mucosa GES-1 cells. 8-Fluoroneocryptolepine showed greater selectivity and cytotoxicity to AGS cells than the cisplatin (CIS) and fluorouracil (5-Fu) commonly used in clinical treatment of gastric cancer. Most importantly, we significantly improved the cytotoxic effect of 8FNC against AGS cells by structural modification and reduced the cytotoxicity against GES-1 cells compared with neocryptolepine. We further evaluated the activity of 8FNC against AGS cells in vitro. Our results indicate that 8FNC arrests the AGS cell cycle in the G2/M phase, reduces the mitochondrial membrane potential of AGS cells, and drives the initiation of apoptotic body formation in 8FNC-induced apoptosis. Moreover, 8FNC exhibits strong inhibitory effects on AGS cell migration. Studies on the molecular mechanisms of the cytotoxic activities of 8FNC revealed that it may play a significant role in the inhibitory effect on AGS human gastric cancer cells through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. In conclusion, 8FNC may become a promising lead compound in the development of potential clinical drug candidates for the treatment of gastric cancer.
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Antineoplásicos , Neoplasias Gástricas , Antineoplásicos/química , Apoptosis , Línea Celular Tumoral , Proliferación Celular , Fluorouracilo/farmacología , Humanos , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinasas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Gástricas/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline (IPM713) is a type of tricyclic conjugated rigid planar structure with potential medical applications, but its anticancer activity has not yet been fully studied. In the present research, cells from seven different cancer types were used to study the anticancer effect, and IPM713 was found to inhibit the colorectal cancer cell line HCT116 most significantly, with a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 1.7 µM. The mechanisms by which IPM713 exerts anti-colorectal cancer activity were studied. IPM713 blocked the cell cycle in G0/G1 phase and induced apoptosis by suppressing the PI3K/AKT/mTOR axis. In addition, an acute toxicity test showed that the median lethal dose (LD50) was above 5000 mg/kg. The findings of this research suggest that IPM713 can interfere with the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and might be a potential therapeutic candidate for the treatment of colorectal cancer.
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Fosfatidilinositol 3-QuinasasRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans is a facultative anaerobe that depends on ferrous ion oxidation as well as reduced sulfur oxidation to obtain energy and is widely applied in metallurgy, environmental protection, and soil remediation. With the accumulation of experimental data, metabolic mechanisms, kinetic models, and several databases have been established. However, scattered data are not conducive to understanding A. ferrooxidans that necessitates updated information informed by systems biology. RESULTS: Here, we constructed a knowledgebase of iron metabolism of A. ferrooxidans (KIMAf) system by integrating public databases and reviewing the literature, including the database of bioleaching substrates (DBS), the database of bioleaching metallic ion-related proteins (MIRP), the A. ferrooxidans bioinformation database (Af-info), and the database for dynamics model of bioleaching (DDMB). The DBS and MIRP incorporate common bioleaching substrates and metal ion-related proteins. Af-info and DDMB integrate nucleotide, gene, protein, and kinetic model information. Statistical analysis was performed to elucidate the distribution of isolated A. ferrooxidans strains, evolutionary and metabolic advances, and the development of bioleaching models. CONCLUSIONS: This comprehensive system provides researchers with a platform of available iron metabolism-related resources of A. ferrooxidans and facilitates its application.
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Acidithiobacillus/metabolismo , Hierro/metabolismo , Cinética , Bases del ConocimientoRESUMEN
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common clinical malignancy globally ranked as the fourth leading cause of cancer mortality. Some microbes are known to contribute to adenoma-carcinoma transition and possess diagnostic potential. Advances in high-throughput sequencing technology and functional studies have provided significant insights into the landscape of the gut microbiome and the fundamental roles of its components in carcinogenesis. Integration of scattered knowledge is highly beneficial for future progress. In this study, literature review and information extraction were performed, with the aim of integrating the available data resources and facilitating comparative research. A knowledgebase of the human CRC microbiome was compiled to facilitate understanding of diagnosis, and the global signatures of CRC microbes, sample types, algorithms, differential microorganisms and various panels of markers plus their diagnostic performance were evaluated based on statistical and phylogenetic analyses. Additionally, prospects about current changelings and solution strategies were outlined for identifying future research directions. This type of data integration strategy presents an effective platform for inquiry and comparison of relevant information, providing a tool for further study about CRC-related microbes and exploration of factors promoting clinical transformation (available at: http://gsbios.com/index/experimental/dts_ mben?id=1).
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Colorectal cancer (CRC), a major health threat in the world, ranks third in incidence and second in mortality among cancers. Chemotherapy, an important treatment for colorectal cancer, have be limited in the clinic due to the resistance and side effect. Studies have shown that PI3K-related regulatory pathways play a colossal role in colorectal cancer. Therefore, it is a good strategy to find a new drug which works by affecting the PI3K signaling pathway. In this paper, we obtained a new vanillin derivative (IPM712) by modifying the structure of IPM711 and tested its anticancer activity in vitro and toxicity in vivo. Results showed that IPM712 has a better anticancer activity than 5-Fu in HCT116 and SW480 cell lines. Furthermore, IPM712 can inhibit cell proliferation, migration and induce the apoptosis by affecting PI3K-related protein expression. Acute toxicity experiments show that IPM712 has no significant toxicity at therapeutic concentrations. Based on these results, IPM712 is a promising anticancer drug candidate for human colorectal cancer therapy.
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Antineoplásicos , Neoplasias Colorrectales , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , Apoptosis , Benzaldehídos , Línea Celular , Proliferación Celular , Neoplasias Colorrectales/tratamiento farmacológico , Humanos , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinasas , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-aktRESUMEN
A prototype chemical sensor named Wasp hound® that utilizes five classically conditioned parasitoid wasps, Microplitis croceipes (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), to detect volatile odors was successfully implemented in a previous study. To improve the odor-detecting ability of Wasp Hound®, searching behaviors of an individual wasp in a confined area are studied and modeled through stochastic differential equations in this paper. The wasps are conditioned to 20 mg of coffee when associated with food and subsequently, tested to 5, 10, 20, and 40 mg of coffee. A stochastic model is developed and validated based on three positive behavioral responses (walking, rotation around odor source, and self-rotation) from conditioned wasps at four different test dosages. The model is capable to reproducing the behaviors of conditioned wasps, and can be used to improve the ability of Wasp Hound® to assess changes in odor concentration. The model simulation results show the behaviors of conditioned wasps are significantly different when tested at different coffee dosages. We conjecture that the searching behaviors of conditioned wasps are based on the temporal and spatial neuron activity of olfactory receptor neurons and glomeruli, which are strongly correlated to the training dosages. The overall results demonstrate the utility of mathematical models for interpreting experimental observations, gaining novel insights into the dynamic behavior of classically conditioned wasps, as well as broadening the practical uses of Wasp Hound.
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Conducta Animal/fisiología , Modelos Biológicos , Olfato/fisiología , Animales , Simulación por Computador , Procesamiento de Imagen Asistido por Computador , Odorantes/análisis , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Grabación en Video , AvispasRESUMEN
Insects have extremely sensitive systems of olfaction. These systems have been explored as potential sensors for odourants associated with forensics, medicine, security, and agriculture application. Most sensors based on insect olfaction utilize associative learning to "program" the insects to exhibit some form of behavioural response to a target odourant. To move to the next stage of development with whole-insect programmable sensors, an examination of how odourants are captured, processed and used to create behaviour is necessary. This review article examines how the neurophysiological, molecular, genetic and behavioural system of olfaction works and how an understanding of these systems should lead the way to future developments in whole-insect programmable sensors.