RESUMEN
Based on data from industrial activities and environmental surveys in the six districts of Xiamen, the emission inventory of industrially sourced volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from eight industries in the six districts of Xiamen was calculated for 2019 by applying the emission factor analysis method. The spatial distribution pattern of VOC emission intensity in the six districts of Xiamen was analyzed. VOCs treatment technologies applied in the industries in the VOCs emission inventory were analyzed and countermeasures for improving VOC control were proposed based on the survey of the industries. The results showed that the total VOCs production and VOCs emission from industrial sources in Xiamen was 16027.88 t and 5514.58 t in 2019, respectively. Among them, the VOCs emission from Haicang, Tong'an, Xiang'an, and Jimei districts outside Xiamen Island were 1648.35, 2111.13, 667.52, and 750.48 t, respectively. Fewer VOC emissions from Xiamen Island were observed, which included 292.42 and 44.68 t from Huli and Siming districts, respectively. Except for the Huli District, the spatial distribution of emissions showed a spatial characteristic that the VOCs emission intensities outside Xiamen Island are higher than that of Xiamen Island. Among the eight industries in Xiamen, VOCs emissions were mainly from coating, printing, chemical, and rubber industries, which accounted for 51.21%, 20.18%, 13.63%, and 10.67%, respectively, of the total emissions. The analytic results of the VOCs waste gas disposal technique in Xiamen indicate that, from the perspective of source control, enterprises can effectively control the generation and emission of the VOCs at the source by using low (zero) raw materials. For the terminal disposal procedure, the actual disposal efficiency of UV photolysis/photocatalysis, low-temperature plasma, and biological methods are all lower than 80%, and that of the combined technique of adsorption and catalytic combustion, and the combustion method are both higher than 90%.
RESUMEN
Thirteen typical antibiotics in surface water of the Lianhua Reservoir were analyzed using HPLC/MS/MS to assess the pollution characteristics and risk levels. Ten antibiotics except for erythromycin, sulfadiazine, and sulfamethoxazole were detected in surface water and the total concentration of antibiotics varied between non-detectable (n.d.) and 925.26 ng ·L-1. Azithromycin had the highest concentration (n.d.-232.61 ng ·L-1) with the detection frequency of 75%, followed by enrofloxacin (n.d.-187.69 ng ·L-1), tetracycline (n.d.-155.05 ng ·L-1), and ciprofloxacin (n.d.-83.66 ng ·L-1) with the detection frequencies over 60%. The spatial distribution of antibiotics was as follows: total concentration of upstream (sampling point 1) > Aoxi River stream tributary (sampling point 2) > reservoir downstream (sampling point 3) > reservoir entrance (sampling point 4) > reservoir area (sampling point 5). The seasonal variations in the concentrations of antibiotics were evident; total concentrations in the dry season were significantly higher than those in the wet and normal seasons. The results of the environmental risk assessment indicated that ofloxacin, enrofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin pose significant risks to the environment. In the Lianhua Reservoir, ciprofloxacin showed high potential risk to the ecological environment, while the environmental risks of other antibiotics in the reservoir were below the medium level. The combined risk value of the antibiotics in the dry season was higher than that in the wet and normal seasons.