RESUMEN
An international interlaboratory study was performed by 13 laboratories to validate a commercially available, rapid enzyme immunoassay for detection of staphylococcal enterotoxins A, B, C, D, and E in foods. The 5 enterotoxin serotypes were detected at a level of 0.5 ng/g in mushrooms and ravioli, 0.8 ng/g in meat, 1 ng/mL in milk, and 1.5 ng/g in raw milk cheese when these foods were artificially contaminated with enterotoxin A. Enterotoxins A, B, C, D, or E were also detected in culture supernatants with no protein A interference when normal rabbit serum was used. This method was validated by the French Normalization Agency for the identification of staphylococcal enterotoxins in foods and culture fluids.
Asunto(s)
Enterotoxinas/análisis , Intoxicación Alimentaria Estafilocócica/diagnóstico , Staphylococcus aureus/metabolismo , Especificidad de Anticuerpos , Medios de Cultivo , Enterotoxinas/biosíntesis , Análisis de los Alimentos/normas , Contaminación de Alimentos , Técnicas para Inmunoenzimas , Cooperación Internacional , Juego de Reactivos para Diagnóstico , Estándares de Referencia , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Intoxicación Alimentaria Estafilocócica/prevención & controlAsunto(s)
Leishmania/aislamiento & purificación , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Isoenzimas/análisis , Leishmania/enzimología , Masculino , NicaraguaAsunto(s)
Leishmaniasis/epidemiología , Guerra , Adolescente , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Nicaragua , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
Between 1968 and 1977 there were 4 113 109 primary smallpox vaccinations in France. There were 30 deaths but no deaths occurred after re-vaccination. The mortality can be analysed as follows: -- proven or probable cases: 1.5 death/million vaccinations; -- proven, probable or possible cases 2.9/million vaccinations; -- proven, probable, possible or doubtful 7.3 cases/million vaccinations. The risk of death is 3 to 4 times greater under the age of one year and an overall death rate of 6/million vaccinations in reasonably accurate.