Nursing care for the transgender population in primary health care: an integrative review.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the care provided to the transgender population by nursing in Primary Health Care (PHC). METHODS: Integrative literature review performed in the Virtual Health Library (VHL), Medline/PubMed and Web of Science (WoS) databases without a pre-established time frame, using the descriptors "transgender persons", "gender identity", "nursing care" and "primary health care". RESULTS: Eleven articles published between 2008-2021 were included. They were categorized as follows: Embracement and healthcare; Implementation of Public Health Policies; Weaknesses in academic training; Barriers between theory and practice. The articles showed a limited scenario of nursing care for the transgender population. The scarcity of research focused on this theme is an important sign of how care has been incipient or even non- existent in the context of PHC. CONCLUSIONS: Structural and interpersonal stigmas materialized in discriminatory and prejudiced practices perpetrated by managers, professionals and health institutions constitute the greatest challenges to be overcome for comprehensive, equitable and humanized care provided to the transgender population by nursing.

[Control of cervical cancer in the primary care setting in South American countries: systematic reviewControl del cáncer cervicouterino en los servicios de atención primaria de salud en los países de América del Sur: revisión sistemática]. / Controle do câncer do colo do útero na atenção primária à saúde em países sul-americanos: revisão sistemática.

Objective: To describe cervical cancer (CC) prevention and control strategies in the primary care setting in South America. Method: Two review steps were performed: review of documents published in governmental websites in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela; and systematic review of the literature available in LILACS, MEDLINE, Scopus, SciELO, and Science Direct databases. Results: Twenty-one institutional documents (plans, practice guides, and national guidelines) and 25 journal articles were included. All countries had high CC morbidity and mortality rates. Screening in primary healthcare (PHC) was mostly opportunistic, although the institutional documents indicated an intention and strategies for early diagnosis and longitudinal follow-up of suspected and confirmed cases, preferably within the public healthcare system. All countries adopted a broad view of PHC, although the stage of PHC implementation was heterogeneous in different countries, with predominance of selective PHC. Access to screening was more difficult for women from rural or remote areas and for indigenous populations. The unavailability of PHC close to households/communities was an important barrier for CC screening. Conclusions: The fragmentation of healthcare systems and the selective provision of services are barriers for the prevention and control of CC in South America. Organized CC screening programs and active search for Papanicolaou testing in primary care are needed. Intercultural practices and intersectional public policies are essential to overcome the inequities in CC control in South American countries.

Objetivo: Describir las estrategias de prevención y control del cáncer cervicouterino (CCU) en los servicios de atención primaria de salud (APS) de América del Sur. Métodos: Revisión bibliográfica en dos etapas, a saber, revisión documental en sitios web gubernamentales de Argentina, Bolivia, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Perú, Uruguay y Venezuela, y revisión sistemática en las bases de datos LILACS, MEDLINE, Scopus, SciELO y Science Direct. Resultados: Se incluyeron 21 documentos institucionales (planes, guías de práctica y directrices nacionales) y 25 artículos. Todos los países tenían altas tasas de morbilidad y mortalidad por CCU. En los servicios de APS predominó el tamizaje oportunista, aunque los documentos disponibles señalaran intenciones y estrategias de diagnóstico precoz y seguimiento longitudinal de los casos sospechosos y confirmados, particularmente en la red pública. Todos los países adoptaron un concepto integral de APS, aunque el proceso de aplicación se encontrara en fases heterogéneas y predominaran la focalización y la selectividad. Cabe destacar que las mujeres de las zonas rurales o remotas y de los pueblos indígenas registran el peor grado de acceso al tamizaje. La falta de servicios de APS cerca de las residencias o las comunidades fue una barrera importante para el tamizaje del CCU. Conclusiones: La fragmentación de los sistemas de salud y la segmentación en la oferta de servicios son obstáculos para la prevención y el control del CCU en América del Sur. Se necesitan programas organizados de tamizaje del CCU e incorporación de la búsqueda activa para realizar la prueba de Papanicolaou en los servicios de APS. La interculturalidad en las prácticas y la formulación de políticas desde una perspectiva intersectorial son esenciales para superar las inequidades en el control del CCU en los países suramericanos.

Willingness of health care providers to offer HIV self-testing from specialized HIV care services in the northeast of Brazil.

BACKGROUND: The insufficient knowledge regarding the serological status of people affected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a concern in Brazil. HIV self-testing (HIVST) has been proved to have great potential for increasing testing, especially among vulnerable populations. The large-scale distribution of HIVST by the Brazilian public health system has increased in recent years. We aimed to investigate the awareness of HIVST among health care providers (HCP) from specialized HIV/AIDS care services in the state of Bahia, Northeast Brazil. Further we investigated HCP acceptability and willingness to offer its use. METHODS: A cross-sectional study on HCP from 29 specialized care services (SCS) located in 21 cities in the state of Bahia. HCP working in the service for at least 6 months were included. Sociodemographic, occupational, and behavioral data were collected using a questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were carried out. Bivariate, and multivariate analyses estimating adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) using logistic regression were conducted. RESULTS: The awareness and acceptability of HIVST and the willingness to provide it were 79.8, 55.2, and 47.1%, respectively. Few HCP reported that the SCS where they worked dispensed HIVST (3.6%), and 13.5% received some information or training on HIVST. Factors associated with willingness to offer HIVST were: HIVST acceptability (aOR = 9.45; 95% CI: 4.53-19.71), willingness to use HIVST on themselves (aOR = 4.45; 95% CI: 1.62-12.24), confidence in offering HIVST to clients (aOR = 5.73; 95% CI: 2.26-12.72), and considering everyone eligible for HIVST (aOR = 2.88; 95% CI: 1.25-6.59). CONCLUSIONS: Although most HCP were aware of HIVST, acceptability and willingness to provide it to the clients was moderate. The scale up of HIVST as a mean for the HIV prevention and control policy in Brazil, requires further training of HCP and better implementation of this program.

[Specialized care in health regions: challenges to ensure comprehensive health care in Brazil]. / Atención especializada en regiones de salud: desafíos para garantizar el cuidado integral en Brasil.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze aspects of specialized health care provision in the context of incipient regional integration, as well as barriers to offering comprehensive health care. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Case studies in tree municipal seats of health regions in the state of Bahia, Brazil. 31 semi-structured interviews were conducted with health managers and surveys were applied to 201 physicians and nurses of family health care teams and 1 590 users. RESULTS: The participants agreed on the lack of the specialized health care, considering limitations in regional planning due to low public funding and difficulties to attract specialized physicians. A significant percentage of users seek specialized health care directly in private services. CONCLUSIONS: The provision of comprehensive health care faces not only the challenge of strengthening the essential characteristics of primary health care (PHC), but also the lack of specialists, the fragmentation between different points of the network and communicational disarticulation between levels of the health system.

OBJETIVOS: Analizar aspectos de la provisión de asistencia especializada en el contexto de incipiente integración regional y barreras para la oferta de atención integral en salud. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudios de caso en tres municipios sedes de regiones de salud del estado de Bahía, Brasil, con realización de 31 entrevistas semiestructuradas con gestores de salud, encuestas a 201 médicos y enfermeros de EqSF y 1 590 usuarios. RESULTADOS: Hubo convergencia en cuanto a la escasez de retaguardia terapéutica, considerando las limitaciones que sufre el planeamiento local por el bajo financia-miento público y las dificultades para atraer especialistas. Un porcentaje expresivo de usuarios busca servicios especializados directamente en el sector privado. CONCLUSIONES: La oferta de atención integral en salud enfrenta, además del desafío de fortalecer la APS en sus atributos esenciales, escasez de oferta en especialidades, fragmentación entre diferentes puntos de la red y desarticulación comunicacional entre niveles del sistema de salud.

[Assessment of access to the Family Health Strategy from the perspective of users in Santo Antônio de Jesus-Bahia, Brazil]. / Avaliação do acesso à Estratégia Saúde da Família na perspectiva dos usuários no município de Santo Antônio de Jesus-Bahia, Brasil.

OBJECTIVE: To assess access to the Family Health Strategy (FHS) in Santo Antônio de Jesus - Brazil from the perspective of its users. METHODS: Cross-sectional study conducted with a representative sample of users registered by 21 family healthcare teams of the municipality, for a total of 430 questionnaires. A family-based survey was applied between December 2012 and January 2013. Indicators considered as the most powerful to evaluate access were selected and, subsequently, divided into two dimensions: knowledge and evaluation of the Family Health Strategy Program from the perspective of its users. RESULTS: The results point to decreasing barriers and increasing access to healthcare services, as well as to a greater organization of enrollment in the system. Changes observed after the implementation of the FHS in the districts are evident in the overall satisfaction with the primary health care service, which legitimizes the organization of the health system based on primary comprehensive care.

[Managing comprehensive care: a case study in a health district in Bahia State, Brazil]. / Gestão do cuidado integral: estudo de caso em região de saúde da Bahia, Brasil.

This study analyzed management of comprehensive care in a health district in Bahia State, Brazil, at the political, institutional, organizational, and healthcare practice levels and the challenges for establishing coordinated care between municipalities. The information sources were semi-structured interviews with administrators, focal groups with healthcare professionals and users, institutional documents, and observations. A comprehensive and critical analysis was produced with dialectical hermeneutics as the reference. The results show that the Inter-Administrators Regional Commission was the main regional governance strategy. There is a fragmentation between various points and lack of communications linkage in the network. Private interests and partisan political interference overlook the formally agreed-upon flows and create parallel circuits, turning the right to health into currency for trading favors. Such issues hinder coordination of comprehensive care in the inter-municipal network.

[Social participation in mental health: space of construction of citizenship, policy formulation and decision making]. / Participação social na saúde mental: espaço de construção de cidadania, formulação de políticas e tomada de decisão.

The article approaches the comprehension of professionals that act in the mental health area about the movement of construction of social participation in the health system of Fortaleza, Ceará State. The methodology adopted is based upon qualitative approach. The study was developed with semi-structured interviews with 17 mental health professionals of the city above mentioned. The empirical data was analyzed through the technique of thematic content analysis, where it was identified three cores of analysis: social participation as space of citizenship and policy formulation; oriented to attention of collective needs; and decision taking. The study reveals that social participation represents a possibility of amplifying X the relations between the Civil Society and the State, which makes possible the social intervention in proposals of the health policies. It is highlighted the right to health linked to the consolidation of democracy in the attention to the needs and collective edification.

[Conflicting situations in the reception of oral health teams from the Family Health Program in Alagoinhas, Bahia, Brazil]. / Linhas de tensões no processo de acolhimento das equipes de saúde bucal do Programa Saúde da Família: o caso de Alagoinhas, Bahia, Brasil.

The study discusses the conflicting situations that arise while receiving oral health teams in Alagoinhas, Bahia, Brazil. The main orientation for the Family Health Program is based on analyzing health care work flowcharts. The current qualitative research used semi-structured interviews and practical observation as the data collection techniques. There were 17 study subjects: group I (dentists and dental assistants - 6); group II (other health workers - 6); and group III (users - 5). Users' first contact with the family health team is in the reception, often in a tense and conflicting atmosphere, but with the potential for alternatives for change, as a privileged space for the use of low-key technologies. The therapeutic process varies: e.g. clinical consultation, emergency care, scheduled follow-up, and referral to other health services in the system. However, oral health teams conduct the reception process in different ways, depending on the practitioners' commitment and unique characteristics.