Constructing multi-layer heterogeneous interfaces in liquid metal graphite hybrid powder: Towards microwave absorption enhancement.

Carbon based materials are widely used in the preparation of microwave absorption materials due to their low density, high attenuation loss and large specific surface area. However, their high conductivity usually leads to high reflection loss. In this study, multi-layer heterogeneous interfaces were constructed in liquid metal graphite hybrid powder to reduce reflection loss and enhance microwave absorption performance. Gallium oxide (Ga2O3) layer was formed in Ga coated graphite powder to improve impedance matching and attenuation constant via an annealing treatment. Specifically, the hybrid particles with 50 wt% Ga and being annealed at 120 °C for 2 h have a minimum reflection loss (RLmin) value of -42.68 dB and a maximum effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 4.11 GHz at a thickness of 3.3 mm. The hybrid particles not only have multi-layer structures with different electrical conductivity, but also form heterojunctions between different interfaces, which can further enhance dipole and interfacial polarization.

Glycated walnut meal peptide­calcium chelates (COS-MMGGED-Ca): Preparation, characterization, and calcium absorption-promoting.

This study isolated a novel peptide MMGGED with strong calcium-binding capacity from defatted walnut meal and synthesized a novel peptide­calcium chelate COS-MMGGED-Ca with high stability via glycation. Structural characterization and computer simulation identified binding sites, while in vitro digestion stability and calcium transport experiments explored the chelate's properties. Results showed that after glycation, COS-MMGGED bound Ca2+ with 88.75 ± 1.75 %, mainly via aspartic and glutamic acids. COS-MMGGED-Ca released Ca2+ steadily (60.27 %), with thermal denaturation temperature increased by 18 °C and 37 °C compared to MMGGED-Ca, indicating good processing performance. Furthermore, COS-MMGGED significantly enhanced Ca2+ transport across Caco-2 monolayers, 1.13-fold and 1.62-fold higher than CaCl2 and MMGGED, respectively, at 240 h. These findings prove glycation enhances structural properties, stability, calcium loading, and transport of peptide­calcium chelates, providing a scientific basis for developing novel efficient calcium supplements and high-value utilization of walnut meal.

Live-Cell Calcium Imaging in 3D Intestinal Organoids.

Live-cell Ca2+ imaging is an important tool to detect activation of receptors by a putative ligand/drug and complements studies on transport processes, as intracellular Ca2+ changes provide direct evidence for substrate fluxes. Organoid-based systems offer numerous advantages over other in vitro systems such as cell lines, primary cells, or tissue explants, and in particular, intestinal organoid culture has revolutionized research on functional gastrointestinal processes. Calcium imaging using the fluorescent Ca2+ indicator Fura-2-AM can be applied to 3D intestinal organoids, which show an excellent dye-loading efficiency. Here we describe live-cell Ca2+ imaging in intestinal organoids, an important technique to improve research on malabsorption syndromes, secretory diarrhea, and metabolic disorders.

Constructing MXene-based mixed-dimensional structure with multiple interfaces to optimize dielectric-magnetic synergistic effect for effective electromagnetic wave absorption.

Exploring efficient microwave absorbing materials (MAMs) which could convert electromagnetic (EM) energy into thermal energy represents an approbatory vision to reducing EM radiation and interference. Designing of mixed-dimensional structure with multiple interfaces represents the available target to investigate an ideal MAMs, which maximizes the superiority of mixed-dimensional structure in electromagnetic wave absorption (EMWA). Herein, we take full advantage of multiple interfaces engineering of MXene for optimizing the impedance matching to improve EMWA, MXene-based mixed-dimensional structure was designed by incorporating three-dimensional Fe3C@Carbon layers coated zero-dimensional Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) supported two-dimensional MXene nanosheets (MXene/Fe3O4@Fe3C@Carbon, MFC). The Fe3O4@Fe3C@C with Core@shell structure arrests the essentially self-restacked of MXene and provides various attenuation mechanisms for the incident electromagnetic waves (EMWs). By regulating the carbonization temperature, the MFC exhibits enhanced EMWA property which is attributed to the characteristic structure and optimized dielectric-magnetic synergy effect. The minimum reflection loss (RLmin) value of MFC can reach to -64.3 dB with a matching thickness of 1.73 mm. Otherwise, the maximum effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) (RLmin < -10 dB) reaches 6.42 GHz at only 1.5 mm. Thus, our study refers a novel-fire enlighten to develop excellent mixed-dimensional microwave absorbent based on MXene.

Reaction-controlled shape evolution and insights into the growth mechanism of CsPbBr3 nanocrystals.

The correlation between structural transformation and optical characteristics of cesium lead bromide (CsPbBr3) nanocrystals (NCs) suggests insights into their growth mechanism and optical performance. Systematic control of reaction parameters led to the successful fabrication of on-demand shape-morphing CsPbBr3 NCs. Transmission electron microscopy observations showed that the shape transformation from nanocubes to microcrystals could be accelerated by increasing the precursor:ligand molar ratio and reaction time. Further evidence for orthorhombic CsPbBr3 NCs was obtained from their selected-area electron diffraction pattern, which exhibits a twin domain induced by the presence of large NCs. Likewise, we observed a substantial decrease in photoluminescence (PL) intensity of CsPbBr3 due to surface decomposition or surface ligand loss resulting from increased size. In addition, fusion of smaller particles having other dimensionality induced the increase in the PL full-width at half maximum. In particular, existence of larger bulk material caused a reduction in the peak intensity in the absorption spectra and a trend of decreasing tendency in intensity of the absorption bands related to bromoplumbate species provided direct evidence of fully converted Cs-oleate.

A new method for the rapid identification of external water types in rainwater pipeline networks using UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy.

Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) absorption spectroscopy, due to its high sensitivity and capability for real-time online monitoring, is one of the most promising tools for the rapid identification of external water in rainwater pipe networks. However, difficulties in obtaining actual samples lead to insufficient real samples, and the complex composition of wastewater can affect the accurate traceability analysis of external water in rainwater pipe networks. In this study, a new method for identifying external water in rainwater pipe networks with a small number of samples is proposed. In this method, the Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) algorithm was initially used to generate spectral data from the absorption spectra of water samples; subsequently, the multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) algorithm was applied to process the UV-Vis absorption spectra of different types of water samples; following this, the Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD) algorithm was employed to decompose and recombine the spectra after MSC; and finally, the long short-term memory (LSTM) algorithm was used to establish the identification model between the recombined spectra and the water source types, and to determine the optimal number of decomposed spectra K. The research results show that when the number of decomposed spectra K is 5, the identification accuracy for different sources of domestic sewage, surface water, and industrial wastewater is the highest, with an overall accuracy of 98.81%. Additionally, the performance of this method was validated by mixed water samples (combinations of rainwater and domestic sewage, rainwater and surface water, and rainwater and industrial wastewater). The results indicate that the accuracy of the proposed method in identifying the source of external water in rainwater reaches 98.99%, with detection time within 10 s. Therefore, the proposed method can become a potential approach for rapid identification and traceability analysis of external water in rainwater pipe networks.

A nonparametric point-by-point method to measure time-dependent frequency in wavelength modulation spectroscopy.

A nonparametric point-by-point (NPP) method is presented for high-accuracy measurement of the time-dependent frequency (laser frequency) in tunable laser absorption spectroscopy, crucial for ensuring ultimate measurement accuracy. In wavelength modulation spectroscopy in particular, the parametric methods in current use for time-dependent frequency measurement are insufficiently accurate and are difficult to apply to complex modulation scenarios. Based on a multi-scale viewpoint, point-by-point measurement of the frequency is realized by linear superposition of the frequency information mapped from the interferometric signal on a unit scale and on a local scale. Validation experiments indicate that the measurement accuracy of the proposed NPP method is three times that of the existing parametric methods, while effectively immunizing against non-ideal tuning effects. Additionally, the NPP method is suitable for use with arbitrarily complex modulations such as square wave modulation, for which parametric methods are inapplicable.

Selenium absorption, translocation and biotransformation in pak choi (Brassica chinensis L.) after foliar application of selenium nanoparticles.

Diets consisting of selenium-deficient crops are associated with immune disorders and cardiomyopathy. Compared to the extensively used but highly toxic selenite (SeO32-), low-toxicity selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have emerged as a promising nanoplatform for Se biofortification in agriculture; however, the mechanisms underlying their transportation and biotransformation within crops remain elusive. In this study, SeNPs were successfully prepared using liquid-phase laser irradiation. We conducted a comparative study on the effects of foliar application of SeO32- and SeNPs on the growth of pak choi (Brassica chinensis L.), and investigated the absorption, translocation, and biotransformation mechanisms of Se in pak choi. The recommended dietary intake can be effectively achieved by applying SeNPs using leaf-spraying techniques. Our findings suggested that foliar application of SeNPs might be an efficient way to produce Se fortified crops, especially leafy vegetables, which are favorable for human health.

Innovative process for sulphur recovery from waste incineration flue gases: production of marketable sodium bisulphite solution.

This study presents an innovative process for recovering sulphur from hazardous waste incineration flue gases, designed to produce a marketable sodium bisulphite solution while ensuring complete SO2 removal. This new process is characterized by a double absorption strategy at two different pH levels. The first step, at an acidic pH, generates the desired bisulphite solution, while the second step, at a basic pH, produces the sulphite solution for recycling into the first step and ensures total SO2 removal. The process's performance and feasibility were evaluated on a laboratory scale using a batch reactor with synthetic gas. The parametric study focused on the initial sulphite concentration in the absorption solution and the reactor temperature. A removal efficiency exceeding 95% was achieved across all initial sulphite concentrations and temperature ranges, when the pH was maintained above 6. At pH 5, where bisulphites are the predominant sulphur species, the removal efficiency remained substantial at approximately 70%. The oxidation of sulphites/bisulphites by oxygen in the flue gases was minimal, with less than 5% conversion to sulphate. Additionally, pH-controlled experiments were conducted to optimize plant start-up procedures. For the basic reactor, starting with water and adjusting the pH to 8 during SO2 absorption effectively minimized sodium hydroxide consumption. In contrast, for the acidic reactor at pH 5, initiating the process with a concentrated sulphite solution resulted in more stable absorption rates. These findings underscore the process's potential for efficient sulphur recovery and highlight the importance of pH management in optimizing operational stability and chemical consumption.

Thermochemical Transformation of Calcium during Biomass Burning and the Effects on Postfire Aqueous Dissolution of Macronutrients.

Calcium is commonly the most abundant element in fire residues and its speciation largely determines the geochemical properties of fire residues and their effects on postfire soil chemistry. To explore the effects of biomass composition and fire conditions on ash Ca speciation, this study characterizes the speciation of Ca in charcoal and ash samples that were derived from different plant compartments and thermal conditions, using Ca K-edge X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy. Results showed that biomass contains abundant organic Ca complexes, which were mineralized into fairchildite and calcite after heating at 450 to 600 °C and then CaO, as temperature increased to 750 °C. Apatite could be an abundant Ca species in fire residues if the Ca/P molar ratio of the biomass is small (<2). The mineralization of organic Ca to the identified Ca minerals during burning was negligibly affected by the oxygen level. Calcium speciation in prescribed fire residues resembled that of biomass ash burned at 550 °C with similar Ca/P molar ratios. Batch experiments showed that macronutrients (Ca, Mg, K, and P) were differentially released, as a result of different solubility of minerals in ashes and reprecipitation of minerals. The aqueous solubility of Ca, Mg, and P decreased as pH increased from 5 to 9, while K showed no pH dependency and was almost completely soluble. Results from this study improve our understanding of the chemistry of fire residues and their geochemical behaviors, which can help evaluate the impact of fire on postfire soil properties and macronutrient cycling.

Using the refined Developability Classification System (rDCS) to guide the design of oral formulations.

The refined Developability Classification System (rDCS) provides a comprehensive animal-free approach for assessing biopharmaceutical risks associated with developing oral formulations. This work demonstrates practical application of a recently advanced rDCS framework guiding formulation design for six diverse active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and compares rDCS classifications with those of the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS). While the BCS assigns five of the APIs to class II/IV, indicating potentially unfavorable biopharmaceutical attributes, the rDCS provides a more nuanced risk assessment. Both BCS and rDCS assign acetaminophen to class I at therapeutic doses. Voriconazole and lemborexant (both BCS II) are classified in rDCS class I at therapeutic doses, indicating suitability for development as conventional oral formulations. Fedratinib is classified as BCS IV but the rDCS indicates a stratified risk (class I, IIa or IIb), depending on the relevance of supersaturation/precipitation in vivo. Voxelotor and istradefylline (both BCS II) belong to rDCS class IIb, requiring solubility enhancement to achieve adequate oral bioavailability. Comparing the rDCS analysis with literature on development and pharmacokinetics demonstrates that the rDCS reliably supports oral formulation design over a wide range of API characteristics, thus providing a strong foundation for guiding development.

Computational Modelling of the Impact of Evaporation on In-Vitro Dermal Absorption.

PURPOSE: Volatiles are common in personal care products and dermatological drugs. Determining the impact of evaporation of volatiles on skin permeation is crucial to evaluate and understand their delivery, bioavailability, efficacy and safety. We aim to develop an in-silico model to simulate the impact of evaporation on the dermal absorption of volatiles. METHOD: The evaporation of volatile permeants was modelled using vapour pressure as the main factor. This model considers evaporation as a passive diffusion process driven by the concentration gradient between the air-vehicle interface and the ambient environment. The evaporation model was then integrated with a previously published physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of skin permeation and compared with published in vitro permeation test data from the Cosmetics Europe ADME Task Force. RESULTS: The evaporation-PBPK model shows improved predictions when evaporation is considered. In particular, good agreement has been obtained for the distributions in the evaporative loss, and the overall percutaneous absorption. The model is further compared with published in-silico models from the Cosmetics Europe ADME Task Force where favourable results are achieved. CONCLUSION: The evaporation of volatile permeants under finite dose in vitro permeation test conditions has been successfully predicted using a mechanistic model with the intrinsic volatility parameter vapour pressure. Integrating evaporation in PBPK modelling significantly improved the prediction of dermal delivery.

Bismuth-Tin Core-Shell Particles From Liquid Metals: A Novel, Highly Efficient Photothermal Material that Combines Broadband Light Absorption with Effective Light-to-Heat Conversion.

This study presents a pioneering investigation of hybrid bismuth-tin (BiSn) liquid metal particles for photothermal applications. It is shown that the intrinsic core-shell structure of liquid metal particles can be instrumentalized to combine the broadband absorption characteristics of defect-rich nano-oxides and the high light-to-heat conversion efficiency of metallic particles. Even though bismuth or tin does not show any photothermal characteristics alone, optimization of the core-shell structure of BiSn particles leads to the discovery of novel, highly efficient photothermal materials. Particles with optimized structures can absorb 85% of broadband light and achieve over 90% photothermal conversion efficiency. It is demonstrated that these particles can be used as a solar absorber for solar water evaporation systems owing to their broadband absorption capability and become a non-carbon alternative enabling scalable applications. We also showcased their use in polymer actuators in which a near-infrared (NIR) response stems from their oxide shell, and fast heating/cooling rates achieved by the metal core enable rapid response and local movement. These findings underscore the potential of BiSn liquid metal-derived core-shell particles for diverse applications, capitalizing on their outstanding photothermal properties as well as their facile and scalable synthesis conditions.

Electrochemical Switching of Electromagnetism by Hierarchical Disorder Tailored Atomic Scale Polarization.

High-frequency electronic response governs a broad spectrum of electromagnetic applications from radiation protection, and signal compatibility, to energy recovery. Despite various efforts to manage electric conductivity, dynamic control over dielectric polarization for real-time electromagnetic modulation remains a notable challenge. Herein, an electrochemical lithiation-driven hierarchical disordering strategy is demonstrated for actively modulating electromagnetic properties. The controllable formation and diffusion of coherent interfaces and cation vacancies tailor the coupling of atomic electric field and thus the locally polarized domains, which leads to the reversible electromagnetic transparency/absorption switching with a tunable range of -0.8--20.4 dB for the reflection loss and a broad operation bandwidth of 4.6 GHz. Compared to traditional methods of heteroatomic doping, hydrogenation, mechanical deformation, and phase transition, the electrochemical strategy shows a larger regulation scope of dielectric permittivity with the maximum increase ratios of 260% and 1950% for real and imaginary parts, respectively. This enables the construction of various device architectures including the adaptive window and pixelated metasurface. The results offer opportunities to achieve intelligent electromagnetic devices and pave an avenue to rejuvenate various electromagnetic functions of semiconductive oxides.

Fluoride Ingestion Induces Formation of Unusual Macromolecular Complexes in Gut Lumen Which Retard Absorption of Essential Minerals and Trace Elements by Chelation.

This study investigates the impact of chronic fluoride exposure on the absorption of essential minerals in the gut and explores the mechanisms underlying mineral deficiencies due to fluoride ingestion. Male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to three groups: group 1 (G-1) served as the control (non-fluoride exposed), while group 2 (G-2) and group 3 (G-3) received human equivalent doses (HED) of fluoride (50 and 100 ppm ad libitum, corresponding to 5 and 10 ppm in humans, respectively) for 75 days. Serum fluoride concentrations were measured, and the levels of essential minerals and trace elements in blood and stool were analyzed using ICP-MS. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was performed on stool samples to identify chemical compounds. The chemical compounds and macromolecular complexes containing fluoride and essential minerals were identified and quantified using Match3 software. Results indicated that the blood concentrations of essential minerals were significantly lower (p ≤ 0.05) in the fluoride-exposed groups compared to the control, while excretion of essential elements in stool was significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) in the fluoride-administered groups. XRD analysis revealed the formation of unusual macromolecular chemical complexes in the stool of fluoride-treated groups, with the types and concentrations of these compounds increasing with higher fluoride doses. The study concludes that fluoride in the stomach chelates minerals, reducing their absorption, and induces the formation of unusual high molecular weight macromolecular chelation complexes, which alter the chemical species in the gut and further impair the absorption of essential minerals.

Analysis of binary mixture of oxytetracycline and bromohexine in their combined veterinary formulation by four simple spectrophotometric methods with greenness assessment.

Tetracyclines family is considered as the first-line antibiotic drugs for food animals. Formulating bromhexine (BR) with oxytetracycline (OTC) improved the antibacterial activity of OTC, besides it is considered as a mucolytic agent. Four precise, rapid, and simple spectrophotometric methods were successfully developed for resolution of the overlapped spectra of OTC and BR in their pure form and in their pharmaceutical formulation. The proposed methods are absorption correction (AC), dual wavelength (DW), induced dual wavelength (IDW), and spectrum subtraction (SS) spectrophotometric methods. The developed methods were used for the determination of OTC and BR in the ranges of 2-50 µg/mL and 1-30 µg/mL, respectively for all methods. For (AC) and (SS) methods, OTC and BR were determined at 380 nm and 245.6 nm, respectively after spectral resolution steps. While for (DW) method, the absorbance difference between λ (271.8 -287.6 nm) and λ (245.6 -283.2 nm) were used for the determination of OTC and BR, in order. For IDW, it depended on using the absorbance difference between 271.8 nm and 245.6 nm as well as the equality factor (F) calculated for each drug at the selected wavelengths. In all methods, HCl was used as a solvent and they are validated according to ICH guidelines. Several green metric tools have been developed to evaluate the greenness of the analytical methods like National Environmental Methods Index (NEMI), Modified NEMI, Analytical Eco-scale, Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) and Analytical GREEnness calculator (AGREE), and all ensured the low impact of the suggested approaches on health and environment. The proposed methods are highly selective, robust and precise. Additionally they are time and money effective and can be used in any analytical laboratory.

Lymphatic absorption characteristics of eicosapentaenoic acid -enriched phosphoethanolamine plasmalogen and its gastric and intestinal hydrolysates.

The aim of this work was to study the lymphatic absorption characteristics of gastric hydrolysates and intestinal hydrolysates of eicosapentaenoic acid-enriched phosphoethanolamine plasmalogen (EPA-pPE) with focusing on the fate of EPA and vinyl ether bonds in the lymph fluid using lymphatic intubation and lipidomics. The results showed that the EPA peak occurred earlier in the gastric (1.5 h) and intestinal (1 h) hydrolysates than in the EPA-pPE group (3 h) with EPA peak content being 2.03 and 1.46 times higher, suggesting pre-hydrolysis contributed to lymphatic absorption. Further, duodenal injection of gastric hydrolysates sn2 EPA-lysoPE produced higher levels of EPA-LPC, PC, PE, and PG. Meanwhile, intestinal hydrolysates free EPA and sn1 lyso-pPE enriched the sn1 + 2 + 3 TG (20:5_20:5_20:5) and increased the vinyl ether bond-containing lipids, such as PE (18:0p_18:0) and PE (18:0p_20:4). This study provides insight into dietary molecular structures of EPA and plasmalogen.

Mechanical deviation in 3D-Printed PLA bone scaffolds during biodegradation.

Large or carcinogenic bone defects may require a challenging bone tissue scaffold design ensuring a proper mechanobiological setting. Porosity and biodegradation rate are the key parameters controlling the bone-remodeling process. PLA presents a great potential for geometrically flexible 3-D scaffold design. This study aims to investigate the mechanical variation throughout the biodegradation process for lattice-type PLA scaffolds using both experimental observations and simulations. Three different unit-cell geometries are used for creating the scaffolds: basic cube (BC), body-centered structure (BCS), and body-centered cube (BCC). Three different porosity ratios, 50 %, 62.5 %, and 75 %, are assigned to all three structures by altering their strut dimensions. 3-D printed scaffolds are soaked in PBS solution at 37 °C for 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 days both unloaded and under dead load. Water absorption, weight loss, and compression stiffness are measured to characterize the first-stage degradation and investigate the possible influences of these parameters on the whole biodegradation process. The strength reduction stage of biodegradation is simulated by solving pseudo-first-order kinetics-based molecular weight change equation using FEA with equisized cubic (voxel-like) elements. For the first stage, mechanical load does not have a statistically significant effect on biodegradation. BCC with 62.5 % porosity shows a maximum water absorption rate of around 25 % by the 60th day which brings an advantage in creating an aquatic environment for cell growth. Results indicate a significant water deposition inside almost all scaffolds and water content is determined to be the main reason for the retained or increased compression stiffness. A distinguishable stiffness increase in the initial degradation process occurs for 75 % porous BC and 50 % porous BCC scaffolds. Following the quasi-stable stage of biodegradation, almost all scaffolds lost their rigidity by around 44-48 % within 120 days based on numerical results. Therefore, initial stiffness increase in the quasi-stable stage of biodegradation can be advantageous and BCC geometry with a porosity between 50% and 62 % is the optimum solution for the whole biodegradation process.

Development of a novel method based on extraction mediated by a semipermeable membrane to determine Cd and Cr in sugar by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry.

This work proposes a novel method to determine the Cd(II) and Cr(III) content in commercial sugar samples. It is based on the extraction of the analytes (as ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate complexes) into a semipermeable membrane device (SPMD) filled with CHCl3. After extraction, the SPMD was deployed and opened, and the analytes were recovered from the organic phase by back extraction with a 4.2 mol L-1 HNO3 solution. The analytes present in the acid extract were measured with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Under optimized conditions, the limit of quantification of the method was 1.2 and 3.1 ng g-1 for Cd(II) and Cr(III), respectively. Twelve samples of different types of sugar were analyzed. In addition, a recovery test was performed to evaluate the accuracy of the method. The recovery percentage was 90 %-102 % for Cd(II) and 85.2 %-103 % for Cr(III).

Various steaming durations alter digestion, absorption, and fermentation by human gut microbiota outcomes of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua polysaccharides.

Introduction: Different steaming durations dramatically alter the structure of Polygonatum cyrtonema polysaccharides (PCPs). This study aimed to compare characteristics of digestion, absorption, and fermentation by gut microbiota across four representative PCPs from different steaming durations (0, 4, 8, and 12 h), each with unique molecular weights and monosaccharide profiles. Methods: Chemical composition of the four PCPs was analyzed. Digestibility was evaluated using an in vitro saliva-gastrointestinal digestion model. Absorption characteristics were assessed with a Caco-2 monolayer model, and impacts on gut microbiota composition and short chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels were analyzed using in vitro fermentation with human gut microbiota. Results: Longer steaming durations altered the chemical profiles of PCPs, reducing carbohydrate content (84.87-49.58%) and increasing levels of uronic acid (13.99-19.61%), protein (1.07-5.43%), and polyphenols (0.05-2.75%). Four PCPs were unaffected by saliva digestion but showed enhanced gastrointestinal digestibility, with reducing sugar content rising from 4.06% (P0) to 38.5% (P12). The four PCPs showed varying absorption characteristics, with P0 having the highest permeability coefficient value of 9.59 × 10-8 cm/s. However, all PCPs exhibited poor permeability, favoring gut microbiota fermentation. The four PCPs altered gut microbiota composition and elevated SCFA production, but levels declined progressively with longer steaming durations. All PCPs significantly increased the abundance of Bacteroidota, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteriota, making them the dominant bacterial phyla. Additionally, all PCPs significantly increased the abundance of Bifidobacterium, Prevotella, and Faecalibacterium compared to the control group, which, along with Bacteroides, became the dominant microbiota. Increasing the steaming duration led to a reduction in Prevotella levels, with PCPs from raw rhizomes showing the highest relative abundance at 24.90%. PCPs from moderately steamed rhizomes (4 h) led to a significant rise in Faecalibacterium (7.73%) among four PCPs. P8 and P12, derived from extensively steamed rhizomes (≥8 h), exhibited similar gut microbiota compositions, with significantly higher relative abundances of Bacteroides (20.23-20.30%) and Bifidobacterium (21.05-21.51%) compared to P0 and P4. Discussion: This research highlights the importance of adjusting steaming durations to maximize the probiotic potential of P. cyrtonema polysaccharides, enhancing their effectiveness in modulating gut microbiota and SCFA levels.