Clinical outcomes of retrograde intramedullary multiple pinning for proximal humeral fractures using a modified palm tree technique.

BACKGROUND: Retrograde intramedullary multiple pinning using a modified palm tree technique for proximal humeral fractures has attracted interest from surgeons because of its minimal invasiveness into the soft tissue around the shoulder joints. We aimed to evaluate the clinical and radiological outcomes of this procedure. METHODS: This retrospective study included 21 patients who underwent surgery using a modified palm tree technique for proximal humeral fractures between March 2010 and March 2022. Patients with two- and three-part proximal humeral fractures that could be reduced by closed manipulation under general anesthesia were included in this study. All patients were clinically evaluated using the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) and University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) shoulder scores. Postoperative radiographic findings, including fracture healing and signs of pinning-related complications, were evaluated. RESULTS: Twenty-one shoulders in 21 patients (9 men and 12 women) with mean age at surgery of 66.3 ± 19.3 years were evaluated. The mean period until bone union was 2.6 ± 0.7 months. The mean JOA and UCLA shoulder scores at the final follow-up were 84.8 ± 12.1 and 27.5 ± 5.4, respectively. Perforation of the humeral head by Kirschner (K) wires was observed in 9 of the 21 (42.9 %) shoulders. The JOA and UCLA shoulder scores at the final follow-up were not significantly different between the groups with and without perforations (p = 0.41 and 0.27, respectively). The oblique or Y-view detected significantly more wires with perforation of the humeral head than did the anteroposterior view (6 vs. 15 wires, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The modified palm tree technique for proximal humeral fractures demonstrated good postoperative clinical outcomes and early fracture healing. However, modifications in postoperative management and surgical techniques should be considered to reduce the high rate of perforation of the humeral head by K-wires.

Evlauation of Fixation Techniques in Naso-orbito-ethmoidal Fractures: A Comparative Study.

Objective: Comparing fixation procedures for managing naso-orbito-ethmoidal (NOE) fractures. Methods: Group A (plate and screw fixation), Group B (Kirschner wire (K-wire) fixation), Group C (absorbable plate and screw fixation), and Group D (No fixation) were formed from 120 NOE fracture patients. The facial injury severity scale, visual analogue scale, CT scans, and clinical examination examined functional and cosmetic outcomes, complications, and postoperative stability. Results: The study found that plate and screw fixation (Group A) had the highest stability and aesthetic results, followed by absorbable plate and screw fixation (Group C). Conservative management (Group D) had the worst outcomes, while K-wire fixation (Group B) had good results but more complications. Results showed substantial differences in functional, aesthetic, complications, and postoperative stability between groups (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Plate and screw fixation is the most successful and dependable approach for treating NOE fractures, with superior functional and aesthetic outcomes, reduced complications, and higher postoperative stability than K-wire fixation, absorbable plate and screw fixation, and conservative care. Absorbable plate and screw fixation may function instead of metal. Conservative care should be rare. Larger multicenter randomized controlled trials should corroborate these findings.

Comparison between Volar Locking Plate and Kirschner Wire Fixation for Unstable Distal Radius Fracture: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Objective This study aims to compare the outcomes of volar locking plating (VLP) versus percutaneous Kirschner wires (K-wire) fixation for surgical management of unstable distal radius fractures. Methods We systematically searched multiple databases, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central till January 2022 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that met eligibility criteria. Following outcomes were evaluated at 6-week, 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-up period: Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) score, Patient Rated Wrist Evaluation (PRWE) score, grip strength, range of motion, and complication incidence. Meta-analysis was performed using random effects models and results presented as risk ratios (RRs) or mean differences (MDs) with 95% confidence interval. Results Fourteen RCTs with 1,450 participants met the inclusion criteria. DASH scores were significantly better for VLP fixation at 6th week (MD = 19.02; p < 0.001), 3rd (MD = 10.79; p < 0.001), 6th (MD= 7.78; p < 0.001), and 12th month (MD = 2.94; p < 0.001) postoperation. At 3-month follow-up period, VLP treatment exhibited better grip strength (MD = - 10.32; p < 0.001) and PRWE scores (MD = 8.78; p < 0.001). There was a statistically significant early advantage in flexion, extension, pronation, supination, radial deviation, and ulnar deviation in the VLP group at 6-week follow-up, but at 1-year follow-up only significantly better extension was observed. At 1 year, radiographic outcomes were similar except for volar tilt favoring VLP fixation ( p < 0.001). Superficial infections were more common in patients treated with K-wire (RR = 2.89; p = 0.001), but there was no difference in total complications or reoperation rates ( p > 0.05). Conclusion This meta-analysis suggests that VLP fixation and K-wire fixation are both effective procedures, but existing literature does not provide sufficient evidence to demonstrate the superiority of either method. Although VLP fixation improves DASH score, extension and volar tilt at 12-month follow-up, the difference is small and unlikely to be noticeable to the patients.

The biomechanical evaluation of metacarpal fractures fixation methods during finger movements: a finite element study.

Objective: This study used finite element analysis to simulate four commonly used fixation methods for metacarpal shaft oblique fractures during finger motion and evaluate their biomechanical performance. The aim was to provide evidence for clinically selecting the optimal fixation method, guiding early rehabilitation treatment, and reducing the risk of complications. Methods: Finite element analysis simulated dynamic proximal phalanx motion (60° flexion, 20° extension, 20° adduction, and 20° abduction). We analysed stress, displacement, and distributions for dorsal plates, intramedullary nails, Kirschner wire, and screw fixation methods. Results: At 60° of finger flexion and 20° of abduction, plate fixation demonstrated greater stability and minimal displacement, with a peak displacement of 0.19 mm; however, it showed higher stress levels in all motion states, increasing the risk of failure. The stability of the intramedullary nail was similar to that of the dorsal plate, with a maximum displacement difference of 0.04 mm, and it performed better than the dorsal plate during adduction of 20°. Kirschner wire showed the highest stress levels of 81.6 Mpa during finger flexion of 60°, indicating a greater risk of failure and unstable displacement. Screws had lower stress levels in all finger motion states, reducing the risk of failure, but had poorer stability. Stress and displacement distributions showed that the dorsal plate, intramedullary nail, and Kirschner wire mainly bore stress on the implants, concentrating near the fracture line and the proximal metacarpal. In contrast, the screws partially bore stress in the screw group. The anterior end of the metacarpal mainly hosted the maximum displacement. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that under simulated finger motion states, the dorsal plate fixation method provides the best stability in most cases, especially during finger flexion and abduction. However, high stress levels also indicate a higher risk of failure. The intramedullary nail is similar to the dorsal plate in stability and performs better in certain motion states. Kirschner wire exhibits the highest risk of failure during flexion. Although screws have poorer stability in some motion states, they offer a lower risk of failure. These findings provide important reference and surgical selection strategies for treating metacarpal fractures.

Comparison of mini-plate versus Kirschner wire internal fixation for fifth metacarpal basal fractures with carpometacarpal joint dislocation.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the outcome of mini-plate versus Kirschner wire (K-wire) internal fixation for treating fifth metacarpal basal fractures with carpometacarpal joint dislocation. METHOD: A total of 46 patients with fifth metacarpal basal fractures combined with carpometacarpal joint dislocation were divided into two groups. The control group received K-wire fixation, while the observation group underwent mini-plate fixation. We assessed treatment effectiveness, surgical parameters, range of motion, serum stress markers, quality of life scores, and postoperative complication rates. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors influencing postoperative joint function. RESULTS: The observation group demonstrated a significantly higher excellent and good rate compared to the control group (P<0.05). Additionally, the observation group had a lower intraoperative bleeding volume, shorter incision lengths, and faster fracture healing times, all significant differences (all P<0.05). Postoperative assessments indicated that range of motion, quality of life scores, and superoxide dismutase levels were significantly improved in the observation group (P<0.05). Conversely, cortisol, angiotensin II, and norepinephrine levels, along with the incidence of postoperative complications, were lower in the observation group compared to the control group (all P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis identified the surgical method as an independent factor affecting postoperative metacarpal joint function (OR = 0.16, P = 0.003). CONCLUSION: Mini-plate internal fixation is superior to K-wire fixation for the treatment of fifth metacarpal basal fractures with carpometacarpal joint dislocation. It promotes faster fracture healing, reduces serum stress markers, enhances joint mobility and quality of life, and decreases postoperative complications.

Effects of the Direction of Two Kirschner Wires on Combined Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy and Tibial Tuberosity Transposition in Miniature Breed Dogs: An Ex Vivo Study.

This study evaluates the impact of Kirschner wire (K-wire) insertion direction on the biomechanical properties of combined tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) and tibial tuberosity transposition (TTT) procedures in small-breed dogs with cranial cruciate ligament rupture and medial patella luxation. Twenty-one cadaveric tibiae were divided into two groups; the specimens were divided into two groups; one underwent TPLO-TTT with a proximal pin placement (Group TTP), and the other received TPLO-TTT with a distal pin placement (Group TTD). For both pin placements, two additional subgroups were formed: one with a 0.56 mm tension band (Groups TTP0.56 and TTD0.56) and the other with a 0.76 mm tension band (Groups TTP0.76 and TTD0.76). The tensile force was applied, and failure load and mode were recorded. The distal pin direction in Group TTD0.56 exhibited a significantly higher mean failure load (380.1 N) compared to the proximal pin direction in Group TTP0.56 (302.2 N, p = 0.028). No significant differences were observed among the other groups. This study concludes that distal pin placement can provide similar or improved mechanical stability in cases with limited space for proximal pin placement during combined TPLO and TTT procedures.

Ultrasound-guided joystick technique for percutaneous leverage reduction with Kirschner wires and external fixator in pediatric proximal humerus fractures: A clinical outcome study.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the clinical application efficacy of the ultrasound-guided Joystick technique for percutaneous leverage reduction in conjunction with Kirschner wires and external fixator in the treatment of difficult-to-reduce pediatric Salter-Harris II type proximal humerus fractures. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted on children with Salter-Harris II type proximal humerus fractures, who failed manual closed reduction from January 2018 to March 2022. The group consisted of 7 males and 2 females, aged between 10 and 14 years. The surgical method involved percutaneous leverage reduction using the ultrasound-guided Joystick technique, combined with Kirschner wires and external fixation. Throughout the procedure, ultrasound is used for monitoring, with the fracture condition being determined before surgery. An external support screw is inserted into the distal end of the humerus as an operating lever, along with 3.5 mm Kirschner wire for ultrasound-guided reduction and maintenance of position during the operation. Following fixation with Kirschner wire, a combination external fixator is applied. After fixation is completed, ultrasound is used once more to assess the quality of fracture reduction, followed by verification of the reduction status using a C-arm X-ray machine. RESULTS: All surgeries were successfully completed with a 100 % success rate in resetting. Notably, there were no postoperative complications like nerve or vascular injury, malunion, nonunion, or bone bridge formation in the proximal humeral physis. Three cases experienced minor complications (redness and swelling at the screw sites), which improved with conservative management. The follow-up period ranged from 6 to 18 months, averaging 10.6 months, with fracture clinical healing occurring within 6 to 8 weeks (average 6.3 weeks). The final follow-up revealed excellent functional outcomes, with Neer scores ranging from 90 to 100 (average 96.3 points). CONCLUSION: The ultrasound-guided Joystick technique for percutaneous leverage reduction in conjunction with Kirschner wires and external fixator can effectively treat difficult-to-reduce Salter-Harris II proximal humeral fractures in children, avoiding open reduction and minimizing intraoperative radiation exposure. This approach offers good stability and facilitates early rehabilitation, aligning with the ERAS (Enhanced Recovery After Surgery) concept in fracture management, thus warranting clinical promotion.

Kirschner wire vs screw osteosynthesis of lateral condyle fractures in paediatric patients: a systematic review.

This systematic review compares Kirschner wires versus a single cannulated screw for the treatment of lateral humeral condyle fractures in children. The purpose of this review is to review the current literature on fixation of lateral condyle fractures of the humerus, and to ascertain whether there is a difference in clinical outcomes of these fractures when fixated with K-wires vs screws. This systematic review of the literature comparing surgical management of paediatric (0-17 years of age) lateral condyle fractures with K-wire versus screw fixation was performed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Electronic searches of three databases from inception to March 2022 yielded 17 studies which satisfied inclusion criteria, comprising 1,272 patients with a median age of 8.5 years. Eight hundred and fifty-five (67.2%) patients underwent K-wire fixation and 417 (32.8%) underwent screw fixation. Results were divided into comparative and single-arm studies. The median follow-up time was 23.3 months (range 3 months-22 years). A lateral prominence was observed in 114 (13.3%) patients with K-wires and 41 (9.8%) patients with a cannulated screw. An infection developed in 52 (6.1%) patients with K-wires, while only five (1.2%) patients with a screw developed an infection. A carrying angle deformity occurred in 61 (7.1%) patients with K-wires and seven (1.7%) patients with a screw. K-wires and cannulated screws are effective and safe methods of fixation for lateral humeral condyle fractures in children. K-wire fixation may have a greater incidence of infection but allows for safe non-operative removal and versatility with fractures of greater comminution, while screw fixation necessitates a second operation for removal following union.Level of Evidence III Systematic review.

[Effectiveness comparison of open reduction and hook plate fixation versus closed indirect reduction and dorsal extension blocking Kirschner wire fixation for bony mallet finger].

Objective: To compare the effectiveness of open reduction and hook plate fixation versus closed indirect reduction and dorsal extension blocking Kirschner wire fixation for bony mallet fingers. Methods: The clinical data of 68 patients with bony mallet finger who admitted between May 2019 and June 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. Among them, 33 cases were in the open group (treated with open reduction and hook plate fixation) and 35 cases were in the closed group (treated with closed indirect reduction and dorsal extension blocking Kirschner wire fixation). There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of gender, age, the affected side, the affected finger, cause of injury, time from injury to operation, and Wehbé-Schneider classification ( P>0.05). The operation time, intraoperative fluoroscopy frequency, fracture healing time, time of returning to work, and postoperative complications were recorded and compared between the two groups. At 12 months after operation, visual analogue scale (VAS) score was used to assess the pain of the injured finger, active flexion range of motion and extension deficit of the distal interphalangeal joint (DIP) were measured by goniometer, and the effectiveness was assessed by Crawford criteria. Results: All patients in the two groups were followed up 12-26 months, with an average of 15 months. There was no significant difference in the follow-up time between the closed group and the open group ( P>0.05). The operation time in the closed group was shorter than that in the open group, and the intraoperative fluoroscopy times, the fracture healing time, and the time of returning to work in the closed group were more than those in the open group, and the differences were significant ( P<0.05). In the closed group, there were 5 cases of pinning tract infection and 3 cases of small area pressure ulcer skin necrosis on the dorsal side of the finger, which were cured after intensive nursing and dressing change. Local nail depression deformity occurred in 7 cases in the open group, and the deformity disappeared after removal of plate. The incisions of the other patients healed uneventfully without complications such as infection, skin necrosis, exposure of the internal fixation, or nail deformity. There was no significant difference in the incidence of skin necrosis between the two groups ( P>0.05), but the differences in the incidence of infection and nail deformity between the two groups were significant ( P<0.05). There was no significant difference in VAS score, DIP active flexion range of motion, DIP extension deficiency, or Crawford criteria evaluation between the two groups at 12 months after operation ( P>0.05). At last follow-up, there was no DIP osteoarthritis and joint degeneration in both groups. Conclusion: Open reduction and hook plate fixation versus closed indirect reduction and dorsal extension blocking Kirschner wire fixation have their own advantages and disadvantages, but both of them have good results in the treatment of bony mallet fingers. Open reduction and hook plate fixation is recommended for young patients with bony mallet fingers who are eager to return to work.

Antibiotic prophylaxis in surgery for closed fracture of the hand.

PURPOSE: Preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis is associated to internal fixation for closed phalangeal and metacarpal fracture, but its effectiveness is not known. METHODS: In a consecutive series of 119 adult patients undergoing Kirschner-wire fixation for phalangeal or metacarpal fracture, 56.3% (n = 67) received antibiotic prophylaxis and 43.7% (n = 52) did not. RESULTS: The rate of deep surgical site infection was 1.5% (n = 1) in the group with antibiotic prophylaxis and 1.9% (n = 1) in the group without. Minor skin irritation or infection of the pin tract occurred in 13.4% of cases (n = 9) in the group with antibiotic prophylaxis and 9.6% (n = 5) in the group without. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that use of antibiotic prophylaxis could be reduced in the treatment of closed fractures of the hand treated with removable pins. TYPE OF STUDY/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic IV (retrospective review).

[Application of external fixator combined with Kirschner wire fixation for oblique and comminuted distal humeral metaphyseal-diaphyseal junction fractures in children].

Objective: To analyze the effectiveness of external fixator combined with Kirschner wire (EF-KW) fixation in the treatment of oblique and comminuted distal humeral metaphyseal-diaphyseal junction (DHMDJ) fractures in children. Methods: A clinical data of 22 children with DHMDJ fractures who met the selection criteria between April 2021 and December 2023 was retrospectively analyzed. All patients were treated with EF-KW fixation. There were 14 boys and 8 girls with an average age of 6.8 years (range, 1.5-12.0 years). The time from injury to operation was 14-38 hours (mean, 24.2 hours). There were 18 cases of comminuted fractures and 4 cases of oblique fractures; and 1 case of median nerve injury and 1 case of radial nerve injury before operation. The occurrence of postoperative complications was recorded. At last follow-up, the function of the affected elbow joint was evaluated according to the Mayo elbow joint function score, and the Baumann's angle (BA) and humero-capitellar angle (HCA) of the affected and healthy sides were recorded and compared. Results: All fractures were successfully treated with closed reduction and no complications such as nerve injury occurred. Superficial infection occurred in 4 cases after operation and healed after symptomatic treatment. The incisions of other patients healed by first intention. All patients were followed up 9-24 months (mean, 13.8 months). At last follow-up, according to the Mayo elbow joint function score, the elbow joint function was rated as excellent in 15 cases, good in 6 cases, and fair in 1 case, with an excellent and good rate of 95.5%. The neurologic injury before operation recovered gradually. X-ray films reexamination showed that all fractures healed, and the healing time of fractures ranged from 29 to 61 days, with an average of 35.6 days. At last follow-up, there was no significant difference in BA and HCA between the healthy side and the affected side ( P>0.05). During follow-up, 1 case developed mild cubitus varus, while the other patients had no serious complications. Conclusion: EF-KW fixation for oblique and comminuted DHMDJ fractures in children has the advantages of less trauma, simple operation, easy reduction, good stability after reduction, low incidence of serious complications, and good elbow functional recovery.

Subcostal wire migration from the left clavicle internal fixation: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Kirschner wire is a widely used implant in orthopedics, with migration being a typical problem following internal fixation. Subcostal wire migration might result in catastrophic problems such as penetration of the heart, lungs, trachea, big blood vessels, or abdominal cavity. Every orthopedic surgeon must be vigilant and mindful of the potential hazards of wire migration. CASE REPORT: a 45-year-old Indonesian male was referred from another hospital. 1 year prior, the patient underwent internal fixation of the left clavicle. 2 weeks before admission, the patient complained of stabbing pain in the left shoulder area. An X-ray examination revealed a broken end wire in the left infraclavicular area. Immediate wire-extraction surgery was planned. An X-ray and CT scan showed that the wire had migrated into the left lateral side of the 9th subcostal space and was heading inferiorly. The Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Department carried out the wire evacuation. The wire was successfully removed without any concern. DISCUSSION: Previous studies have suggested that wire migration can occur due to muscular activity, respiratory motion, gravity, and upper-extremity movement. Wire migration is a condition that can occur following shoulder fixation, especially in comminuted fractures that typically use K-wires to stabilize the fragments. Upon the detection of wire migration, prompt evacuation should be conducted to mitigate the severity. CONCLUSION: In cases of wire migration, orthopedic surgeons should pay special attention. Actions that can be taken to prevent wire migration are to: bend the wire, use a threaded wire, and remove it quickly after callus formation.

Elastic stable intramedullary nail combined with Kirschner wire (E-K) technique for treating pediatric distal tibial diaphyseal metaphyseal junction (DTDMJ) fractures.

Objective: Elastic stable intramedullary nail (ESIN) is a commonly used method for treating diaphyseal fractures of the tibia, but its application in Distal Tibial Diaphyseal Metaphyseal Junction (DTDMJ) fractures has been a subject of controversy. This study aims to evaluate the clinical efficacy of the Elastic stable intramedullary nail-Kirschner wire (E-K) technique in treating pediatric DTDMJ fractures, providing better clinical decision-making for clinicians in diagnosing and treating such fractures. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients aged 3-9 years who received treatment at our hospital from January 2019-January 2021 for distal tibial diaphyseal metaphyseal junction (DTDMJ) fractures. Based on their surgical procedures, they were categorized into the Elastic Stable Intramedullary Nail-Kirschner wire group (E-K) and the ESIN group. Demographic data, surgical duration, clinical outcomes, complications, and imaging data were recorded. Results: The study included a total of 57 patients, with 24 cases in the E-K group and 33 cases in the ESIN group. There were 30 males and 27 females. The average age was (6.25 ± 1.59) years in the E-K group and (6.27 ± 1.48) years in the ESIN group. There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of gender, age, weight, time from injury to surgery, follow-up time, side of injury, associated injuries, nail site infection, deep infection, and nail removal time (P > 0.05). Neither group experienced nonunion or refracture. The E-K group exhibited significantly lower coronal and sagittal plane angular values at the final follow-up compared to the ESIN group (P < 0.001). In the E-K group, the final follow-up coronal plane angle was 2.67 (1.09)°, while in the ESIN group, it was 6.55 (2.05)°. The final follow-up sagittal plane angle was 3.12 (1.54)° in the E-K group and 7.58 (1.48)° in the ESIN group. Both groups showed good alignment in the initial postoperative x-rays, with no statistically significant differences. However, during clinical healing, the ESIN group exhibited significant displacement, whereas the E-K group had minimal displacement, demonstrating a significant statistical difference (P < 0.001). There was a statistically significant difference in the AOFAS joint function assessment between the two groups (P = 0.027). Conclusion: The E-K technique is a viable option for treating DTDMJ fractures in pediatric patients, with well-established clinical efficacy. Its advantages include a straightforward surgical procedure, safety, and a low incidence of severe complications.

Intramedullary Kirschner Wire Fixation for Metatarsal Fractures: A Comprehensive Review of Treatment Outcomes.

Metatarsal fractures pose significant challenges in orthopedic practice, necessitating effective treatment methods to ensure optimal patient outcomes. This comprehensive review focuses on intramedullary Kirschner wire fixation as a promising intervention for metatarsal fractures. Beginning with an overview of metatarsal fractures and the imperative for effective treatments, the review delves into intramedullary fixation's definition, historical background, advantages, and disadvantages. Indications for its use in metatarsal fractures are discussed, providing a foundation for understanding its application. The surgical technique section outlines critical aspects, including patient selection criteria and preoperative planning. Before presenting a detailed step-by-step procedure for intramedullary Kirschner wire fixation, anesthesia considerations are explored. Emphasizing precision, fluoroscopic guidance, and meticulous postoperative care, this section provides insights for surgeons and healthcare practitioners. Considerations for rehabilitation follow, addressing postoperative care, expected recovery timelines, and physical therapy recommendations. Early mobilization, weight-bearing guidelines, and a structured rehabilitation program play pivotal roles in recovery. In the conclusion, key findings are summarized, highlighting the efficacy of intramedullary Kirschner wire fixation, its advantages, and recommendations for clinical practice. Additionally, areas for future research are identified, guiding further exploration and refinement of this surgical approach. This review is valuable for clinicians, researchers, and healthcare practitioners involved in metatarsal fracture management, contributing to the evolution of treatment strategies and improving patient care.

Double-Bending Tension Band Wire for Olecranon Fractures: A Novel Technique.

Purpose: This retrospective study aimed to compare the clinical outcomes and complications of conventional tension band wire (TBW), TBW with penetrating technique, and double-bending technique. Methods: A total of 40 patients (17 men and 23 women; mean age: 64.0 ± 19.0 years) who underwent surgery for displaced olecranon fractures between January 2018 and December 2021 were included and divided into three groups based on the surgical method used (group A, conventional TBW; group B, TBW with penetrating technique; and group C, double-bending technique). Thirteen patients were assigned to group A, 17 to group B, and 10 to group C, including 2 Mayo type IB, 30 Mayo type IIA, and 8 Mayo type IIB fractures. Postoperative outcomes (elbow extension and flexion arc) and complications, such as backing out of the Kirschner wire (K-wire), were retrospectively evaluated. Results: No significant difference was found in the general characteristics of the patients and fracture type among the three groups. The mean elbow extension arc values were 6.2°, 10.9°, and 0° in groups A, B, and C, respectively; it was significantly better in group C than in group B (P = .001). The rates of backing out of the K-wire were 84.6% (11/13) in group A, 41.2% (7/17) in group B, and 0% (0/10) in group C; the rate was significantly lower in group C than in group A (P < .001). Conclusions: The double-bending technique may be the best procedure for preventing the backing out of the K-wire and postoperative complications, such as range of motion restriction, for treating olecranon fractures that are treatable by TBW. Type of study/level of evidence: Therapeutic IV.

[Screw versus Kirschner wire fixation for lateral humeral condyle fractures in children:a meta analysis].

OBJECTIVE: To compare screw versus Kirschner wire fixation in the treatment of lateral humeral condyle fractures in children. METHODS: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane library, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Internet(CNKI), Wanfang Datebase from in ception to February 2022. Studies comparing screws and Kirschner wire fixation in the treatment of lateral humeral condyle fractures in children were included. Outcome measures included and excluded by a set of inclusion and exclusion criteria and evaluated for their quality, their excellent and good rate of fracture healing, malunion, delayed union or nonunion, infection, limitation of elbow flexion or extension(>10°) were extracted and analyzed using software Rev Man 5.3. RESULTS: A total of 9 retrospective studies involving 647 patients were included, with 255 patients in the screw fixation group(including screw combined with Kirschner wire) and 392 patients in the Kirschner wire fixation group. Meta analysis showed the following:infection rate in the screw group was significantly lower than that in the Kirschner wire group[OR=0.22, 95%CI(0.09, 0.56), P=0.001]. There were no significant differences between the 2 groups in excellent and good rate of fracture healing, malunion rate(P>0.05). Subgroup analysis showed that infection rate in the screw-only group was significantly lower than that in the Kirschner wire group[OR=0.18, 95%CI(0.05, 0.65), P=0.009]. CONCLUSION: For lateral humeral condyle fractures, Screw fixation alone had a lower infection rate than kirschner wire fixation and screw combined with Kirschner wire fixation. There were no significant differences in the excellent and good rate of fracture healing, malunion. In terms of postoperative efficacy and safety of internal fixation, orthopaedic surgeons are more likely to recommend screws for fixation of lateral humeral condyle fractures in children.

Single Bone Intramedullary Fixation of the Radius in Pediatric Both Bone Forearm Fractures Using Straight Stainless Steel Kirschner Wire: A Cross-sectional Study on Radiological and Clinical Feature.

Objectives: We aimed to report radiological and clinical features of single bone intramedullary fixation of the radius in pediatric both bone forearm fractures using straight stainless steel Kirschner (K) wire. Methods: Fifty-eight children (42 boys and 16 girls) referred to our hospital with both bone diaphyseal forearm fractures were operated on by using the single bone rigid K-wire intramedullary fixation and mini-open technique. The mean follow-up time was 8.9 months (6-12). Results: The mean age of the patients was 7.4 years (4-12). More than 2/3 of the fractures were in the right hand. Around 63% of the fractures were in the middle third, 28% in the distal third, and 9% in the proximal third. Moreover, 12% were open type I Gustilo-Anderson fractures. The mean time from injury to surgery was two days (1-4), and the mean length of hospital stay was 2.8 days (2-5). The mean duration of surgery was 24.7 minutes (18-38), and the mean follow-up time was 8.9 months (6-12). All fractures united within 4-16 weeks (mean: 7.62). The cast and implant were removed simultaneously as the radiographic fracture union. There was no serious complication. Superficial infection of the pin track and loosening of the pin occurred in three cases (5%), all controlled by antibiotics and timely removal of the pins. Mild restriction of elbow extension (less than 20 degrees) was observed in three cases, which returned to normal at the last follow-up. Limitation of dorsiflexion of the wrist by more than 20° occurred in two patients (35° and 45°), which reverted to 25° and 25°, respectively, at the last follow-up. Conclusion: In both bone forearm fractures in children, open reduction and internal fixation of only the radius with a stainless steel straight Kirschner wire could be a promising method with good results. This retrograde technique of intramedullary fixation is a simple and cost-effective method with minimal complications and acceptable outcomes in children aged 4-12 years.

Efficacy of allogeneic tendon material coracoclavicular ligament reconstruction combined with Kirschner wire and titanium alloy hook plate material fixation in the treatment of acromioclavicular joint dislocation.

Objective: To compare the effects of allogeneic tendon coracoclavicular ligament reconstruction combined with Kirschner wire fixation and clavicular hook plate fixation on early postoperative pain, postoperative shoulder joint function score and shoulder joint mobility in patients with acromioclavicular joint dislocation. Methods: From January 2020 to January 2023, 43 patients with acromioclavicular joint dislocation admitted to Xi 'an Honghui Hospital were included. Among them, 24 patients were treated with the clavicular hook plate technique (Hook Plate,HP) group, and 19 patients were treated with allogeneic tendon coracoclavicular ligament reconstruction combined with the Kirschner wire technique (Allogeneic Tendon, AT) group. The Constant-Murley score of shoulder joint function 6 months after operation, postoperative shoulder joint activity, preoperative and postoperative pain, operation time, intraoperative blood loss and complications were compared between the two groups. Results: All 43 patients were followed up for an average of 9.7 (9-12) months. The intraoperative blood loss in the allogeneic tendon group was less than in the hook plate group. The Constant-Murley shoulder function score was higher than that in the hook plate group 6 months after the operation. The abduction and lifting activity was greater than that in the hook plate group. The visual analogue scale scores at 3 days and 14 days after operation were lower than those in the hook plate group. The difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001). There was 1 case (5.3%) of exudation around the Kirschner needle track in the allogeneic tendon reconstruction group, and 5 cases (20.8%) of complications in the hook plate group, including 1 case of internal fixation stimulation, 2 cases of acromion impingement syndrome, 1 case of acromioclavicular joint osteoarthritis, and 1 case of shoulder joint stiffness. The complication rate of the allogeneic tendon group was lower than that of the hook plate group. Conclusion: The clinical efficacy of allogeneic tendon coracoclavicular ligament reconstruction combined with Kirschner wire fixation in treating acromioclavicular joint dislocation (Rockwood type III-V) is better than hook plate internal fixation. The patients have less early postoperative pain and better recovery of shoulder joint function and shoulder joint mobility.